The document summarizes key stages and processes in pollen-pistil interaction and fertilization in flowering plants. It describes:
1) Pollen recognition and compatibility determination by the pistil;
2) Pollen germination and tube growth through the pistil tissues; and
3) Double fertilization involving syngamy of the egg and sperm and fusion of the other sperm with the polar nuclei to form endosperm. Post-fertilization development of the endosperm and embryo into a seed and fruit is also outlined.
Pollen pistil interaction
Types of Incompatibility in plants
Methods to overcome Incompatibility
Prepared by
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Assistant Professor of Botany
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
KAKATIYA GOVERNMENT COLLEGE, HANAMKONDA
Double fertilization is the process found in angiosperms in which out of the two male gametes released inside the embryo sac, one fuses with the egg cell (syngamy) and another fuse with secondary nucleus (triple fusion).
Pollen pistil interaction
Types of Incompatibility in plants
Methods to overcome Incompatibility
Prepared by
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Assistant Professor of Botany
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
KAKATIYA GOVERNMENT COLLEGE, HANAMKONDA
Double fertilization is the process found in angiosperms in which out of the two male gametes released inside the embryo sac, one fuses with the egg cell (syngamy) and another fuse with secondary nucleus (triple fusion).
Apomixis in flowering plants is defined as the asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, avoiding the processes of meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development.
Initiation of flowering -Genetic & Molecular aspects is an important domain in the field of reproductive biology of angiosperms.The different genes along with the role of vernalization & homeotic genes has been explored here with diagram diagram.
Pollination : Types and significance.
The Seminar presented by Biswajit Das
L.T.K. College, Department of Botany.
In order that a plant is able to produce seeds, the male and female gametes must come together.
The male gamete is produced by the androecium within the pollen grain, while the female gamete is produced by the gynoecium within the ovule.
Pollination is the process that helps in bringing male and female gametes together.
Self-pollination and cross-pollination are two major ways. Flowering plants are adapted to use vivid agents, like biotic and abiotic.
.............................................................. Thank You.
This slide shows the information about gameophyte.
there are two type of gametophyte
1) male gameetophyte
2)female gametophyte
we only discussed about the female gametophyte. it has megagametogenesis and different kind of embryo secs and their discription are also their in the slide.
The modes of reproduction in crop plants may be broadly grouped into two categories: asexual and sexual.
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes, whereas in asexual reproduction new plants may develop from vegetative parts of the plant (vegetative reproduction) or may arise from embryos that develop without fertilization (apomixis).
Presentation on the relevance of self-incompatibility, methods to overcome self-incompatibility, advantages and disadvantages, utilization in crop improvement
Megasporogenesis is the process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell.
In the hypodermal region of nucellus towards the micropylar end develops a primary archesporial cell.
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Annie Sheron
Kakatiya Government College
Apomixis in flowering plants is defined as the asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, avoiding the processes of meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development.
Initiation of flowering -Genetic & Molecular aspects is an important domain in the field of reproductive biology of angiosperms.The different genes along with the role of vernalization & homeotic genes has been explored here with diagram diagram.
Pollination : Types and significance.
The Seminar presented by Biswajit Das
L.T.K. College, Department of Botany.
In order that a plant is able to produce seeds, the male and female gametes must come together.
The male gamete is produced by the androecium within the pollen grain, while the female gamete is produced by the gynoecium within the ovule.
Pollination is the process that helps in bringing male and female gametes together.
Self-pollination and cross-pollination are two major ways. Flowering plants are adapted to use vivid agents, like biotic and abiotic.
.............................................................. Thank You.
This slide shows the information about gameophyte.
there are two type of gametophyte
1) male gameetophyte
2)female gametophyte
we only discussed about the female gametophyte. it has megagametogenesis and different kind of embryo secs and their discription are also their in the slide.
The modes of reproduction in crop plants may be broadly grouped into two categories: asexual and sexual.
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes, whereas in asexual reproduction new plants may develop from vegetative parts of the plant (vegetative reproduction) or may arise from embryos that develop without fertilization (apomixis).
Presentation on the relevance of self-incompatibility, methods to overcome self-incompatibility, advantages and disadvantages, utilization in crop improvement
Megasporogenesis is the process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell.
In the hypodermal region of nucellus towards the micropylar end develops a primary archesporial cell.
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Annie Sheron
Kakatiya Government College
Sexual reproduction in flowering plantsShivani Khare
A comprehensive guide for students of cbse class XII. Customised worksheets for all sections of this chapter - important board questions are also available on chargeable basis.
Fertilization is the process of fusion of the female gamete, the ovum or egg and the male gamete produced in the pollen tube by the pollen grain. Fertilization in flowering plants was discovered by Strassburger in 1884.
Flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms. They vary greatly physically and are of great diversity in methods of reproduction. The process of fertilization in plants occurs when gametes in haploid conditions meet to create a zygote which is diploid.
The male gametes of the flower are transferred on to the female reproductive organs through pollinators. The final product of this process is the formation of embryo in a seed.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) What is Fertilization?
