CRYSTALLINE SOLID, Types of Crystalline solid, AMORPHOUS SOLID, Difference between crystalline solid and amorphous solid, Why does the amorphous form of drug have better bioavaibility that crystalline couterpaerts?, Polymorphism,
TYPES OF POLYMORPHISM, PROPERTY OF POLYMORPHS, Methods of preparation of Polymorphs, Methods to determine Polymorphism Characterization of Polymorphs, Pharmaceutical Application
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-6)(Relative humidity, Liquid ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, Humidity, Wet and Dry Hygrometer, LIQUID COMPLEX, LIQUID CRYSTALS, Types of liquid crystals, GLASSY STATES, Characteristics glassy state, Types of glassy state, What is the Glass Transition Temperature?
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-2) (Latent Heat, Vapour pressu...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Latent Heat, Vapour pressure, Factor affecting vapour pressure, Surface area, Types of molecule, Temperature and Intermolecular forces, Sublimation Critical point
Polymorphism is the ability of solid materials to exist in two or more crystalline forms with different arrangements or conformations of the constituents in the crystal lattice. ... More than 50% of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are estimated to have more than one polymorphic form
Solid State of matter,
Crystalline, Amorphous & Polymorphism Forms,
Classification of solid state of matter On the basis of Internal Structure,
PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-I,
Habet,
B.Pharm,
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-6)(Relative humidity, Liquid ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, Humidity, Wet and Dry Hygrometer, LIQUID COMPLEX, LIQUID CRYSTALS, Types of liquid crystals, GLASSY STATES, Characteristics glassy state, Types of glassy state, What is the Glass Transition Temperature?
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-2) (Latent Heat, Vapour pressu...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Latent Heat, Vapour pressure, Factor affecting vapour pressure, Surface area, Types of molecule, Temperature and Intermolecular forces, Sublimation Critical point
Polymorphism is the ability of solid materials to exist in two or more crystalline forms with different arrangements or conformations of the constituents in the crystal lattice. ... More than 50% of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are estimated to have more than one polymorphic form
Solid State of matter,
Crystalline, Amorphous & Polymorphism Forms,
Classification of solid state of matter On the basis of Internal Structure,
PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-I,
Habet,
B.Pharm,
Quantitative approach to the to the factor influcing solubility of drug; (Sol...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Quantitative approach to the to the factor influcing solubility of drugs, Temperature,Nature of solvent, The boiling point of the liquids and the melting point of solids,Crystal properties:
Particle size (surface area ) of drug particles: The influence of substituent’s in molecular structures, Molecular size:
. pH :
Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Physical Pharmaceutics I , 3rd semester B.Pharm, Complexation & protein binding, Classification in detail, determination methods, application of complexes in pharmacy.
Surface and Interfacial tension [Part-3(a)](Measurement of Surface and Inter...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL TENSION
Capillary Rise Method, Drop Count and Weight Method.
Wilhelmy Plate Methods ,The DuNouy Ring Method.
Capillary Rise Method: Upward force due to surface tension: Drop count and Weight method Downward Force: Drop weight method: Drop count method
Solubility of drugs: Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility parameters, solvation & association, quantitative approach to the factors
influencing solubility of drugs, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility
of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions)
Raoult’s law, real solutions. Partially miscible liquids, Critical solution temperature . Distribution law, its limitations and applications
Quantitative approach to the to the factor influcing solubility of drug; (Sol...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Quantitative approach to the to the factor influcing solubility of drugs, Temperature,Nature of solvent, The boiling point of the liquids and the melting point of solids,Crystal properties:
Particle size (surface area ) of drug particles: The influence of substituent’s in molecular structures, Molecular size:
. pH :
Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Physical Pharmaceutics I , 3rd semester B.Pharm, Complexation & protein binding, Classification in detail, determination methods, application of complexes in pharmacy.
Surface and Interfacial tension [Part-3(a)](Measurement of Surface and Inter...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL TENSION
Capillary Rise Method, Drop Count and Weight Method.
