Physiological changes in pregnancy. It includes changes in the genital organs, uterus, cardiovascular changes, respiratory, metabolic, alimentary, skin, skeleton, psychological changes, urinary changes and weight gain in pregnancy.
Puerperium is the period following childbirth during which the body tissues, specially the pelvic organs revert back approximately to the pre-pregnant state both anatomically and physiologically. puerperium begins as soon as the placenta is expelled and lasts for approximately 6 weeks when the uterus becomes regressed almost to the non-pregnant size.
Puerperium is the period following childbirth during which the body tissues, specially the pelvic organs revert back approximately to the pre-pregnant state both anatomically and physiologically. puerperium begins as soon as the placenta is expelled and lasts for approximately 6 weeks when the uterus becomes regressed almost to the non-pregnant size.
When fetal head is delivered, but shoulders are stuck and cannot be delivered it is known as shoulder dystocia.
The anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind on the symphysis pubis, whilst the posterior shoulder may be in the hollow of the sacrum or high above the sacral promontory.
Hydatidiform Mole (HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
When a normal sperm cell fertilizes one of these oocytes, the resulting embryo has only one set of chromosomes. Because the embryo has no genes from the mother, the pregnancy cannot develop normally, resulting in a hydatidiform mole.
When fetal head is delivered, but shoulders are stuck and cannot be delivered it is known as shoulder dystocia.
The anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind on the symphysis pubis, whilst the posterior shoulder may be in the hollow of the sacrum or high above the sacral promontory.
Hydatidiform Mole (HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
When a normal sperm cell fertilizes one of these oocytes, the resulting embryo has only one set of chromosomes. Because the embryo has no genes from the mother, the pregnancy cannot develop normally, resulting in a hydatidiform mole.
Physiological changes during pregnancyDeepa Mishra
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
Deepa Mishra
Assistant Professor (OBG)
Pregnancy
Pregnancy usually occurs during 15-44 yrs of a woman.
Duration of pregnancy from LMP is 280 days or 40 weeks or 9 months and 7 days
Three trimester-
1st Trimester -0 -12 weeks
2nd trimester – 13-28 weeks
3rd trimester -29-40 weeks s
Physiological changes
Reproductive system
Hematological and Cardiovascular changes
Respiratory, Acid base balance, electrolyte changes
Urinary changes
GI changes
Metabolic changes
Skeletal and neurological changes
Skin changes
Endocrinal changes
Psychological changes
Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy are the adaptations during pregnancy that a woman's body undergoes to accommodate the growing embryo or fetus. ... The pregnant woman and the placenta also produce many other hormones that have a broad range of effects during the pregnancy.
Detailed account of the various changes that occur in maternal anatomy, physiology, and metabolism of pregnant women. These physiological changes are often very precise, and deviations of physiological responses can be a prelude to possible disease/infectious states. In this second part of Labor, we will examine the various systems of the human body,its altered states during pregnancy, and how those changes affect the woman preparing for delivery. Special care is imperative in properly determining the needs of an expecting mother, so developing an intimate, trusting relationship between the mother and fully understanding her physiological output will lead to the best chances of a successful delivery.
in this slide physiological, psychological and social aspects of menopause, Hormonal replacement therapy, surgical menopause , guidance and counselling / role of midwifery nurse practitioner in menopause.
This presentation includes all the events , its sign and symptoms about IOL as well as management of women in the first stage of labor and how to assess the women in labor with the help of partograph.
physiology of labor includes the contraction and retraction of the muscles of uterus. I hope this presentation will help the persons of concerned subject.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. GENITAL ORGANS
• Edematous
• More vascular
• Superficial viscosities
(multipara)
• Labia minora are
pigmented &
hypertrophied.
VULVA
3. GENITAL ORGANS
• Wall becomes hypertrophied
• Edematous & more vascular
• Increased blood supply to
the venous plexus
surrounding the walls gives
bluish discoloration of the
mucosa(Jacquemier’s sign)
VAGINA
4. GENITAL ORGANS
Secretions of vagina:
Copious, thin, curdy white d/t marked exfoliated cells and
bacteria
pH becomes acidic (3.5-6) due to more conversion of glycogen in
to lactic acid by the Lactobacillus acidophilus consequent on high
estrogen level.
The acidic pH prevents multiplication of pathogenic organisms.
