05. Acids,bases and salts by Dilip Kumar Chandra
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Substances that taste sour contain acids like citric acid in lemons and acetic acid in vinegar. Acids turn litmus paper red, are sour, and react with bases to form salts and water. Bases taste bitter and feel soapy, turn litmus blue, and react with acids to form salts and water. Neutralization occurs when acids and bases are combined in the right amounts, producing a solution that is neither acidic nor basic. Common indicators change color in acidic and basic solutions, allowing identification of neutralization.
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✴️✔️ Do 𝐒𝐔𝐁𝐒𝐂𝐑𝐈𝐁𝐄 to the channel for more updates and hit that like button!
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Acid and alkalis
This document discusses acids and alkalis. It defines strong and weak acids and lists some common examples. It explains that acids have properties like sour taste and ability to turn litmus paper red. The document outlines how acids react with metals, carbonates, and alkalis. Common uses of sulfuric, hydrochloric, ethanoic, and nitric acids are provided. Properties and uses of common alkalis like sodium hydroxide are also described. The document introduces the pH scale and how indicators like universal indicator and litmus paper can be used to test the acidity or alkalinity of solutions.
Non Aqueous Titration
Non-aqueous titration has several advantages over aqueous titration including enabling the titration of organic acids and bases that are insoluble in water. Key types of non-aqueous solvents used in titration include aprotic, protogenic, protophillic, and amphiprotic solvents. Common indicators used in non-aqueous titration include crystal violet and oracet blue B. Example applications of non-aqueous titration include determination of active ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations like ephedrine and codeine. Proper preparation and standardization of titrants such as perchloric acid in acetic acid or potassium methoxide in toluene-methanol is important for accurate non-aqueous tit
Non aq titrations unit 2
Non-aqueous titration has several advantages over aqueous titration:
1. Organic acids and bases insoluble in water can be soluble in non-aqueous solvents allowing them to be titrated.
2. A non-aqueous solvent may help separate two or more acids in a mixture so they can be titrated individually.
3. More substances can be titrated as the solubility and application ranges are enlarged for weak acids/bases that cannot be titrated in water.
Some common non-aqueous solvents used include acetic acid, acetonitrile, alcohols, DMF. Indicators suitable for specific titrations must be selected to indicate the endpoint
Gastrointestinal Tract
This document discusses gastrointestinal agents including acidifying agents, antacids, and cathartics. It provides details on various acidifying agents such as ammonium chloride, hydrochloric acid, and dilute hydrochloric acid. It also discusses antacids including sodium bicarbonate, aluminium hydroxide gel, and magnesium hydroxide mixture. Finally, it covers cathartics such as magnesium sulphate, sodium orthophosphate, and kaolin. The document provides information on the uses, properties, preparations and other details of these various gastrointestinal agents.
git-210408045019.pdf
This document discusses various gastrointestinal agents including acidifying agents, antacids, cathartics, and anti-microbial agents. It provides details on ammonium chloride, hydrochloric acid, and dilute hydrochloric acid which are used as acidifying agents to treat conditions where there is insufficient stomach acid production such as achlorhydria. It also discusses the uses, properties, methods of analysis and other details of these three acidifying agents.
Pol, Sol, Acids & Bases
The document discusses polarity, solubility, acids and bases. It defines polar and nonpolar substances, and gives examples like water and methane. It explains how solubility curves show how much of a substance dissolves at different temperatures. It also defines acids and bases, describing their properties and chemical formulas. Common indicators like litmus paper and phenolphthalein are explained for testing acids and bases.
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This document discusses essential plant nutrients and how they are classified. It outlines that 17 elements are considered essential for plant growth according to specific criteria. These elements can be classified based on their concentration in plants as either macronutrients, which are needed in larger quantities, or micronutrients, which are needed in smaller amounts. They can also be classified into four groups based on their biochemical behavior and physiological functions in plants. The four groups include elements that are major constituents of organic materials, involved in biochemical reactions, present in free ionic states or adsorbed to organic anions, or predominantly present as chelates.