Wilhelmy Plate Methods ,The DuNouy Ring Method.
Capillary Rise Method: Upward force due to surface tension: Drop count and Weight method Downward Force: Drop weight method: Drop count method
Solubility of drugs: Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility parameters, solvation & association, quantitative approach to the factors
influencing solubility of drugs, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility
of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions)
Raoult’s law, real solutions. Partially miscible liquids, Critical solution temperature . Distribution law, its limitations and applications
Solid state of matter has a definite volume and definite shapes.
Molecules of solids have lowest kinetic energies but they possess vibrational energies. Solids can be classifies as crystalline and amorphous solids.
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistr...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-II)
Electrolyte: Intracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Plasma (Vascular fluid)
Anionic electrolytes- HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HPO₄²⁻
Cationic electrolytes- Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺
Concentration of important Electrolytes:
Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium
chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt
(ORS), Physiological acid base balance.
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases are defined by Four main theories,
1.Traditional theory / concept
2.Arrhenius theory
3.Bronsted and Lowry theory
4.Lewis theory
Importance of acids and bases in pharmacy
Buffers: Buffer action
Buffer capacity Buffers system
Types of Buffers : Generally buffers are of two types:
1. Acidic buffers
2. Basic buffers
There are some other buffer system:
3. Two salts acts as acid-base pair. Ex- Potassium hydrogen phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
4. Amphoteric electrolyte. Ex- Solution of glycine.
5. Solution of strong acid and solution of strong base. Ex- Strong HCl with KCl Mechanism of Buffer action: Mechanism of Action of acidic buffers: Buffer equation-Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
Standard Buffer Solutions Preparation of Buffer Solutions: Buffers in pharmaceutical systems or Application of buffer: Stability of buffers Buffered isotonic solution Types of Buffer Isotonic solution
1. Isotonic Solutions:
2. Hypertonic Solutions:
3. Hypotonic Solution:
Measurement of Tonicity: 1. Hemolytic method: 2. Cryoscopic method or depression of freezing point:
Methods of adjusting the tonicity:
Class I methods:
In this type, sodium chloride or other substances are added to the solution in sufficient quantity to make it isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its final volume withan isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
Cryoscopic method
Sodium chloride equivalent method.
Class II methods:
In this type, water is added in sufficient quantity make the preparation isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its volume with an isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
White-Vincent method
Sprowls method.
Limt test Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-I (Part-III) Limit Test.
Limit tests:- Factors affecting limit tests:
Specificity of the tests
Sensitivity
Control of personal errors (Analyst errors)
Test in which there is no visible reaction
Comparison methods
Quantitative determination
Limit test for Chloride: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Sulphate: Principle, Procedure, observation and result
Limit test for Iron: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Heavy metal: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Lead: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Arsenic: Principle, Gutzet test Procedure, detail in Gutzet Apparatus. observation and result.
Modifies Limit test for Chloride: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Modified Limit test for sulphate: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Types and Sources of impurities.pptx Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Types and Sources of impurities. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-I (Part-II) Impurities:
Impure Chemical Compound
Pure Chemical Compound.
Types of impurities: Organic Impurity, Inorganic impurity, Residual solvent, Sources of Impurities in Pharmaceuticals
The different sources of impurities in pharmaceuticals are listed below:
Raw material used in manufacture
Reagents used in manufacturing process
Method/ process used in manufacture or method of manufacturing
Chemical processes used in the manufacture
Atmospheric contamination during the manufacturing process
Intermediate products in the manufacturing process
Defects in the manufacturing process
Manufacturing hazards
Inadequate Storage conditions
Decomposition of the product during storage
Accidental substitution or deliberate adulteration with spurious or useless materials.
Test for purity: Pharmacopoeia prescribes the “Test for purity” for pharmaceutical substances to check their freedom from undesirable impurities.
Pharmacopoeia will decide and fix the limit of tolerance for these impurities.
For certain common impurities for which pharmacopoeia prescribes the test of purity are:
Colour, odour, taste
Physicochemical constants (Iodine value, saponification value, melting point, refractive index etc.)