Cytology
Navicular cells in cluster & plenty of lactobacillus
5. UTERUS
Non Pregnant Uterus Pregnant Uterus
Muscular
Structure
Almost Solid Relatively thin – walled (≤
1.5 cm)
weight ≈ 60 gm At term :900-1000 gm
Volume 5-10 mL ≈ 5 L by the end of
pregnancy
Length 7.5cm 35cm
6. BODY OF THE UTERUS
CHANGES IN THE MUSCLES
• Hypertrophy & hyperplasia (12weeks)
• Stretching (20 weeks)
• Wall become thin (1.5cm or less)
• Uterus feels soft and elastic in contrast to firm feel of the non-
gravid uterus.
7. BODY OF THE UTERUS
Arrangement of muscle fibres
- Outer longitudinal
-Inner circular
- Intermediate crisscross
- Living ligatures
11. BODY OF THE UTERUS
Vascular system
- Uterine and ovarian arteries
-Marked spiraling of arteries (max. 20weeks) after that
straighten out
-vasodilation is due to estradiol and progesterone.
- Vascular changes are more pronounced at placental site
-uterine enlargement is not symmetrical (fundus enlarges >
body)
12. SHAPE OF THE UTERUS
State Shape
Non-pregnant pyriform
12 weeks Globular
28 weeks ovoid
Beyond 36 weeks Spherical
16. BRAXTON- HICKS
CONTRACTIONS
During contraction, there is complete closure of uterine veins
with partial occlusion of the arteries in relation to intervillous
space resulting in stagnation of blood in the space.
This diminishes the placental perfusion, causing transient fetal
hypoxia which leads to fetal bradycardia coinciding with the
contraction.
20. ISTHMUS
1st
trimester
• Hypertrophy
• Elongates to 3 times
• softer
More than
12 weeks
• Unfolds fro above, downward until it is incorporated into
uterine cavity.
• Circulatory muscle fibres acts as sphincter and retain the
fetus into uterus
25. FALLOPIAN TUBE
Increased in length
Become congested
Hypertrophy of muscles
Epithelium become flattened
Patches of Decidual reaction
Due to progesterone effect; during implantation there is structural and secretory
changes in decidua
26. OVARY
Increase growth & function of CORPUS LUTEUM
D/t the influence of oestrogen and progesterone maintenance of decidua (ovarian &
-menstrual cycle suspension)
Ovaries become 2.5 cm long
Becomes cystic
Color changes- Bright orange yellow pale
Regression occurs following decline in the secretion of hCG from the placenta.
27. BREASTS
size
Increased
Hypertrophy & proliferation of
ducts (oestrogen) & alveoli
(oestrogen & progesterone)
Increased vascularity leads to
visibility of bluish veins under skin
Axillary tale becomes enlarged &
painful
34. WEIGHT GAIN
Total weight gain in pregnancy = 11kg (24 lb)
1st trimester = 1 kg
2nd trimester = 5kg
3rd trimester = 5kg
Total weight gain at term
• Reproductive weight gain = 6kg (fetus, placenta, liquor, uterus, breast,
fat+protein)
• Net maternal weight gain = 6 kg (increase in blood volume = 1.3kg &
extracellular fluid =1.2kg)
35. WEIGHT GAIN
Due to increase in
estrogen,
progesterone and
ADH hormones
Fluid retention
-Sodium=
1000mEq
- Potassium = 10g
- Chlorides
At term = 6.5 L
sodium retention
36. IMPORTANCE OF WEIGHT
GAIN
To detect abnormality
to detect underweight & overweight conditions
Careful supervision in those cases in which weight gain occurs
> 0.5kg (1lb)/ week or >2kg (5lb)/ month in later month of
pregnancy ( pre-eclampsia)
to detect stationary & falling weight ( IUGR or IUD)
38. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
ANATOMICAL CHANGES
Elevation of diaphragm
Heart pushed upward & outward with slight rotation of left.
Abnormal clinical findings: palpitations, increased pulse
rate with extra systole, systolic murmur in apical &
pulmonary area d/t increased blood viscosity & torsion of
great vessels.
Normal ECG
39. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CARDIAC OUTPUT
starts to increase from 5th week of pregnancy
Peak (40-50%) at about 30-34 weeks & remains static
till term ( left recumbant position)
CO low in sitting or supine position whereas highest
in Rt., Lt. lateral or knee chest position.
CO increases 50% during labour & 70% immediately
following delivery (Auto transfusion)
40. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CO becomes normal 1 hour following delivery
It becomes as pre pregnant state at 4 weeks of puerperium.
