The document details the radiographic anatomy and positioning of the upper extremity, including the hand, wrist, forearm, and elbow. It covers the components and structure of the bones in these areas, the naming and organization of the digits, and various projections for imaging. Additionally, it discusses techniques for positioning and adjustments needed for casted versus non-casted extremities.

1. Radiographic Anatomy and Positioning of the Upper Extremity Dennis Winders Jeff Ahrendsen

2. Anatomy

3. Upper extremity consists of: Phalanges Metacarpals Carpals Radius Ulna Humerus

4. Anatomy of the Hand & Wrist

5. The hand & wrist consists of : 27 Bones Phalanges - 14 Metacarpals - 5 Carpals - 8

6. Phalanges Fingers & thumb 3 separate bones Digits 2-5 Proximal Middle Distal Tuft Thumb Proximal Distal

7. Naming of Digits 1 2 3 4 5 Thumb Index Middle Ring Little

8. Joints Interphalangeal Metacarpophalangeal Distal Interphalangeal Proximal Interphalangeal

9. Metacarpals Palm Numbering Three parts Head Shaft Base Joints MP Carpometacarpal Head Base Shaft

10. Carpals (Wrist) 8 bones Proximal row Navicular - Scaphoid Lunate - Semilunar Triquetral - Cuneiform Pisiform a b c d

11. Carpals (continued) Distal row Greater Multangular - Trapezium Lesser Multangular - Trapezoid Capitate - Os Magnum Hamate - Unciform a b c d

12. Mnemonic Never Lower Tillies Pants Grandma Might Come Home Some Sassy Children Play Through Their Old Underwear Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle Alternative mnemonic

13. Carpal Joints Radiocarpal Intercarpal

14. Distal Radius & Ulna Radial Styloid Process Ulnar Styloid Process Distal Radioulnar Jt.

15. Radiographic Anatomy

16. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H.

17. Tuft 2nd DIP Jt. 2nd PIP Jt. 2nd MP Jt. IP Jt. 1st MP Jt. CM Jt. Radiocarpal Jt.

18. A. B. C. D.

19. Trapezium Trapezoid Scaphoid Pisiform

20. A. B. C. D.

21. Os Magnum Semilunar Unciform Cuneiform

22. Carpal Canal Trapezium Os Magnum Unciform Pisiform

23. Motions of the Hand & Wrist Radial Flexion (Ulnar Deviation) Ulnar Flexion (Radial Deviation)

24. Positioning of the Hand & Wrist

25. Finger Routine projections PA Medial Oblique Lateral Oblique Lateral Film size SID CR

26. PA

27. Lateral

28. Medial oblique

29. Lateral oblique

30. Parallel vs. Not Parallel

31. Structures shown

32. Technique

33. Prevention of Immobilize Sandbags Tape Short exposure time 10mAs = 200mA x .05s 10mAs = 400mA x .025s

34. Thumb Routine projections AP PA Oblique AP Oblique Lateral Film size SID CR

35. AP

36. Lateral

37. PA Oblique

38. AP Oblique

39. Structures shown

40. Technique

41. Hand Routine projections PA PA Oblique-Lateral Rotation Fan Lateral Non-routine projections Lateral for Foreign Body

42. Routine Hand Projections Routine projections PA PA Oblique-Lateral Rotation Fan Lateral Film size SID CR

43. PA

44. PA Oblique-Lateral Rotation

45. Fingers Down vs. Fingers Straight

46. Fan Lateral

47. Structures Shown

48. Technique

49. Non-routine projections of the Hand

50. Lateral for Foreign Body

51. Wrist Routine projections PA (Ulnar Flexion) PA Oblique-Lateral Rotation Lateral Non-routine projections PA-no flexion Stetcher Carpal Canal (Gaynor-Hart) Lateral for Pisiform

52. Routine Wrist Projections Routine projections PA (Ulnar Flexion) PA Oblique-Lateral Rotation Lateral Film size SID CR

53. PA (Ulnar Flexion)

54. PA Oblique-Lateral Rotation

55. Lateral

56. Structures shown

57. Technique

58. Non-routine projections of the Wrist

59. PA-no flexion

60. Scaphoid views (Stetcher)

61. Carpal Canal (Gaynor -Hart)

62. 10° Supination Lateral

63. Casted Extremities

64. Changes in technique No cast Extremity film 10mAs @ 60kV Casted Regular film Lower mAs 10 times Wet cast Add 15 to the kV Dry cast Add 10 to the kV Fiberglass Add 5 to the kV

65. Anatomy of the Forearm & Elbow

66. Radius Distal Styloid Process Ulnar Notch Proximal Head Neck Tuberosity Shaft

67. Ulna Distal Head Styloid Process Proximal Olecranon process Coronoid process Trochlear notch Radial notch Shaft

68. Effects of pronation on the forearm

69. Distal Humerus Humeral Condyle Trochlea (Medial condyle) Capitulum (Lateral condyle) Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Depressions Coronoid fossa Radial fossa Olecranon fossa posterior anterior

70. Classification of Joints Radioulnar Proximal Distal Elbow

71. Radiographic Anatomy

72. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. (Jt.) K.

73. Medial Epicondyle Coronoid Process Shaft (Ulna) Ulnar Head Ulnar Styloid Process Lateral Epicondyle Radial Head Radial Tuberosity Shaft (Radius) Distal Radioulnar Jt. Radial Styloid Process

74. A. B. C. (Jt.) D. E. F. G. Post. H. I. J.

75. Lateral epicondyle Capitulum Proximal radioulnar jt. Radial head Radial neck Radial tuberosity Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea Coronoid process

76. C. B. A. D. E. (not the jt.) F. G. (depression)

77. Coronoid Process Radial head Radial neck Condyles Trochlear notch Olecranon process Radial notch

78. Positioning of the Forearm & Elbow

79. Forearm Routine projections AP Lateral Film size SID CR

80. AP

81. Lateral

82. Structures shown

83. Technique

84. Elbow Routine projections AP Lateral Coyle Non-routine Obliques Reverse Coyle Partial Flexion Rotational views of the radial head

85. Routine Elbow Routine projections AP Lateral Coyle Film size SID CR

86. AP

87. Lateral

88. Coyle

89. Structures shown

90. Technique

91. Non-routine projections of the Elbow

92. Obliques

93. Reverse Coyle

94. Partial Flexion

95. Humerus parallel

96. Forearm parallel

97. Rotational views of the Radial Head

98. Hand supinated

99. Hand AP oblique

100. Hand lateral

101. Hand pronated

102. Lateral positioning