This document provides an overview of pneumonia, including its definition, classification, causes, transmission, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment, nursing care, prevention, prognosis, and complications. Pneumonia is defined as an inflammatory condition of the lungs caused by infectious agents. It can be classified according to its causes such as bacterial, viral, fungal, or chemical, and the area of lung involvement. Common symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest x-ray, and sputum/blood tests. Treatment consists of antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and chest physiotherapy. Nursing care focuses on airway maintenance, infection control, respiratory support,

1. PneumoniaPneumonia
Dr. Walaa NasrDr. Walaa Nasr
Lecturer of Adult NursingLecturer of Adult Nursing
Second yearSecond year
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2. PneumoniaPneumonia
 Out linesOut lines
 DefinitionDefinition
 Classification of pneumoniaClassification of pneumonia
 According to causesAccording to causes
 According to area involvedAccording to area involved
 Mode of transmissionMode of transmission
 Predisposing factorsPredisposing factors
 PathophysiologyPathophysiology
 Clinical manifestationsClinical manifestations
 Diagnostic testsDiagnostic tests
 Medical managementMedical management
 Nursing interventionNursing intervention
 Preventive measuresPreventive measures
 PrognosisPrognosis
 ComplicationsComplications Brought to you

3. PneumoniaPneumonia
DefinitionDefinition
Is an inflammatoryIs an inflammatory
process of the lungprocess of the lung
parenchymaparenchyma that isthat is
commonly caused bycommonly caused by
infectious agents.infectious agents.
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4. Classification of
pneumonia
According to causesAccording to causes
 BacterialBacterial (the most common cause of(the most common cause of
pneumonia)pneumonia)
 ViralViral pneumoniapneumonia
 FungalFungal pneumoniapneumonia
 ChemicalChemical pneumonia (ingestion ofpneumonia (ingestion of
kerosene or inhalation of irritatingkerosene or inhalation of irritating
substance)substance)
 InhalationInhalation pneumonia (aspirationpneumonia (aspiration
pneumonia)pneumonia)
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5. Classification of pneumonia (cont…(
According to areas involvedAccording to areas involved
 Lobar pneumonia; if one or more
lobe is involved
 Broncho-pneumonia; the
pneumonic process has
originated in one or more bronchi
and extends to the surrounding
lung tissue.
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6. PneumoniaPneumonia
Mode of transmission
Ways you can get pneumonia include:Ways you can get pneumonia include:
 Bacteria and viruses living in your nose,Bacteria and viruses living in your nose,
sinuses, or mouth may spread to your lungs.sinuses, or mouth may spread to your lungs.
 You may breathe some of these germsYou may breathe some of these germs
directly into your lungs (droplets infection).directly into your lungs (droplets infection).
 You breathe in (inhale) food, liquids, vomit,You breathe in (inhale) food, liquids, vomit,
or fluids from the mouth into your lungsor fluids from the mouth into your lungs
((aspiration pneumonia).
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7. PneumoniaPneumonia
Predisposing factors
 Immuno-suppresed patients
 Cigarette smoking
 Difficult swallowing (due to stroke,
dementia,parkinsons disease, or other
neurological conditions)
 Impaired consciousness ( loss of brain
function due to dementia, stroke, or
other neurological conditions)
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8. PneumoniaPneumonia
Predisposing factors
 Chronic lung disease (COPD,
bronchostasis)
 Frequent suction
 Other serious illness such as
heart disease, liver cirrhosis, and
DM
 Recent cold, laryngitis or flu
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9. PneumoniaPneumonia
Pathophysiology
 The streptococci reach the alveoli and
lead to inflammation and pouring of an
exudates into the air spaces.
 WBCs migrates to alveoli, the alveoli
become more thick due to its filling
consolidation, involved areas by
inflammation are not adequately
ventilated, due to secretion and edema.
This will lead to partial occlusion of alveoli
and bronchi causing a decrease in
alveolar oxygen content.
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10. PneumoniaPneumonia
Pathophysiology (cont…(
 Venous blood that goes to
affected areas without being
oxygenated and returns to the
heart. This will lead to arterial
hypoxemia and even death due
to interference with ventilation.
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11. PneumoniaPneumonia
Clinical manifestations
 SShaking chillshaking chills
 RRapidly rising fever ( 39.5 to 40.5 degree)apidly rising fever ( 39.5 to 40.5 degree)
 SStabbing chest pain aggravated by respiration and coughingtabbing chest pain aggravated by respiration and coughing
 TTachypnea, nasal flaringachypnea, nasal flaring
 PPatient is very ill and lies on the affected side to decrease painatient is very ill and lies on the affected side to decrease pain
 UUse of accessory muscles of respiration e.g. abdomen andse of accessory muscles of respiration e.g. abdomen and
intercostals musclesintercostals muscles
 CCough with purulent, blood tinged, rusty sputumough with purulent, blood tinged, rusty sputum
 SShortness of breathhortness of breath
 FFlushed cheekslushed cheeks
 LLoss of appetite, low energy, and fatigueoss of appetite, low energy, and fatigue
 CCyanosed lips and nail bedsyanosed lips and nail beds
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12.  History takingHistory taking
 Physical examinationPhysical examination
 Chest x-rayChest x-ray
 Blood testBlood test
 Sputum cultureSputum culture
Pneumonia
Diagnostic tests
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13.  Antibiotic, depending on sputum
and blood culture
 Oxygen therapy

Chest physiotherapy
Pneumonia
Medical management
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14. Pneumonia
Nursing interventionNursing intervention
 Maintain a patent airway andMaintain a patent airway and
adequate oxygenation.adequate oxygenation.
 Obtain sputum specimens asObtain sputum specimens as
needed.needed.
 Use suction if the patient canUse suction if the patient can ’’tt
produce a specimen.produce a specimen.
 perform chest physiotherapy.perform chest physiotherapy.
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15. Pneumonia
Nursing intervention (contNursing intervention (cont……((
 Provide a high calorie, high protein dietProvide a high calorie, high protein diet
of soft foods.of soft foods.
 To prevent aspiration during nasogastricTo prevent aspiration during nasogastric
tube feedings, check the position of tube,tube feedings, check the position of tube,
and administer feedings slowly.and administer feedings slowly.
 To control the spread of infection,To control the spread of infection,
dispose secretions properly.dispose secretions properly.
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16. Pneumonia
Nursing intervention (contNursing intervention (cont……((
 Provide a quiet, calm environment, with frequent rest
periods.
 Monitor the patient’s ABG levels, especially if he’s
hypoxic.
 Assess the patient’s respiratory status. Auscultate
breath sounds at least every 4 hours.
 Monitor fluid intake and output.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of administered
medications.
 Explain all procedures to the patient and family.
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17. Pneumonia
Preventive measures
 Frequent turning of bed ridden patients and
early ambulation as much as possible.
 Coughing and breathing techniques.
 Sterilization of respiratory therapy
equipment
 Suctioning of secretion in the unconscious
who have poor cough and swallowing
reflexes, to prevent aspiration of secretions
and its accumulation.Brought to you

18. Pneumonia
Prognosis
With treatment, most
patients will improve
within 2 weeks. Elderly
or very sick patients
may need longer
treatment.
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19. Pneumonia
Complications
 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
 Pleural effusionPleural effusion
 Lung abscessesLung abscesses
 Respiratory failure (which requires mechanicalRespiratory failure (which requires mechanical
ventilator)ventilator)
 Sepsis, which may lead to organ failureSepsis, which may lead to organ failure
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v=nhUT5BfAFicv=nhUT5BfAFic
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