4 mineral nutrition by dilip kumar chandra
This document discusses mineral nutrition in plants. It explains that plants obtain mineral nutrients from the soil, which are essential for their growth and metabolism. It describes the different groups of mineral nutrients based on their functions in plants. The document also discusses factors that influence mineral nutrient uptake, such as soil pH, cation exchange, and mycorrhizal associations with fungi that help plants absorb nutrients from the soil. It explains how nutrient uptake occurs through different parts of the root system and how nutrient transport works within the plant.
Plant Physiology by dilip kumar chandra
This document discusses mineral nutrition in plants. It covers several key concepts:
1) Water and minerals are transported long-distance through plants, with water moving up the xylem via bulk flow driven by transpiration pull.
2) Minerals are taken up by roots through diffusion, bulk flow, or active transport and transported through the xylem.
3) Sugars move from source to sink tissues through phloem via pressure flow driven by differences in sugar concentration.
Plant growth regulators by dilip kumar chandra
Plant hormones, also known as chemical messengers, control many plant growth and developmental processes. The five major classes of plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote cell elongation and influence phototropism and geotropism. Gibberellins stimulate stem growth and overcome bud and seed dormancy. Cytokinins promote cell division and interact with auxins to influence tissue differentiation. Ethylene influences fruit ripening and senescence. Abscisic acid induces dormancy and leaf and fruit abscission. Hormones are produced in one part of the plant and transported to other parts to initiate various responses and regulate
Plant Harmones by dilip kumar chandra
Controls of growth, development and movement in plants include cell division, enlargement, and differentiation during primary and secondary growth. Primary growth involves the apical and ground meristems forming leaf primordia and axillary buds. Secondary growth adds xylem, phloem, and vascular cambium. Plant movements include turgor movements from changes in pressure and growth movements from cell elongation in response to stimuli like phototropism and geotropism. Directional movements occur in response to directional stimuli through signal molecules called hormones that function at low concentrations to alter processes in target cells. Examples of plant hormones include auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethy
02. Nutrition in animals by Dilip Kumar Chandra
The document summarizes the key processes in human digestion:
- Ingestion involves taking food into the mouth through chewing and swallowing. Digestion then begins in the mouth through the action of salivary amylase on starch.
- In the stomach, food is further broken down through both physical and chemical digestion. Gastric juices containing hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin aid in protein digestion.
- Digestion is completed in the small intestine through the actions of pancreatic juices, bile, and intestinal juices. These contain enzymes that break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules that can be absorbed.
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01. Nutrition in Plants by Dilip Kumar Chandra
This document discusses various topics related to plant nutrition including:
- The different modes of nutrition in plants including autotrophic nutrition via photosynthesis, heterotrophic nutrition by obtaining nutrients from other organisms as parasites or saprophytes, and symbiotic relationships.
- Key parts and processes involved in photosynthesis such as the role of chloroplasts and chlorophyll in leaves in absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.
- Other modes of heterotrophic nutrition including parasitic plants like cuscuta that derive nutrients from a host plant, and insectivorous plants that trap and digest insects.
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This document discusses sewage treatment and sanitation. It defines sewage as a complex mixture of organic and inorganic waste, nutrients, and bacteria. Sewage treatment involves separating solids from water and using aerobic bacteria to break down waste. The treated water can then be safely released and the solids used as fertilizer. Proper sanitation and sewage disposal is important for public health to prevent disease transmission through contaminated water.
17. Forests- Our Lifeline by Dilip Kumar Chandra
The document describes the four layers of a rainforest:
1) The emergent layer with the tallest trees up to 200 feet tall and 16 feet wide, home to animals like monkeys and bats.
2) The canopy layer forming the roof of the forest with smooth oval leaves and abundant animals like snakes and frogs.
3) The understory layer with larger leaves to reach sunlight and animals including jaguars and frogs.
4) The dark forest floor with decaying leaves and giant anteaters.
