Plant Harmones by dilip kumar chandra
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Controls of growth, development and movement in plants include cell division, enlargement, and differentiation during primary and secondary growth. Primary growth involves the apical and ground meristems forming leaf primordia and axillary buds. Secondary growth adds xylem, phloem, and vascular cambium. Plant movements include turgor movements from changes in pressure and growth movements from cell elongation in response to stimuli like phototropism and geotropism. Directional movements occur in response to directional stimuli through signal molecules called hormones that function at low concentrations to alter processes in target cells. Examples of plant hormones include auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethy
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Essential plant nutrients by dilip kumar chandra
This document discusses essential plant nutrients and how they are classified. It outlines that 17 elements are considered essential for plant growth according to specific criteria. These elements can be classified based on their concentration in plants as either macronutrients, which are needed in larger quantities, or micronutrients, which are needed in smaller amounts. They can also be classified into four groups based on their biochemical behavior and physiological functions in plants. The four groups include elements that are major constituents of organic materials, involved in biochemical reactions, present in free ionic states or adsorbed to organic anions, or predominantly present as chelates.
4 mineral nutrition by dilip kumar chandra
This document discusses mineral nutrition in plants. It explains that plants obtain mineral nutrients from the soil, which are essential for their growth and metabolism. It describes the different groups of mineral nutrients based on their functions in plants. The document also discusses factors that influence mineral nutrient uptake, such as soil pH, cation exchange, and mycorrhizal associations with fungi that help plants absorb nutrients from the soil. It explains how nutrient uptake occurs through different parts of the root system and how nutrient transport works within the plant.
Plant Physiology by dilip kumar chandra
This document discusses mineral nutrition in plants. It covers several key concepts:
1) Water and minerals are transported long-distance through plants, with water moving up the xylem via bulk flow driven by transpiration pull.
2) Minerals are taken up by roots through diffusion, bulk flow, or active transport and transported through the xylem.
3) Sugars move from source to sink tissues through phloem via pressure flow driven by differences in sugar concentration.
Plant growth regulators by dilip kumar chandra
Plant hormones, also known as chemical messengers, control many plant growth and developmental processes. The five major classes of plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote cell elongation and influence phototropism and geotropism. Gibberellins stimulate stem growth and overcome bud and seed dormancy. Cytokinins promote cell division and interact with auxins to influence tissue differentiation. Ethylene influences fruit ripening and senescence. Abscisic acid induces dormancy and leaf and fruit abscission. Hormones are produced in one part of the plant and transported to other parts to initiate various responses and regulate
02. Nutrition in animals by Dilip Kumar Chandra
The document summarizes the key processes in human digestion:
- Ingestion involves taking food into the mouth through chewing and swallowing. Digestion then begins in the mouth through the action of salivary amylase on starch.
- In the stomach, food is further broken down through both physical and chemical digestion. Gastric juices containing hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin aid in protein digestion.
- Digestion is completed in the small intestine through the actions of pancreatic juices, bile, and intestinal juices. These contain enzymes that break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules that can be absorbed.
- Absorption occurs along the villi of the small intestine
01. Nutrition in Plants by Dilip Kumar Chandra
This document discusses various topics related to plant nutrition including:
- The different modes of nutrition in plants including autotrophic nutrition via photosynthesis, heterotrophic nutrition by obtaining nutrients from other organisms as parasites or saprophytes, and symbiotic relationships.
- Key parts and processes involved in photosynthesis such as the role of chloroplasts and chlorophyll in leaves in absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.
- Other modes of heterotrophic nutrition including parasitic plants like cuscuta that derive nutrients from a host plant, and insectivorous plants that trap and digest insects.
18. Wastewater Story by Dilip Kumar Chandra
This document discusses sewage treatment and sanitation. It defines sewage as a complex mixture of organic and inorganic waste, nutrients, and bacteria. Sewage treatment involves separating solids from water and using aerobic bacteria to break down waste. The treated water can then be safely released and the solids used as fertilizer. Proper sanitation and sewage disposal is important for public health to prevent disease transmission through contaminated water.