2) The Pollen Grain (Male Gamete)
3) The Ovule (Containing Female Gamete)
4) Microsporogenesis and Megasporogenesis
5) Germination of Pollen Grain
6) Double Fertilization
7) Post Fertilization Events
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants-NCERT Solutions Class 12
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants is a captivating and intricate process that plays a pivotal role in the life cycle of angiosperms, the largest and most diverse group of plants on Earth. Unlike their non-flowering counterparts, flowering plants have evolved a sophisticated system of reproduction involving specialized structures known as flowers. These flowers serve as the epicenter for the fascinating dance of pollination, fertilization, and seed development. The intricate interplay between male and female reproductive organs within these botanical wonders ensures the continuity of plant species and contributes to the breathtaking diversity of the plant kingdom. In this journey through the realm of sexual reproduction in flowering plants, we explore the mechanisms, adaptations, and significance that make this process a cornerstone of the plant life cycle.
For more updates, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Plant fertilization is the union of male and female gametes (reproductive cells) to produce a zygote (fertilized egg)
Double Fertilization
Both the male gametes/sperms participate in sexual reproduction.
Two male gametes fuse with one female gamete wherein one male gamete fertilizes the egg to form a zygote, whereas the other fuses with two polar nuclei to form an endosperm
Triple fusion is the fusion of the male gamete with two polar nuclei inside the embryo sac of the angiosperm.
Porogamy - entry through the micropyle.
Chalazogamy - entry through the Chalaza
Mesogamy - entry through the middle part or the integuments
Steps leading to fertilization
Germination of the pollen grain:
Stigma function is to provide place of lodging and germination of the pollen grain after pollination.
Types of stigmas-
Wet stigmas
Secrete exudates like water and other nutrients
In the form of droplets on the stigma.
Exudates made up of a mix of water, lipids, sugars, amino acids, phenolic compounds.
Highly viscous and adhesive. Ex: Petunia, Zea etc.
Dry stigma
Do not secrete exudates Ex: Gossypium
Double Fertilization & Triple Fusion:
Both the male gametes are involved in the fertilization.
Fertilize two different components of the embryo sac - Double Fertilization
One fuses with the egg nucleus (syngamy) -> Zygote(2n)
second fuses with polar nuclei -> primary endosperm nucleus (PEN).
Involves fusion of three nuclei - Triple fusion -> Endosperm(3n)
Pollen tube in the synergids:
Entry only through micropyle. Guided by oburator
Presence of chemotropic substances
Collapse of one the synergids prior to entry of the pollen tube.
Pollen tube in the synergids:
Entry only through micropyle. Guided by oburator
Presence of chemotropic substances
Collapse of one the synergids prior to entry of the pollen tube.
Discharge of pollen tube contents (two male gametes, vegetative nucleus and cytoplasm) into the synergids.
Disorganization of tube nucleus
Polyspermy &Heterofertilization
Heterofertilization - Type of double fertilization in plants in which endosperm and embryo are genetically different.
This happens when two different sperm nuclei from two different pollen tubes happen to enter the same embryo sac.
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Annie Sheron
Kakatiya Government College
Ans.)Compare and contrast the process of fertilization in gymnosperm.pdfnoelbuddy
Ans.)Compare and contrast the process of fertilization in gymnosperms and angiosperms
In order for fertilization to occur in most flowering plants, insects or other animals must transport
the pollen to the pistil. A major unique feature of angiosperms is the process of double
fertilization. Double fertilization only found in angiosperm not in gymnosperm.
Angiosperms plants undergo a unique phenomenon called double fertilization. After pollination
carries a pollen grain to a flower\'s female conceptive structure (carpel), a pollen tube discharges
two sperm cells. One of these sperm cells joins with an egg cell to deliver a diploid zygote.
In gymnosperms, pollen grain is the male gametophyte. In order for fertilization to occur in
flowering plants, insects or other animals must transport the pollen to the pistil. As the pollen
tube penetrates the ovule, it releases two sperm cells.
As in gymnosperms, the ovule turns into a seed, encasing the embryo and endosperm in a seed
coat. However, not like gymnosperms, in angiosperms the ovary containing the ovules become
fruit after fertilization. The fruit gives the embryo the twofold advantage of included assurance
against parching and expanded dispersal, since it is eaten by a wide margin extending creatures
that then discharge the seeds.
Solution
Ans.)Compare and contrast the process of fertilization in gymnosperms and angiosperms
In order for fertilization to occur in most flowering plants, insects or other animals must transport
the pollen to the pistil. A major unique feature of angiosperms is the process of double
fertilization. Double fertilization only found in angiosperm not in gymnosperm.
Angiosperms plants undergo a unique phenomenon called double fertilization. After pollination
carries a pollen grain to a flower\'s female conceptive structure (carpel), a pollen tube discharges
two sperm cells. One of these sperm cells joins with an egg cell to deliver a diploid zygote.