Increase in CO is due to:
Increase in blood volume
Additional oxygen demand
BP = decreases
41. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
VENOUS PRESSURE
Antecubital venous pressure – unaffected
Femoral venous pressure - increases in later months(8-10cm of
H2O)
Lying position = 25 cm of H2O
Standing position = 80-100 cm of H2O d/t pressure by gravid
uterus on common iliac veins.
physiological edema subsides on rest
42. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Stagnation of blood in venous system + distensibility of vein
Oedema, varicose vein, piles and DVT
Supine Hypotension Syndrome: Late pregnancy
compression effect on inferior vena cava by gravid uterus
In supine position, opening of collateral circulation
If it fails to open up decrease venous return to heart syncope, hypotension and
tachycardia
45. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
d/t progesterone effect
Hyperventilation
Increase in tidal volume &
respiratory minute volume by 40%
Increase sensitivity of Centre to
carbon dioxide
Dyspnea
46. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Subcostal angle changes from 68 degree to 103 degree
Transverse diameter of chest increased by 2 cm
Chest circumference increased by 5-7 cm
Mucosa of nasopharynx become hyperemic and edematous
Nasal stuffiness & epistaxis (rare)
47. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Acid-base balance
Hyperventilation changes acid-base
balance
Arterial PaCO2 decreases from 38 to 32 mmHg
PaO2 increases from 95 to 105 mm Hg
Transfer of CO2 from fetus to mother
and oxygen from mother to fetus.
48. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• pH increases in order to 0.02 units and base excess by 2mEq/L
pregnancy is a state of Respiratory Alkalosis
Renal compensation by increased excretion of bicarbonates
Maternal oxygen consumption is increased by 20-40% due to
increased demand.
50. ALIMENTARY SYSTEM
Muscle tone & motility of entire GIT is decreased
(progesterone effect)
Relaxed cardiac sphincter
Regurgitation of acid gastric content into esophagus
Chemical esophagitis & heart burn
51. ALIMENTARY SYSTEM
There may be diminished gastric secretion and delayed
emptying time of stomach.
Decreased risk of peptic ulcer disease
Atonicity of gut Constipation
Diminished peristalsis more absorption of food
materials
52. ALIMENTARY SYSTEM
LIVER
• No histological changes
• Depressed function except alkaline phosphatase, other
liver function test ( serum level of bilirubin, AST, ALT,
CPK, LDH) remain unchanged.
GALL
BLADDER
• Mild cholestasis ( estrogen effect)
• Marked Atonicity of gall bladder (Progesterone effect)
• Together with high cholesterol level during pregnancy
favors Stone Formation.
53. URINARY SYSTEM
• Dilatation of ureter, renal pelvis &
calyces
• Enlarges in length by 1cm
• Plasma flow increases by 50-70%
(16week & maintain until 34 weeks
thereafter it falls by 25%)
• GFR is increased by 50% leads to
reduction in maternal plasma, levels of
creatinine, blood urea, BUN & uric
acid.
• Renal tubules fails to reabsorb
glucose, uric acid, amino acids, water
soluble vitamins and other substance
completely.
KIDNEY
54. URINARY SYSTEM
• Atonic d/t high progesterone
effect
• Dilatation of ureter above the
pelvic brim with stasis is marked
on the right side d/t dextrorotation
of the uterus
• Stasis is marked between 20-24
weeks
• Marked hypertrophy of muscles
and sheath of ureter d/t estrogen
• Kinking, elongation and outward
displacement of ureters.
URETER
55. URINARY SYSTEM
• Marked congestion with hypertrophy of
muscles and elastic tissues of the wall.
• In late pregnancy, its mucosa becomes
edematous following early engagement
• Increased frequency of micturition is
noticed at 6-8 weeks & subsides after 12
weeks & in late pregnancy it reappears
d/t resettling of osmoregulation causing
increased water intake and polyuria.
BLADDER
56. URINARY SYSTEM
Stress incontinence may be observed in late pregnancy due to
urethral sphincter weakness.
57. METABOLIC CHANGES
(GENERAL)
Total metabolism is increased d/t the
needs of growing fetus & the uterus
Basal metabolic rate is increased up
to an extent of 30% higher than that
of average for the non- pregnant
women.
58. METABOLIC CHANGES
• Positive nitrogenous balance throughout the
pregnancy
• Breakdown of the amino acid to urea is suppressed,
blood urea level falls to 15-20mg%
• Amino acids are actively transported across the
placenta to the fetus
• Pregnancy is an Anabolic state.
(PROTEIN METABOLISM)
59. (CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM)
Transfer of
more
glucose
• Increase
d insulin
secretion
• Hypertroph
y and
hyperplasia
of beta cells
of pancreas
Decreased(44%)
Sensitivity of
insulin receptors
• Increased new
plasma levels
d/t no. of
contra insulin
factors.