17. Forests- Our Lifeline by Dilip Kumar Chandra
The document describes the four layers of a rainforest:
1) The emergent layer with the tallest trees up to 200 feet tall and 16 feet wide, home to animals like monkeys and bats.
2) The canopy layer forming the roof of the forest with smooth oval leaves and abundant animals like snakes and frogs.
3) The understory layer with larger leaves to reach sunlight and animals including jaguars and frogs.
4) The dark forest floor with decaying leaves and giant anteaters.
16. Water-A Precious Resource by Dilip Kumar Chandra
This document discusses water scarcity issues in India. It notes that while water exists on Earth in large quantities, only a small percentage is available as fresh water for human use. It then provides details on the water cycle and different forms of water. A key point discussed is that while groundwater is an important source of water, extraction has led to declining groundwater levels in many parts of India. The document emphasizes the importance of conserving water resources and preventing wastage.
15. Light by Dilip Kumar Chandra
This document discusses the properties and behavior of light, including reflection, refraction, and image formation using mirrors. It defines key terms like the normal, angle of incidence, angle of reflection, and explains the laws of reflection. It also describes the properties and uses of different types of mirrors, including plane, concave, and convex mirrors, and how they form real or virtual images through the reflection and refraction of light. Diagrams illustrate the rules for drawing ray diagrams to show the path of light in reflection and image formation using these different mirror types.
14. Electric currentand its effects by Dilip Kumar Chandra
1. Electric current is the flow of electrically charged particles, typically measured in amperes.
2. James Joule discovered that electric current generates heat when passing through a wire, known as the heating effect.
3. The heating effect has many applications, including heating elements in appliances that produce heat when current flows through coils inside.
13. Motion and time by Dilip Kumar Chandra
This document discusses motion, speed, and time. It defines motion as a change in an object's position and speed as the distance covered by an object per unit of time. Uniform motion has constant speed while non-uniform motion has changing speed. Time is measured using periodic events like the sun's motion or a pendulum's oscillations. A simple pendulum's time period is the time taken to complete one oscillation. Distance and time graphs can represent motion, with uniform motion shown as a straight line.
12. Reproduction in plants by Dilip Kumar Chandra
Vegetative propagation allows plants to reproduce rapidly without seeds or pollination by producing genetically identical offspring through structures like bulbs, corms, rhizomes and tubers. These structures store food to support new growth. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis and fusion of male and female gametes during pollination and fertilization to produce offspring with genetic variation, aiding species survival. Angiosperms typically reproduce sexually through flowers containing stamens that produce pollen and pistils containing ovules. Successful seed germination requires water, oxygen, and warm temperatures as shown through an experiment with mung bean seeds.
11. Transportation in Animals and Plants by Dilip Kumar Chandra
The document discusses transport systems in animals and plants. It describes how circulatory systems transport oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and other materials throughout animal bodies using blood, blood vessels and the heart. The circulatory system consists of arteries, veins and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Transport of water and nutrients in plants occurs through xylem tissue while transport of food occurs through phloem tissue. Transpiration through leaves generates suction that transports water through xylem vessels in plants.
10. Respiration in Organism by Dilip Kumar Chandra
Breathing involves taking in oxygen-rich air through inhalation and releasing carbon dioxide through exhalation. During inhalation, air passes through the nostrils into the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen passes into blood and carbon dioxide leaves blood. Exhalation is when this carbon dioxide-rich air is released from the body.
09. Soils by Dilip Kumar Chandra
Soil is the top layer of the Earth's crust and is formed through the natural process of weathering of rocks over hundreds of years. Soil is made up of various layers including the top soil, sub soil, and bedrock. It provides nutrients and support for plant growth. Soil erosion by wind and water is a major threat and can be reduced through practices like forestation, contour plowing, and crop rotation.
08. Winds, Storms and Cyclone by Dilip Kumar Chandra
Air is a mixture of gases that exerts pressure in all directions. Uneven heating of the Earth's surface causes wind currents as warm air rises and is replaced by cooler air. Convection currents occur due to rising warm air and sinking cool air and help distribute the Sun's heat globally. Thunderstorms develop from strong upward winds carrying water droplets that freeze and fall as rain or hail, along with changes in air pressure. Cyclones form due to these pressure changes and can cause severe damage to life and property from high winds. Effective safety measures include early warning systems, shelters, and preparing necessary supplies.