Acidity, alkalinity, pH
Humidity (Estimation of moisture)
Cations and anions
Insoluble Constituent or Residue.
Ash, Water insoluble ash
Arsenic or lead
Loss on drying
Loss on ignition.
Effect of Impurities
Introduction of Inorganic Chemistry, History of Pharmacopoeia.pptxMs. Pooja Bhandare
Introduction of Inorganic Chemistry, History of Pharmacopoeia, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry:
IMPORTANTS OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Introduction of Pharmacopoeia, Types of Pharmacopoeia, History of pharmacopoeia, HISTROY OF INDIAN PHARMACOPOEIA
Content of pharmacopoeia Introduction including general Notices
Monographs of the official drugs
Appendices
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants. PH...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants. PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-IIPart-4
Polyploidy reference to medicinal plants.
Types Of Polyploidy
A. Euploidy
a.Autopolyploidy
b. Allopolyploidy
B. Aneuploidy
1. Causes Of Polyploidy
2. Non-disjunction in mitosis
3. Non-reduction in meiosis
4. Polyspermy
5. Endo-replication or Endo- reduplication.
Factors Promoting Polyploidy
1. Physical factor
2. Chemical factor
3. Biological factor
Physical factor:-
Temperature :- heat temperature & cold temperature
Centrifugation
X-rays
Gamma rays
Cosmic rays
Ionizing & non-ionizing radiations
UV-radiations
Chemical factor:-
Alkylating agents:- nitrogen & sulphur mustard
Acridines
Proflavins
Nitrous acid
Colchicines[6]
Colchicines (Poisonous alkaloids):-
Biological factor
Mode of reproduction
Mode of fertilization
Breeding system present (Hybridization)
Growth habit of the plant
Size of chromosomes
Application Of Polyploidy
Mutation breeding
Seedless fruits production
Bridge crossing
Ornamental & forage breeding
Disease resistance through aneuploidy
Industrial application of polyploidy
mutation reference to medicinal plants
Type of mutations:
1. Spontaneous and induced mutations.
2. Recessive and dominant mutations.
3. Somatic and germinal mutations.
4. Forward, back and suppressor mutation.
5. Chromosomal, genomic and point mutations
Application Of Mutation:
Hybridization reference to medicinal plants
The following steps are involved in hybridization of plant:
Choice Of Parents:.
Selfing Of Parents
Emasculation:.
Bagging:
Crossing Or Cross Pollination
Labelling
Collection Of Hybrid Seeds
Significance of Hybridization
PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-IIPart-2.FACTORS AFFECTING CULTIVATION
1. Altitude
2.Temperature
3. Rainfall
4. Day Length and Day Light
5. Soil
6. Soil Fertility
7. Fertilizers and Manures
a) Chemical fertilizers
(b) Manures
(c) Biofertilizers
8. Pests and Pests Control
a. Microbes
b) Insects
C) Non insect pests
d) Weeds
9. Other Factors that Affect the Cultivated Plants
a. Air Pollution
b. Herbicide
Cultivation and collections of drugs of natural origin..pptxMs. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-IIPart-1Cultivation and collections of drugs of natural origin.
Advantages of cultivation
Methods of Plant Propagation
1.Sexual method (seed propagation)
2. Asexual method
Methods of sowing the seeds
Broadcasting Dibbling Miscellaneous
Special treatment to seeds
Asexual method.
Asexual method of vegetative propagation consists of three types:
a) Natural methods of vegetative propagation.
b) Artificial methods of vegetative propagation.
c) Aseptic method of micropropagation (tissue-culture).
COLLECTION OF CRUDE DRUGS
HARVESTING OF CRUDE DRUGS
DRYING OF CRUDE DRUGS
(1) natural (sun drying) and (2) artificial
Artificial Drying
Drying by artificial means includes drying the drugs in
(a) an oven; i.e. tray-dryers;
(b) vacuum dryers and
(c) spray dryers.
