Abstract The oranges were purchased from the local market of Bela. The orange peel and pulp were subjected to successive extraction with solvents in increasing order of their polarity viz. Acetone, hexane, methanol and distilled water. Orange peel and pulp powder was extracted separately by aqueous extraction. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of tannins, saponins etc. Anthraquiones were completely absent in both the citrus peel and pulp. Keywords: orange, alkaloids, anthraquinones, saponins.
what is extraction. what are the conventional methods what are their drawbacks. what are the advanced techniques used to overcome those drawbacks. major focus on Microwave assisted extraction. its factors advantages types and applications
Accelerated stability studies, Arrhenius equation, steps involved in prediction of shelf life, climatic zones as per the ICH guidelines, limitations of Accelerated stability study
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS.
Physical Factors
Loss of volatile constituents
Loss of water
Absorption of water
Crystal growth
Polymorphism changes
Colour changes
Chemical factors
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Carboxylation
Decarboxylation
Isomerization
Polymerization
what is extraction. what are the conventional methods what are their drawbacks. what are the advanced techniques used to overcome those drawbacks. major focus on Microwave assisted extraction. its factors advantages types and applications
Accelerated stability studies, Arrhenius equation, steps involved in prediction of shelf life, climatic zones as per the ICH guidelines, limitations of Accelerated stability study
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS.
Physical Factors
Loss of volatile constituents
Loss of water
Absorption of water
Crystal growth
Polymorphism changes
Colour changes
Chemical factors
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Carboxylation
Decarboxylation
Isomerization
Polymerization
Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about GUAR GUM that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from the various plant sources. GUAR GUM consists of seed gum produced from the powdered endosperm of the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus Linn belonging to family Leguminosae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from vegetable source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of GUAR GUM
2. Biological Sources of GUAR GUM
3. Geographical Sources of GUAR GUM
4. Preparation of GUAR GUM
5. Description of GUAR GUM
6. Chemical Constituents of GUAR GUM
7. Chemical Test of GUAR GUM
8. Uses of GUAR GUM
1) BASED ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF NON SUGAR MOIETY
2) BASED ON TE NATURE OF SUGAR MOITY
3) BASED ON LINKAGE BETWEEN GLYCON AND AGLYCON PORTION
4) BASED ON THERAPEUTIC NATURE OF GLYCOSIDE
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The drugs which are obtained from marine organisms are know as marine drugs. these marine drugs are used since ancient times. chines and japanes are very famous to use these resources. And interstingly,innumarable products derived from the marine organisms in several 'crude forms' have been widely used across the globe by the traditional practitioners for thousands of years.
This presentation is brief introduction about preservatives employed in pharmaceutical dosage forms to prevent formulation from oxidation and microbial attack during storage and patient usage.it includes classification of preservatives, uses and method of analysis of preservatives and also introduction about pharmacopoeial evaluation of preservatives that is preservative activity test (PAT)
It's our group presentation.... As usual I say that a presentation should never be elaborated and whenever we add some unknown or tough word we should explain it by ourselves and we have to be careful that audience never get bored by our presentation.... All the group member worked really hard to their parts and we get the highest mark...... Yahoooo!!!!
Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about GUAR GUM that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from the various plant sources. GUAR GUM consists of seed gum produced from the powdered endosperm of the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus Linn belonging to family Leguminosae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from vegetable source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of GUAR GUM
2. Biological Sources of GUAR GUM
3. Geographical Sources of GUAR GUM
4. Preparation of GUAR GUM
5. Description of GUAR GUM
6. Chemical Constituents of GUAR GUM
7. Chemical Test of GUAR GUM
8. Uses of GUAR GUM
1) BASED ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF NON SUGAR MOIETY
2) BASED ON TE NATURE OF SUGAR MOITY
3) BASED ON LINKAGE BETWEEN GLYCON AND AGLYCON PORTION
4) BASED ON THERAPEUTIC NATURE OF GLYCOSIDE
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The drugs which are obtained from marine organisms are know as marine drugs. these marine drugs are used since ancient times. chines and japanes are very famous to use these resources. And interstingly,innumarable products derived from the marine organisms in several 'crude forms' have been widely used across the globe by the traditional practitioners for thousands of years.
