This document describes several planes and lines used to position the skull for radiographic imaging, as well as the positioning for common skull views. The three main planes are the median sagittal, anthropological, and auricular planes. Key lines include the interorbital, infraorbital, anthropological baseline, and orbitomeatal baseline. Common views described include the lateral, AP/PA, Towne's, Caldwell's, submentovertex, and Waters views. For each view, the positioning of the patient and direction of the central ray are outlined.
Radiographic techniques and projections for the examination of the skull and facial bones including paranasal sinuses to determine any diseases and defects in them
Anatomia y Posicionamiento de las extremidades superiores. Deseo aclarar que el video no me pertenece de ninguna manera. Se esta compartiendo publicamente con el fin de ayudar a los futuros tecnologos a obtener conocimiento para su revalida.
Radiographic techniques and projections for the examination of the skull and facial bones including paranasal sinuses to determine any diseases and defects in them
Anatomia y Posicionamiento de las extremidades superiores. Deseo aclarar que el video no me pertenece de ninguna manera. Se esta compartiendo publicamente con el fin de ayudar a los futuros tecnologos a obtener conocimiento para su revalida.
This presentation covers routinely used intraoral & extraoral plain radiographs used in assessment of maxillofacial trauma patients with extended coverage on occlusal radiographs. This PPT is echanced with addition of images for all radiographs
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
3. Major body planes used in Skull radiography
Median S agittal Auricular Anthropological
4. The Median Sagittal plane.
A vertical plane dividing the skull into 2
symmetrical right and left halves when viewed
from the anterior aspect.
The Anthropological plane
This plane splits the skull into upper and lower
halves passing along the anthropological baselines.
The Auricular plane
This plane divides the skull into anterior and
posterior compartments along the Auricular lines.
5. Lines
Inter orbital line
Infra orbital line
Anthropological baseline
Orbito meatal baseline
7. The Anthropological line
The Isometric “Baseline” which runs from the
inferior orbital margin to the upper border of the
external auditory meatus (EAM)
The Orbital-Meatal Line
The original “Baseline” which runs from the outer
canthus of the eye to the centre of the external
auditory meatus
The Interpupillary line
The line connects the centres of the orbits and is at
90 degree to the median sagittal plane.
NOTE: there is a difference of 10 to 15 degrees
between the Orbital-Meatal line and the
anthropological line.
8. Basic views
Lateral view
Fronto occipital view ( A P view )
Fronto occipital with 30 deg caudad ( TOWNE’S
view)
Occipito frontal view ( P A view)
Occipito frontal with 15 deg caudad ( CALDWELL’S
view )
Submento vertical view (BASILAR view)
Occipito mental view ( WATER’S view)
9. Lateral view
Position of patient :
Patient sits facing the bucky and the head is
then rotated, such that the median sagittal
plane is parallel to bucky and inter orbital line
is perpendicular to it.
Position the cassette transversely in the erect
bucky, such that its upper border is 5 cm
above the vertex of the skull
10.
11. Central ray :
midway between the glabella and the external
occipital protuberance to a point approx 5 cm
superior to the external auditory meatus.
Essential image characteristics :
The image should contain all cranial bones and the
first cervical vertebra.
Should superimpose the floor of anterior cranial
fossa and posterior cranial fossa. The sella turcica
and clinoid processes should also be superimposed.
12.
13. Fronto occipital view
Positioning :
Patient lies supine on a bucky table. Head is adjusted to
bring the median sagittal plane at right angles to the
film.
The external auditory meatuses are equidistance from
the cassette
The orbito meatal baseline should be perpendicular to
the cassette
14. Central ray :
Central ray is directed perpendicular to the cassette along
the medial sagittal plane and throw nasion.
The field should be set to include the vertex of the skull
superiorly and base of the occipital bone inferiorly.
15. Towne’s view
fronto occipital 30 deg caudad
Positioning same as AP view
Certral ray :
Its angled caudally so it makes 30 deg to the orbito
meatal plane
Centre in the midline such that the beam passes
midway between external auditory meatuses. This is
a point approx 4 cm above the glabella
16.
17. Essential image characteristics
the sella turcica is projected with in the foramen
magnum.
Include all the occipital bone and posterior parts of
parietal bone, and the lambdoidal suture should be
visualized clearly.
18.
19. Occipito frontal view
Positioning of patient :
Patient is seated facing the erect bucky, so that
the median sagittal plane is with the midline of the
bucky and perpendicular to it.
Neck is flexed to bring orbito meatal line
perpendicular to the bucky, this can be achieved by
ensuring the nose and forehead are in contact with
the bucky.
20.
21. Central ray :
Ray is directed perpendicular to the bucky along the
median sagittal plane and at the level of nasion.
Image should include the vertex superiorly and base
of occipital bone inferiorly
22.
23. Caudal angulation :
OF 0 deg : the petrous ridges completely
superimposed with orbit
OF 10 deg : the petrous ridges appears in the middle
third of the orbit
OF 20 deg : the petrous ridges appears just below
the inferior orbital margin.
24. Caldwell’s view
occipito frontal with 15 deg caudad
Positioning same as occipito frontal view
Central ray :
Ray is directed perpendicular to the bucky alone
the median sagittal plane.
The tube is rotated 15 deg caudal to the orbito
meatal baseline
25.
26.
27. Submento vertical view
Positioning of patient :
Patient neck is hyperextended to bring the vertex
in contact with the cassette.
The median sagittal plane should be right angle to
the cassette.
The orbito meatal plane should be near as possible
and parallel to the cassette.
28.
29. Central ray :
Central ray is perpendicular to orbito meatal line.
Center 1½ inch (4 cm) inferior to the mandibular
symphysis
30. Essential image characteratics :
Should show the angles of mandible clear of the
petrous portion of temporal bone.
The formina of the middle cranial fossa should be
seen symmetrically either side of the midline.
31.
32. Occipito mental view
WATER’S VIEW
Positioning of patient :
The patient is made to sit facing the cassette.
Head is adjusted to bring orbito meatal line to 45 deg to the
cassette
The patient’s nose and chin are placed in contact with the
midline of cassette.
The patient should open the mouth as wide as possible before
exposure.
33.
34. Central ray :
The ray should is perpendicular to the median
sagittal plan.
The ray should be centre to pass throw the base of
nose.