07. Weather climate and Adaptations of Animals to Climate by Dilip Kumar Chandra
The document discusses climate and weather, as well as animal adaptations to polar and tropical regions. It notes that weather varies daily but climate is the average pattern over long periods. Animals in polar and tropical areas have adapted to survive their extreme climates through traits like thick fur, camouflage, and ability to conserve heat and water. The polar bear, penguin, and monkey are provided as examples and their adaptations described.
06. Physical and chemical changes by Dilip Kumar Chandra
This document discusses the differences between physical and chemical changes. A physical change alters a substance's physical properties but does not create new substances, and can be reversed. A chemical change produces new substances through chemical reactions that cannot be reversed. Burning magnesium ribbon is provided as an example of a chemical change, where magnesium oxide and then magnesium hydroxide are formed.
05. Acids,bases and salts by Dilip Kumar Chandra
Substances that taste sour contain acids like citric acid in lemons and acetic acid in vinegar. Acids turn litmus paper red, are sour, and react with bases to form salts and water. Bases taste bitter and feel soapy, turn litmus blue, and react with acids to form salts and water. Neutralization occurs when acids and bases are combined in the right amounts, producing a solution that is neither acidic nor basic. Common indicators change color in acidic and basic solutions, allowing identification of neutralization.
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14. Electric currentand its effects by Dilip Kumar Chandra
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11. Transportation in Animals and Plants by Dilip Kumar Chandra
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Plant Harmones by dilip kumar chandra
- 1. Controls of growth, developmentControls of growth, development and movementand movement By Dilip Kumar Chandra
- 2. Cell division.Cell division. Cell enlargment.Cell enlargment. Cell differentiation.Cell differentiation.
- 3. Primary growthPrimary growth Apical meristemApical meristem Leaf primordiaLeaf primordia Forming axillary budForming axillary bud Ground meristemGround meristem protodermprotoderm procambiumprocambium
- 4. Secondary growthSecondary growth xylemxylem Phloem withPhloem with bands of fibersbands of fibers Vascular cambiumVascular cambium Ray parenchymaRay parenchyma corkcork
- 7. Turgor movements (changes in turgor pressure in selected cells) Growth movements (elongation of selected cells in response to stimulus) phototropism geotropism thigmotropism
- 10. Directional movements in response to a directional stimulus
- 16. Signal molecules produced at specific locations. Occur in low concentrations. Cause altered processes in target cells at other locations.
- 17. Artificially synthesized substances which produce hormone like responses
- 20. Auxin associated with phototropism - early experimentsAuxin associated with phototropism - early experiments demonstrate tip as receptor.demonstrate tip as receptor.
- 21. Demonstration of transported chemicalDemonstration of transported chemical
- 22. Discovered as substance associated with phototropic response. Occurs in very low concentrations. Isolated from human urine, (40mg 33 gals-1 ) In coleoptiles (1g 20,000 tons-1 ) Differential response depending on dose.
- 25. abscission - loss of leaves flower initiation sex determination fruit development
- 29. General cell elongation. Breaking of dormancy. Promotion of flowering. Transport is non-polar, bidirectional producing general responses.
- 31. Promotes cell division. Morphogenesis. Lateral bud development. Delay of senescence. Stomatal opening. Rapid transport in xylem stream.
- 33. General growth inhibitor. Causes stomatal closure. Readily translocated. Produced in response to stress.
- 34. H H / C = C / H H
- 35. Gaseous in form. Rapid diffusion. Affects adjacent individuals. Fruit ripening. Senescence and abscission. Interference with auxin transport. Initiation of stem elongation and bud development.
- 36. Constitutive enzymes - always present but level of hormone can affect level. Adaptive enzymes - formed or activated as a result of the presence of a hormone.
- 38. Interaction of cytokinin and auxinInteraction of cytokinin and auxin in tobacco callus tissuein tobacco callus tissue