This presentation is brief introduction about preservatives employed in pharmaceutical dosage forms to prevent formulation from oxidation and microbial attack during storage and patient usage.it includes classification of preservatives, uses and method of analysis of preservatives and also introduction about pharmacopoeial evaluation of preservatives that is preservative activity test (PAT)
It's our group presentation.... As usual I say that a presentation should never be elaborated and whenever we add some unknown or tough word we should explain it by ourselves and we have to be careful that audience never get bored by our presentation.... All the group member worked really hard to their parts and we get the highest mark...... Yahoooo!!!!
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
In Ayurveda, the leaf juice of Adhatoda vasica, a shrub native to Asia is incorporated in
many traditional herbal formulations. However, suitable solvent and a suitable extraction
method for phytochemical profiling are not well established, and there is no published mass
spectra structural interpretation of the identified compounds. This has caused a few
problems in herbal formulation research due to the bias derived from different extraction
methods. Therefore, this study used polar and non polar extraction for phytochemical
analysis on Adhatoda vasica, aiming to assess the potential impact of different solvents. This
study included extractive value, total phenol and alkaloid content of the leaves in different
preparations. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to
study the phytochemical profile of different solvents. Significant differences were observed in
all the parameters such as extract yield, total phenol, total alkaloid and phytochemical
composition. The ethanol extract stood out most for effective extraction of phytochemicals,
especially for the alkaloids. The results highlight the necessity for comparative analyses of
chemical composition in different solvent extractions and careful choice and validation of
analytical methodology in herbal formulation research.
Phytochemical and acute toxicity study of leaves of artocarpus heterophyllus lampharmaindexing
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam commonly known as jack fruit widely distributed in north east India, West Bengal and south Karnataka. In the present study intended with various phytochemical screening and toxicity studies were carried out on the leaves of Artocarpus Heterophyllus. The phytochemical study shows the presences of flavonoids, tannins, saponins and carbohydrates in methanolic and aqueous extracts. In acute toxicity study both the extract were found safe on a dose of 2000 mg/Kg.
Evaluation of Bioactive Compound from Cashew Apple Juice by Gas Chromatograph...BRNSS Publication Hub
Cashew, Anacardiu moccidentale L. belongs to the family Anacardiaceae, it originates from south and central America. It produces a pseudocarp on which the nut is attached. This study was aimed to investigate the presence of bioactive phytochemical constitutions of A. moccidentale. A. moccidentale L. of methanolic extracts gives up to different phytocomponents was confirmed by gas chromatography–mass spectrum analysis. The bioactive compounds such as 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-, tetradecanoic acid, and 9-octadecadienoyl acid (Z, Z)- were also present in cashew apple (CA). However, these compounds are used in same ayurvedic medicine of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticholesterol, and anticancer activities. The results ensured that the biowaste CA is a good source of various bioactive compounds which can be used to develop nutritious value-added food and beverages.
Extraction and Isolation of Lycopene Form Various Natural Sourcesiosrjce
Lycopene is a carotenoid pigment and phytochemical found in tomatoes, water melon and other
fruits mostly red coloured. The antioxidant properties of lycopene have attracted attentions due to its biological
properties and are thought to be primarily responsible for its benefits in health related problems. Extraction
and isolation of lycopene can be done with various methods. Several studies have been undertaken for the
extraction of lycopene and for its quantification in various natural sources.