In gymnosperms, pollen grain is the male gametophyte. In order for fertilization to occur in
flowering plants, insects or other animals must transport the pollen to the pistil. As the pollen
tube penetrates the ovule, it releases two sperm cells.
As in gymnosperms, the ovule turns into a seed, encasing the embryo and endosperm in a seed
coat. However, not like gymnosperms, in angiosperms the ovary containing the ovules become
fruit after fertilization. The fruit gives the embryo the twofold advantage of included assurance
against parching and expanded dispersal, since it is eaten by a wide margin extending creatures
that then discharge the seeds..
Similar to Pollen pistil interaction, Self Compatibility, Pollen grain rejection, Double fertilization, Endospermic and non endospermic seeds (20)
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3. • The pistil has the ability to recognise the pollen,
whether it is of the right type (compatible) or of the
wrong type (incompatible).
• If it is of the right type, the pistil accepts the pollen and
promotes post-pollination events that leads to
fertilisation…
4. The acceptance or rejection is the
result of a continuous dialogue
between pollen grain and the pistil. ..
This dialogue is mediated by
chemical components of the
pollen interacting with those
of the pistil.
5. • Compatible pollen grain
germinates on the stigma
to produce a pollen tube
through one of the germ
pores…
6. • Pollen grains are shed at two-celled condition.
• In such plants, the generative cell divides and
forms the two male gametes during the growth of
pollen tube in the stigma…
7. • Pollen tube, after reaching the ovary, ..
• It enters the ovule through the micropyle and
then enters one of the synergids through the
filiform apparatus..
8. Porogamy: The pollen enters into the ovule
through Micropyle. Eg: Most angiosperms.
Chalazogamy: Chalaza. Eg: Casuarina.
Mesogamy: Integuments. Eg: Cucurbita.
9.
10. Easily study pollen germination
• Sprinkle pollen from
flowers such as pea,
chickpea, Crotalaria,
and vinca rosa on a
glass slide containing
a drop of sugar
solution..
10 %
Sugar
solution
15–30 minutes..
11. Artificial hybridisation
• Artificial hybridization is the process in which only
desired pollen grains are used for pollination and
fertilization.”
• Artificial hybridisation is one of the major approaches of
crop improvement programme.
13. Emasculation
• The process of removal of anthers from the
flower bud before the anther dehisces using a
pair of forceps is called Emasculation.
14. Bagging.
• Emasculated flowers have to be covered with a
bag of suitable size.
• The bag made up of butter paper.
• To prevent contamination of its stigma with
unwanted pollen.
Butter paper is a non-
sticky cellulose-based
paper..
15. Rebagging:
• When the stigma of bagged flower attains receptivity,
mature pollen grains collected from anthers of the male
parent are dusted on the stigma..
• The flowers are rebagged and the fruits allowed to
develop.
16. • If the female parent produces unisexual flowers,
there is no need for emasculation.
• The female flower buds are bagged before the
flowers open..
17. Double fertilisation
After entering one
of the synergids,
the pollen tube
releases the two
male gametes into
the cytoplasm of
the synergid..
Syngamy
.
Triple fusion
20. Syngamy.
• One of the male gametes moves towards the egg
cell and fuses with its nucleus thus completing
the syngamy.
• This results in the formation of a diploid cell, the
zygote
21. Triple fusion
• The other male gamete moves towards the two
polar nuclei located in the central cell and fuses
with them to produce a triploid primary
endosperm nucleus (PEN)..
• This involves the fusion of three haploid nuclei it
is termed triple fusion.
22. • Since two types of fusions, syngamy and triple
fusion take place in an embryo sac the
phenomenon is termed double fertilisation.
23. Siphonogamy
• Siphonogamy is a condition in plants in which
pollen tubes are developed for the transfer of
the male cells to the eggs.
• The seed plants are siphonogamous..
24. Post-fertilisation : structures and events
• Following double fertilisation, events of
• endosperm development,
• embryo development,
• maturation of ovule(s) into seed(s)
• ovary into fruit, ………are collectively termed
post-fertilisation events.
25. Endosperm
• Endosperm develops before the embryo.
• Because the cells of the endosperm provide
nutrition to the developing embryo.
26. Endosperm
• The primary endosperm cell divides repeatedly
and forms a triploid endosperm tissue.
• The cells of this tissue are filled with reserve food
materials and are used for the nutrition of the
developing embryo.
27. Free nuclear and Cellular endosperm
• The PEN undergoes successive nuclear divisions to give
rise to free nuclei.
• This stage of endosperm development is called free-
nuclear endosperm.
• Subsequently cell wall formation occurs and the
endosperm becomes cellular.
28. • The coconut water from tender coconut that you are
familiar with, is nothing but free-nuclear endosperm
(made up of thousands of nuclei) …
• The surrounding white kernel is the cellular endosperm.
29. • Endosperm may either be completely consumed by the
developing embryo (e.g., pea, groundnut, beans) before
seed maturation.
• it may persist in the mature seed (e.g. castor and
coconut) and be used up during seed germination.
30. • Endosperm is persistent in cereals – wheat, rice and
maize.