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This document discusses water scarcity issues in India. It notes that while water exists on Earth in large quantities, only a small percentage is available as fresh water for human use. It then provides details on the water cycle and different forms of water. A key point discussed is that while groundwater is an important source of water, extraction has led to declining groundwater levels in many parts of India. The document emphasizes the importance of conserving water resources and preventing wastage.
15. Light by Dilip Kumar Chandra
This document discusses the properties and behavior of light, including reflection, refraction, and image formation using mirrors. It defines key terms like the normal, angle of incidence, angle of reflection, and explains the laws of reflection. It also describes the properties and uses of different types of mirrors, including plane, concave, and convex mirrors, and how they form real or virtual images through the reflection and refraction of light. Diagrams illustrate the rules for drawing ray diagrams to show the path of light in reflection and image formation using these different mirror types.
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1. Electric current is the flow of electrically charged particles, typically measured in amperes.
2. James Joule discovered that electric current generates heat when passing through a wire, known as the heating effect.
3. The heating effect has many applications, including heating elements in appliances that produce heat when current flows through coils inside.
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This document discusses motion, speed, and time. It defines motion as a change in an object's position and speed as the distance covered by an object per unit of time. Uniform motion has constant speed while non-uniform motion has changing speed. Time is measured using periodic events like the sun's motion or a pendulum's oscillations. A simple pendulum's time period is the time taken to complete one oscillation. Distance and time graphs can represent motion, with uniform motion shown as a straight line.
12. Reproduction in plants by Dilip Kumar Chandra
Vegetative propagation allows plants to reproduce rapidly without seeds or pollination by producing genetically identical offspring through structures like bulbs, corms, rhizomes and tubers. These structures store food to support new growth. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis and fusion of male and female gametes during pollination and fertilization to produce offspring with genetic variation, aiding species survival. Angiosperms typically reproduce sexually through flowers containing stamens that produce pollen and pistils containing ovules. Successful seed germination requires water, oxygen, and warm temperatures as shown through an experiment with mung bean seeds.
11. Transportation in Animals and Plants by Dilip Kumar Chandra
The document discusses transport systems in animals and plants. It describes how circulatory systems transport oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and other materials throughout animal bodies using blood, blood vessels and the heart. The circulatory system consists of arteries, veins and capillaries. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Transport of water and nutrients in plants occurs through xylem tissue while transport of food occurs through phloem tissue. Transpiration through leaves generates suction that transports water through xylem vessels in plants.
10. Respiration in Organism by Dilip Kumar Chandra
Breathing involves taking in oxygen-rich air through inhalation and releasing carbon dioxide through exhalation. During inhalation, air passes through the nostrils into the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen passes into blood and carbon dioxide leaves blood. Exhalation is when this carbon dioxide-rich air is released from the body.
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Soil is the top layer of the Earth's crust and is formed through the natural process of weathering of rocks over hundreds of years. Soil is made up of various layers including the top soil, sub soil, and bedrock. It provides nutrients and support for plant growth. Soil erosion by wind and water is a major threat and can be reduced through practices like forestation, contour plowing, and crop rotation.
08. Winds, Storms and Cyclone by Dilip Kumar Chandra
Air is a mixture of gases that exerts pressure in all directions. Uneven heating of the Earth's surface causes wind currents as warm air rises and is replaced by cooler air. Convection currents occur due to rising warm air and sinking cool air and help distribute the Sun's heat globally. Thunderstorms develop from strong upward winds carrying water droplets that freeze and fall as rain or hail, along with changes in air pressure. Cyclones form due to these pressure changes and can cause severe damage to life and property from high winds. Effective safety measures include early warning systems, shelters, and preparing necessary supplies.
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The document discusses climate and weather, as well as animal adaptations to polar and tropical regions. It notes that weather varies daily but climate is the average pattern over long periods. Animals in polar and tropical areas have adapted to survive their extreme climates through traits like thick fur, camouflage, and ability to conserve heat and water. The polar bear, penguin, and monkey are provided as examples and their adaptations described.