ABSTRACT- The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of various solvent fractions of Parkia biglobosa fruit bark was investigated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization, heat-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation methods. All the extracts of P. biglobosa fruit bark showed a concentration dependent increase in anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract (60.8%, 58.3%, 78.2%) and last remaining aqueous extract (61.1%, 54.1%, 77.2%) have the maximum membrane stabilization, protection against hemolysis and albumin denatura-tion respectively which was comparable to Diclofenac sodium (61.4%, 60.6%, 100%) at 400μg/ml concentration. This study suggests that P. biglobo-sa fruit bark posses enough potential to reduce inflammation, hence directs the importance of further research and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Key words- Invitro anti-inflammatory, fruit bark, HRBC membrane stabilization, hemolysis, protection
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
Fractionation of Crude Dye Extracted From Cucurbita Pepo Leaves by Cold Extra...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: Natural dyes are those dyes obtained from natural sources. The majority of natural dyes are usually collected from roots, berries, bark, leaves, wood, fungi and lichens. Usually in ancient days people have dyed their textiles by using locally available materials. Cold extraction for crude dyes extraction from Cucurbita pepo leaves. Theextract obtained quantitatively from cold extraction method was 6.81g and 2.27g respectively from 100g and 50g of C. pepo dry mass taken in 750ml and 500ml of ethanol solvent.6 components/functional groups were confirmed in crude dye fractioned with n hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate but only 4 components/functional groups were confirmed in crude dye fractioned with acetone
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
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Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
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Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
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Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
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pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
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aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
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Phytochemical screening of orange peel and pulp
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 517
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ORANGE PEEL AND PULP
Mamta Arora1
, Parminder Kaur2
1
Associate Professor, 2
Student, Department of Biotechnology, A.S. B. A. S. J. S. M. College, Bela, Ropar, Punjab,
mamtaarora.2007@rediffmail.com
Abstract
The oranges were purchased from the local market of Bela. The orange peel and pulp were subjected to successive extraction with
solvents in increasing order of their polarity viz. Acetone, hexane, methanol and distilled water. Orange peel and pulp powder
was extracted separately by aqueous extraction. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of tannins, saponins etc.
Anthraquiones were completely absent in both the citrus peel and pulp.
Keywords: orange, alkaloids, anthraquinones, saponins.
----------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Citrus fruits are mainly used by juice processing industries
while the peels are generally wasted in the industries. Since
the juice yield of citrus is less half of the fruit weight. A very
large amount of oranges byproduct wastes, such as peels
which are formed every year [1]. From waste materials, there
is always an increased attention in bringing useful products
and citrus wastes are no exceptions. Suitable methods have to
be adopted to utilize orange peel and pulp for the conversion
into value-added products [2]. Environmental pollution can
also be reduced. The citrus peels are rich in nutrients and
contain many phytochemicals; they also can be efficiently
used as drugs or as food supplements. There is an increase in
the number of antibiotic resistance pathogens, there is always
a search of an alternative drug that is regarded as safe [3],
[4], [5].
A Pulp and their seed contribute to bulk of the fruit weight
comprising about 46% and 44% while peel constitutes about
10%. The orange fruit is highly nutritious and rich in
minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and fat [6].
Orange juices are a rich source of Vit. C which is considered
as a most important water- soluble antioxidant. The major
role of Vit C is the prevention of scurvy; this causes the
disease which leads to the formation of spots on the skin,
spongy gums and bleeding from the mucous membranes. Vit.
C is unstable compounds which are degraded by both aerobic
and anaerobic pathways. The loss of Vit C might be a critical
factor for the shelf life of some products as citrus juice
concentrates [7].
2. MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1. Collection of material
Fresh orange were collected from in the local market in the
month of May 2013. The orange were washed well using tap
water .The peel is separated , then the pulp of Orange was
separated by cutting them into small pieces and peel is also
cut into small pieces then it was dried in oven for a period of
6-7 days, at an ambient temperature of 30˚C. The dried
samples were grinded properly using a mortar and pestle and
later using a grinder, to obtain the powdered form. The
powder of the peels and the pulps were stored separately in
air tight bottles.
3. PREPARATION OF EXTRACTS
3.1. Soxhlet Extraction
Orange fruits were washed by distilled water then peeled and
their edible portions were carefully separated. The peels were
air dried in a ventilated oven at 40°C for 48 h and ground to a
fine powder and passed through a 24-mesh sieve according to
the method described by Van-Acker et al. 100g powdered
sample was extracted with either 800ml ethanol or methanol
or dichloromethane or acetone or hexane or ethyl acetate at
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room temperature by Soxhelt extraction method for 6 h. The
mixture filtered through a Whatman No. 2 filter paper for
removal of peel particles. The residue was re-extracted twice
under the same condition to ensure complete extraction. The
extracts were filtered and evaporated to dryness under
reduced pressure at 60°C by a rotary evaporator. The extracts
were placed in dark bottles and stored in refrigerator at 4°C
until use. [8].