GARBLING (DRESSING)
PACKING OF CRUDE DRUGS
STORAGE & PRESEVATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin. PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-I Part-3.
CONTENTS
Adulteration
Evaluation of adulteration
Morphological / Organoleptic evaluation
Microscopic evaluation
Quantitative evaluation
Physical evaluation
Chemical evaluation
Biological evaluation
Adulteration is of two types:
Indirect or Unintentional adulteration
Direct or Intentional adulteration
Intentional adulteration may be due to the following reasons
adulteration using manufactured substances
substitution using inferior commercial varieties
substitution using exhausted drugs
substitution of superficially similar inferior natural substance
adulteration using the vegetative part of the same plant
addition of toxic materials
adulteration of powders
addition of synthetic principles
Evaluation of Crude Drugs
1. ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION
2. MICROSCOPICAL EVALUATION
Stomatal index Vein-islet number
Veinlet termination number
Palisade ratio
Quantitative Microscopy (Lycopodium Spore Method)
3.CHEMICAL EVALUATION
4. Physical Evaluation
I. Solubility
II. Optical Rotation
III. Refractive Index
III. Specific Gravity
IV Viscosity
V. Melting Point
VI. Moisture Content
VII. Ultraviolet Light
VIII. Ash Values
Total ash
Acid-insoluble ash
The water-soluble ash
IX. Extractive Values
X. Foreign Organic Matters
5. BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Toxicity
Oxytocic activity
Microbiological assays
Classification of Crude Drugs. HARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-I...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Classification of Crude Drugs.PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-I Part-2.
A method of classification should be:
a) simple,
b) easy to use, and
c) free from confusion and ambiguities.
TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION.
1.Alphabetical classification
2.Taxonomical classification
3.Morphological classification
4.Pharmacological classification
5.Chemical classification
6.Chemotaxonomical classification
7. Serotaxanomical Classification
Animal Cell Culture: Growth of animal cells in culture. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROB...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-VPart-4
Animal Cell Culture: Growth of animal cells in culture.
Introduction: Histroy, The culture media used for animal cell culture are classified as,
Natural, Artificial, Synthesized
Natural Culture Media:
a. Blood Plasma:
b. Blood Serum:
c. Tissue Extracts:
Artificial Media
Some common examples of artificial media are,
Minimal Essential Medium (MEM),
CMRL 1066,
RPMI 1640.
Synthetic media re classified as,
Serum Containing Media.
Serum Free Media.
a. Serum Containing Media:
b. Serum Free Media:
Physicochemical Parameters needed for growth animal cell culture:
General procedure for cell Culture.
Isolation of the tissue:
Disaggregation of the Tissue:
Mechanical disaggregation
b. Enzymatic Disaggregation
. Trypsin based disaggregation or trypsinization:
Warm trypsinization:
Cold trypsinization:
Drawbacks of trypsin disaggregation:
B. Collagenase based disaggregation:
C. Chelating Agents:
3. Seeding of Culture:
Preservation of pharmaceutical products using antimicrobial agents. PHARMACEU...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-VPart-3
Preservation of pharmaceutical products using antimicrobial agents.
Introduction. Ideal Properties of Preservatives:
Antimicrobial Chemical Preservatives
Development of a Preservative System.
Factors affecting efficacy of a preservative: 1. Interaction With components of the formulation
2. Properties of the Preservatives:
3) Effect of Containers.
4) Type of microbes:
5) Influence of pH:
Challenge Test: Efficacy Test of Preservative : Medium used, Choice of test organism:
Preparation of the inoculum:
Procedure:
Interpretation of Results:
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLO...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-VPart-2
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage.
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage
1. Physical and chemical changes:
2. Assessment of viable microorganisms in non-sterile products:
3. Sterility test:
4. Estimation of pyrogens:
Microbial Limit Tests:
Total Aerobic Microbial Count:
Membrane Filtration.
Plate Count Methods.
Pour Plate Method.
Surface spread Method.