These are:
Estrogen,
progesterone,
HPL, cortisol,
prolactin, free
fatty acids
• Tissue
resistance to
insulin.
This mechanism ensures continues supply of glucose to the fetus
60. (CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM)
Increased insulin levels favors Lipogenesis (Fat storage)
During maternal fasting; there is hypoglycemia,
hypoinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia and hyperketonemia
lipolysis generates fatty acids for gluconeogenesis and fuel
supply.
Plasma glucagon level remains unchanged.
Overall effect is maternal fasting hypoglycemia (d/t fetal
consumption), postprandial hyperglycemia & hyperinsulinemia
(d/t insulin factors)
61. (CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM)
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) may show an abnormal
pattern.
This helps to maintain continuous supply of glucose to the
fetus.
As maternal utilization of glucose is reduced, there is
gluconeogenesis and glucogenolysis.
Glomerular filtration of the glucose is increased to exceed the
tubular absorption threshold(normal 180%). So, glycosuria is
detected in 50% of normal pregnant women.
62. (FAT METABOLISM)
Average of 3-4 kg of fat stored during
pregnancy mostly in the abdominal wall,
breasts, hips and thighs.
Plasma lipids & lipoproteins increase
appreciably during the later half of the
pregnancy due to increased estrogen,
progesterone, hPL and leptin levels.
63. (LIPID METABOLISM)
HDL level is increased by 15%
LDL is utilized for placental steroid
synthesis. This hyperlipidemia of normal
pregnancy is non- atherogenic.
*Activity of lipoprotein lipase is increased
*Leptin, a peptide hormone, is secreted by
the adipose tissue and the placenta. It
regulates the body fat metabolism.
64. (IRON METABOLISM)
Iron is absorbed in ferrous form from duodenum and
jejunum and is released in the circulation as transferrin.
About 10% of ingested iron is absorbed
Iron freed from transferrin is incorporated into hemoglobin
(75%) & myoglobin or stored as ferritin or hemosiderin.
Iron is transported actively across the placenta to the fetus.
Iron requirement during pregnancy is considerable and is mostly
limited to the 2nd half of the pregnancy especially to the last 12
weeks.
65. (IRON METABOLISM)
The iron requirement during pregnancy is estimated
approximately 1000mg.
This is distributed in fetus and placenta 300mg and expanded
red cell mass 400mg (Total increase in red cell volume = 350ml
and 1ml contains 1.1 mg of iron).
There is obligatory loss of about 200mg through normal routes.
The iron in fetus and placenta is permanently lost and a
variable amount of iron in the expanded RBC volume is also lost
due to blood loss during delivery (45 mg/100ml) and rest is
returned to the store.
66. (IRON METABOLISM)
There is saving of about 300mg of iron due to amenorrhea for
10 months.
Iron loss in menstrual bleeding per cycle is 30 mg
Iron need is mostly limited to the third trimester.
Daily iron requirement in non-menstruating women to
compensate the average daily loss is 1 mg.
Thus, in the 2nd half of pregnancy, daily requirement,
actually becomes very much increased to the extent of about 6-
7mg.
67. (IRON METABOLISM)
Serum ferritin level reflects the body iron stores.
In the absence of iron supplementation, there is drop of
hemoglobin, serum iron & serum ferritin concentration at term
pregnancy.
However, placenta transfer adequate iron to the fetus,
despite severe maternal iron deficiency.
Thus, there is no correlation between hemoglobin
concentration of the mother and the fetus.
68. SKELETAL CHANGES
Increase demand of calcium up to 28gm, 80% of which required
in last trimester
Daily requirement of calcium during pregnancy and lactation
averages 1-1.5gm
Maternal total calcium levels fails but serum ionized calcium
level is unchanged
50% of serum calcium is ionized which is important for
physiological function
69. SKELETAL CHANGES
Calcium absorption from intestines and kidneys are doubled due to
rise in the level of 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3
Pregnancy does not cause hyperparathyroidism
Calcitonin levels increase by 20% and protects from osteoporosis
Maternal serum phosphate levels is unchanged
Increased mobility of pelvic joint d/t softening of ligaments by
hormones
Increased lumbar lordosis during later months d/t enlarged uterus
causing bakchache and waddling gate.
70. PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES
Nausea, Vomiting, mental irritability & sleeplessness due to
some psychological background
Body image changes
Emotional insecurities
Cultural expectations & support from partner
Financial situations
Whether pregnancy is unexpected
Postpartum blues, Depression & Psychosis