3.2. Aqueous Extraction
The method of was adopted [8] for extraction with little
modification. Briefly, 15g of the powdered plant were soaked
separately in 200 ml of distilled water at room temperature
for 24 hour under shaking condition. The extract was then
filtered using Whatman filter paper No.1 then concentrated to
dryness by using the water bath at 70ºc. Yield of the extract
is weighed on the weighing balance (shimadzu). Each extract
were transferred to glass vials and kept at 4º C before use.
4. PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL
ANALYSIS (QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS)
The powered plant parts as well as the extracts were
subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening following
the methodology of [5].
1. Test for alkoloids: 2 ml filtrate was mixed with 1% HCl
and about 6 drops of Mayor’s reagents. A Creamish or pale
yellow precipitate indicated the presence of respective
alkaloids.
2. Test for amino acids: 1 ml of the extract was treated with
few drops of Ninhydrin reagent. Appearance of purple color
shows the presence of amino acids.
3. Test for tannins: 1 ml of the extract was treated with few
drops of 0.1% ferric chloride and observed for brownish
green or a blue-black coloration.
4. Test for anthraquinones (Borntrager’s test): 1 ml of the
extract solution was hydrolyzed with diluted Conc. H2SO4
extracted with benzene. 1 ml of dilute ammonia was added to
it. Rose pink coloration suggested the positive response for
anthraquinones.
5. Test for saponins: Froth test for saponins was used. 1g of
the sample was weighed into a conical flask in which 10ml of
sterile distilled water was added and boiled for 5 min. The
mixture was filtered and 2.5ml of the filtrate was added to
10ml of sterile distilled water in a test tube. The test tube was
stopped for about 30 second. It was then allowed to stand for
half an hour. Honeycomb froth indicated the presence of
saponins.
6. Test for protein: 3 ml sample of each extract was treated
with 4% Sodium Hydroxide and few drops of 1% Copper
Sulphate was added. Te violet or pink colour apper the
presence of protein.
7. Test for terpenoids (Salkowski test): 5 ml of each extract
was mixed in 2 ml of chloroform, and concentrated H2SO4 (3
ml) was carefully added to form a layer. A reddish brown
coloration of the inter face was formed to show positive
results for the presence of terpenoids.
8. Test for cardiac glycosides (Keller-Killani test): 5 ml of
each extracts was treated with 2 ml of glacial acetic acid
containing one drop of ferric chloride solution. This was
underlayed with 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid. A
brown ring of the interface indicates a deoxysugar
characteristic of cardenolides.
5. RESULTS
The soxhlet extract of the citrus peel using different solvents
yielded different results in each of the experiment conducted
in the this study. There existed, a difference in the percentage
yield of the extract obtained between various solvents. Yield
of extract obtained after dried the extract of various sample
like Acetone, Methanol, Hexane and Distilled water by the
Soxhlet apparatus of peel and pulp and the aqueous
extraction.
Table 1: Yield in gms. of peel extract by soxhlet apparatus
Solvent used
according to their
Polarity
Yield (sample
100gm.)
Acetone 1.5g
Methanol 60.6g
Hexane 1.2g
Distilled water 12.7g
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Table 2: Yield in gms of pulp extract by soxhlet apparatus
Solvent used
according to their
polarity
Yield (sample
100gm.)
Acetone 4.8g
Methanol 19g
Hexane 2.7g
Distilled water 2.3g
Table 3: Yield of peel and pulp by aqueous extraction
Peel /100g 2.6g
Pulp/100g 2.1g
6. PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL
ANALYSIS
The preliminary phytochemcial investigation revealed the
presence of various constituents of citrus peels and pulp. The
results are shown in the table. Different solvent showed
different class of phytochemicals .They showed the presence
of tannins, saponins etc. antraquiones were completely absent
in both the citrus peel and pulp. These constituents could
account for the antibacterial activity but it is difficult to
correlate their action to a specific phytochemical.