06. Physical and chemical changes by Dilip Kumar Chandra
This document discusses the differences between physical and chemical changes. A physical change alters a substance's physical properties but does not create new substances, and can be reversed. A chemical change produces new substances through chemical reactions that cannot be reversed. Burning magnesium ribbon is provided as an example of a chemical change, where magnesium oxide and then magnesium hydroxide are formed.
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05. Acids,bases and salts by Dilip Kumar Chandra
- 2. Substances taste sour contain acids. Examples LEMON ------ CITRIC ACID TAMARIND ------ TARTARIC ACID TOMATOES ------ CITRIC ACID APPLE ----- MALEIC ACID VINEGAR ------ ACETIC ACID ANTS ------ FORMIC ACID CURD ------ LACTIC ACID
- 3. OTHER EXAMPLES OF ACIDS USED IN LAB---- 1.HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCl) 2.SULPHURIC ACID(H2SO4) 3.NITRIC ACID(HNO3) 4.PHOSPHORIC ACID(H3PO4) 5.ACETIC ACID(CH3COOH)
- 4. THEY ARE SOUR TO TASTE. THEY TURN BLUE LITMUS PAPER TO RED. THEY REACT WITH BASES TO FORM SALT AND WATER.
- 5. S + O2 SO2 Sulphur Oxygen Sulphurdioxide H2O + SO2 H2SO3 Water sulphurous acid When non metallic oxides are dissolved in water acids are formed.
- 6. Substances which are bitter in taste and soapy to touch are known as Bases. NAME OF THE BASE FOUND IN Calcium hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide Sodium/potassium hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide Lemon water Window cleaner Soap Milk of magnesia
- 7. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF BASES THEY ARE BITTER TO TASTE AND SOAPY TO TOUCH. THEY TURN RED LITMUS PAPER TO BLUE. THEY REACT WITH ACIDS TO FORM SALT AND WATER.
- 8. PREPARATION OF BASES When metallic oxides are dissolved in water Bases are formed. 2Mg + O2 2MgO Magnesium Oxide MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2 Magnesium Hydroxide
- 9. Solutions of substances that show different colour in acidic, basic and neutral solutions are called indicators litmus
- 10. LITMUS The most commonly used natural indicator. It is extracted from Lichens.It has a purple colour .when added to acid it turns red.When added to basic it turns blue. Acid litmus Base litmus
- 11. CHINA ROSE INDICATOR. China rose indicator turns dark pink to acidic solution China rose indicator turns green to basic solution
- 12. Neutralization is the process of adding right amount of acid to base or base to acid, a neutral solution is obtained, which is neither an acid nor a base.
- 13. HOW CAN WE VERIFY THE NEUTRALIZATION REACTION? To verify neutralization reaction let us conduct an activity/demonstration. STEP -1 Take a test tube and fill ¼ th of test tube with dil.NaOH . Which is colourless. Titrant Titrated
- 14. Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Solution turns pink. [phenolphthalein give pink colour only in basic medium but not in acidic medium]
- 15. Step-2.Solution turns pink. [phenolphthalein give pink colour only in basic medium but not in acidic medium] Step-3. Add dil Hcl drop by drop to the test tube with the help of dropper till the pink just disappear.
- 16. . Step-4. Add dil Hcl drop by drop to the test tube with the help of dropper till the pink just disappear. Step-5.The colouless solution which is obtained is a neutral solution.
- 18. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE ARE SUFFERING FROM ACIDITY ? we suffer from indigestion , stomach pain and ulcer. what is the remedy? we use an antacid, such as milk of magnesia {magnesium hydroxide} it neutralizes excessive acid.
- 19. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AN ANT BITES ? Ant inject formic acid which cause severe irritation, pain and burning sensation. What is the remedy? We apply sodium bicarbonate or calamine solution to neutralize effect of formic acid.
- 20. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WE USE EXTENSIVE CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS IN THE AGRICULTURAL LAND ? After the extensive use of chemical fertilizer the acidy of soil will be more. What is the remedy? In order to neutralize acidity of soil we add Calcium hydroxide to soil.