Most Probable Number(MPN)
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-7)(Solid-crystalline, Amorphous and Polymorphism)
1. IIIrd Semesester B. pharmacy
Physical Pharmaceutics-I
Unit-II
State of matter and properties
of matter (Part-7)
(Solid-crystalline, Amorphous and Polymorphism)
Miss. Pooja D. Bhandare
(Assistant professor)
Kandhar college of pharmacy
2. CRYSTALLINE SOLID
• Definition : A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose
constituents (such as atoms, molecules or ions) are arranged in a highly
ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in
all directions.
• Or, Any solid material in which the component atoms are arranged in a
definite pattern and whose surface regularity reflects its internal
symmetry
3. • The scientific study of crystals
and crystal formation is know as
crystallography. The process of
crystal formation via mechanisms
of crystal growth is called as
crystallization or solidification
4. Types of Crystalline solid
• Crystalline substances can be
described by the types of
particles n them and the types of
chemical bonding that takes
place between the particles.
• There are four types of crystal:
1. Ionic crystals
2. Metallic crystals
3. Covalent crystals
4. Molecular crystals
5. AMORPHOUS SOLID
• An amorphous solid is any non-crystalline solid n which the atom and
molecular are not organized in a definite lattice pattern. Such solids
include glass, plastic and gel
What is the difference between glassy and amorphous?
Glassy system features the phenomenon of glass transition: transition
from super cooled liquid to amorphous solid (glass); however all
amorphous systems do not necessarily glasses.
6. Difference between crystalline solid and amorphous solid
Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solid
Regular internal arrangement of particles Irregular internal arrangement of particles
Sharp melting point Melt over a range temperature
Regard as true solid Regard as super cooled liquids or pseudo solid.
Undergo regular cleavage Undergo irregular cleavage
Anisotropic in nature Isotropic in nature
Definite geometric shapes Irregular shape
Don’t have smooth cooling curves Have a smooth cooling curves
Definite heats of fusion Don’t have definite heats of fusion
7. • Why does the amorphous form of drug have better bioavaibility that
crystalline couterpaerts?
oSolubility depends on the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds
between solvent molecules and the solute molecules. The crystalline
form is more stable than the amorphous form and has lower energy at the
molecular level with stronger bonding (mostly ionic bonds) between
molecules that require higher energy to break. So, higher solubility
means higher dissolution rate and better bioavailability.
8. Polymorphism
• Definition: Polymorphism is the ability of solid material to exist in two
or more crystalline forms with different arrangements or conformation
of the constituents in the crystal lattice.
• Or when a substance exists in more than one crystalline form, the
different form are desgned as polymorphs and the phenomenon as
polymorphism
• e.g., Carbon: diamond in cubic ( tetrahedral lattice arrangement)
• Graphite in sheet of hexagonal lattic
9.
10. TYPES OF POLYMORPHISM
• ENANTIOTROPS: If one form stable
over certain pressure and temperature
range , while the other polymorphs is
stable over a different pressure and
temperature range. Eg. Sulphur.
• MONOTROPS: Only one polymorphs is
stable at all temperature below
• The melting point, with all other
polymorphs being unstable, glyceryl
stearate, chloramphenicol palmitate.
• Both enantiotropism and monotropism
are important properties of polymorphs.
11. PROPERTY OF POLYMORPHS
• Polymorphs show the same properties in liquid or gaseous state but they
behave differently in solid state.
• Polymorphs differ from each other with respect to physical properties like.
1. Melting and sublimation temperature.
2. Vapour pressure
3. Solubility and dissolution rate
4. Stability
5. Optical and electrical properties
6. Crystal habit
7. Hygroscopic
8. Solid- state reactions
9. Conductivity
10. Compression characterstics
13. Methods to determine
Polymorphism Characterization
of Polymorphs
14. Pharmaceutical Application
• Preparation of physically stable dosage form .
• Influence on solubility, dissolution and bioavailability.
• Influence on drug product manufacturability.
• Influence on stability
• Effect on tableting.
• Miscellaneous application.