Table4: Phytochemical analysis of orange peel and pulp by
soxhlet apparatus
Phytochemi
cals
Acetone Hexane Methano
l
Distilled
water
Pe
el
Pul
p
Pe
el
Pul
p
Pe
el
Pul
p
Pe
el
pul
p
Alkaloids - - + + + - + -
Amino acid - - - - - - - -
Tannin + + + + + + + +
Anthraquino
nes
- - - - - - - -
Saphonins + - - - - + + +
Protein - - - - - - - -
Terpenoids - - + + + + - +
Cardic
glycosides
- + + + - + + -
Table 5: Phytochemical analysis of orange peel and pulp by
aqueous extraction
Phytochemicals Peel Pulp
Alkoloids + -
Amino acid - -
Tannin + +
Anthraquinonins - -
Saphonins + +
Protein - -
Terpenoids - +
Cardic glycosides - -
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7. CONCLUSION
Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of tannins,
saponins etc. antraquiones were completely absent in both the
citrus peel and pulp. This study was aimed to focus on waste
minimization in fruit juice processing industry. The
combined efforts of waste minimization during the
production process and recovery of valuable product which
reduces the amount of waste, as well as boost the
environmental profile of fruit juice processing industry. The
oranges pulp has the medicinal value which lies in bioactive
phytochemical that produce definite physiological action on
the human body. The Alkaloid and glycoside components of
the fruit possessing can be show the anticancer activity which
can be further used as drug supplement. Recycling of fruit
waste is one of the most important means of utilizing it in a
number of innovative ways yielding new products and
meeting the requirements of essential products required in
human, animal and plant nutrition as well as in the
pharmaceutical industry.
REFERENCES
[1]. Manthey .A and K. Grohmann. (2001): Phenols in citrus
peel byproducts: concentrations of hydroxycinnamates and
polymethoxylated flavones in citrus peel molasses, J. Agric.
Food Chem. 49 pp. 3268.
[2]. Nand, K. (1998): Recent advances in the treatment of
liquid and solid wastes of food processing industries for
biogas production and pollution abatenront. Proc. 4th
International. Food Convention, Mysore, pp.35.
[3]. Wilson CL, Droby GG, (2000): Microbial Food
Contamination, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1-304 (149-
171).
[4]. Friedman M, Henika RP, Mandrell ER. (2002):
Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their
isolated constituents against Campilobacter jejuni,
Escherichia coli, Listeria Monocytogenes, and Salmonella
Enterica. Journal of Food Protection. 65, pp.1545-1560
[5]. K. Ashok kumar, Narayani, Subanthini and Jayakumar.
(2011): Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis
of Citrus Fruit Peels -Utilization of Fruit Waste. International
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
(IJEST).3(6), pp.5414-5421.
[6]. Prasad K.N, Chew L.Y, Khoo H.E, Kin Weng Kong,
Azrina Azlan, and Ismail A (2010): Antioxidant Capacities of
Peel, Pulp, and Seed Fractions of Canarium odontophyllum
Miq. Fruit, J Biomed Biotechnol.
[7]. Micucci P., Alonso M. R., Turner S., Davicino R.,
Anesini C .(2011): Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities
of Larrea Divaricata Cav. Aqueous Extract on Vitamin C
from Natural Orange Juice, Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2,
pp.35-46.
[8]. Hegazy A.E. and Ibrahium M.I.(2012): Antioxidant
Activities of Orange Peel Extracts, World Applied Sciences
Journal, 18 (5),pp. 684-688.
AUTHOR PROFILE
The author is Associate Professor in
Biotechnology at A.S.B.A.S.J.S.M.
College Bela Roopnagar. She is
coordinator of Internal Quality Assurance
Cell of the P.G. College as well as
U.G.C. She has done B.Sc., B.Ed. and
M.Ed. from Punjab University
Chandigarh. M.Sc. from Punjabi University Patiala. She has
qualified CSIR NET in Life Science and U.G.C. NET in
Education. She has worked for four years in Pharmacy
College, Bela and presently working as HOD Biotechnology,
PG College Bela. She has got best teacher and best
coordinator award 2013 .She has designed syllabus for add
on courses and was member of board of study Biotechnology
Punjabi University Patiala. She has presented various
national and International papers. She has organised various
Faculty Development Programmes and Conferences,
Seminors etc.
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