Lignans are phenylpropanoid dimers found widely in plants. Podophyllum lignans from Podophyllum species have anticancer and antiviral properties. Their structure contains five rings. Phenylpropane units in lignans are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside is a prominent lignan in flaxseed that has antioxidant and antiplatelet effects. Quassinoids from Quassia species have insecticidal, antibacterial, and antitumor properties. Their basic structure contains a beta-carbolinium ion.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of PhytoconstituentsDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of PhytoconstituentsDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
Tannins are one of the most widely occuring group of natural substances in different families of higher plants. They are of two types-
1. Hydrolysable
2. Condensed
The pterocarpus is an example of condensed tannins which are non-hydrolysable.
STUDY OF UTILIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF BIOGENET...Nitu Singh
Accordingg to B Pharm V sem PCI syllabus of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II
This presentation includes Introduction of radioisotopes ,Tracer Techniques,Various methods and about various instrument used for tracing radioactivity in Biogenetic studies
GPAT
Niper &
other pharma competative exams...
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This practical manual is prepared for academic purpose only and contains introduction and detail methodology regarding determination of numbers of starch grains by Lycopodium spore method, along with dummy readings to facilitate understanding of calculations thereof.
Tannins are one of the most widely occuring group of natural substances in different families of higher plants. They are of two types-
1. Hydrolysable
2. Condensed
The pterocarpus is an example of condensed tannins which are non-hydrolysable.
STUDY OF UTILIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF BIOGENET...Nitu Singh
Accordingg to B Pharm V sem PCI syllabus of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II
This presentation includes Introduction of radioisotopes ,Tracer Techniques,Various methods and about various instrument used for tracing radioactivity in Biogenetic studies
GPAT
Niper &
other pharma competative exams...
For more posts, follow us on .... be
@pharmahelpers
@pharmahelpers
@pharmahelpers
Also follow us on...
Facebook @ Pharma Helpers
Whatsapp @ 8421773854 OR https://chat.whatsapp.com/FFVRcxiiqC91PvnEvmK2F1
Instagram @ https://www.instagram.com/p/COM-VYqJ3Xo/?igshid=1ac01ibq2sa2k
This practical manual is prepared for academic purpose only and contains introduction and detail methodology regarding determination of numbers of starch grains by Lycopodium spore method, along with dummy readings to facilitate understanding of calculations thereof.
Role of Chemists in Drug Design and DiscoveryDrSSreenivasa
Here different sources of drugs and their important components identifications are discussed and how chemists are involved in the development of Drugs is discussed here
Lycopene is bright red color carotene and carotenoid pigment found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables.Animal feed supplements that have a beneficial effect on the host animal by affecting its gut microflora.This leads to the signaling of toll-like receptors that activate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Biosynthesis and pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids [autosaved]JasmineJuliet
Alkaloids definition, History of Biosynthesis of alkaloids, Alkaloids application in pharmaceutical field, Biological activity of alkaloids, Alkaloids have different pharmaceutical property their names and their uses in pharmaceutical field.
Cinnamic acid, salicylates - mode of action in plant defense mechanismJasmineJuliet
Plant defense mechanism, types of plant defense mechanism, Cinnamic acid introduction, cinnamic acid synthesis, role of cinnamic acid in plant defense mechanism, salicylates introduction, synthesis of salicylates, role of salicylates in plant defense mechanism, salicylate act as signal phytohormone.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. LIGNANS
• In 1936, Haworth defined lignans as
“Phenylpropanoid dimers consisting of two phenyl propane
units (C6C3) linked by their central C8 carbon.”
• biosynthetically derived from the Phenylpropanoid pathway
4. OCCURRENCE OF LIGNANS
Widely distributed in plants.
Usually occur in root, stem, bark,
fruits and seed parts of plant.
5. LIGNANS OF PODOPHYLLUM
Podophyllum is obtained from the dried root and rhizomes of two species of Podophyllum
(Berberidaceae), the American species P. peltatum and the Indian species P. hexandrum (P.
emodi).
6. Chemistry
• Podophyllum lignans have 5 rings designated A, B, C,
D, and E.
• Ring A consists of a 1,3- dioxolane cycle,
• Rings B and C together form the 1,2,3,4-
tetrahydronaphthalene substructure
• Ring D is composed of a y- lactone,
• Ring E, connected at Ring C, is an aryl side chain.
• Carbon 4 carries the hydroxyl group involved in the
glycosidic linkage, whereas C2 and C3 are involved in
the lactone ring D
• Bonds projecting below and above the plane of the
tetracyclic backbone are referred to as α and b,
respectively.
7. Pharmacological activity
• Anticancer activity
testicular, lymphoid and myeloid leukemia, stomach, ovarian, brain,
breast, pancreatic, and small and non-small cell lung cancers
• Antiviral activity
in the treatment of venereal warts, caused by the human papilloma virus
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• immunosupressive, antimalarial and antifungal agents
8. Piper Cubeba
• The berries of P. cubeba are commonly known as cubeb (in Indonesia
known as kemukus) and used in Indonesian traditional medicine to
treat gonorrhea, dysentery, syphilis, abdominal pain,diarrhea, enteritis
and asthma
• P. cubeba is important as a source of pepper (the dried berries) for the
worldwide spice market
10. Pharmacological activity
• Analgesic and anti inflammatory activity
• Aphrodisiac
• Antiseptic and diuretic action
• As a remedy for vomiting, abdominal disorders, indigestion, and amoebic dysentery
• To treat veneral diseases like gonorrhea
• Also prescribed for the relief of fever, asthma, sunstroke, rheutasim, malaria etc.
11. Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum)
• Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an oilseed used in industrial and natural health
products.
• Flaxseed accumulates many biologically active compounds and elements including linolenic
acid, linoleic acid, lignans, cyclic peptides, polysaccharides, alkaloids, cyanogenic
glycosides, and cadmium.
• The prevailing lignan in the flaxseed is secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG)
• In addition to SDG, smaller quantities of other type lignans such as matairesinol,
isolariciresinol, lariciresinol and pinoresinol have also been identifed in the flaxseed.
12. • Secoisolariciresinol (SECO) is the aglycone of
SDG.
• SDG-β-D-glucosidase hydrolyses the
glucopyranoside bond of SDG and release SECO.
• It has molecular formula, C32H46O16 and molecular
weight 686.71.
• SDG results from the coupling of the 8 and 8′ C-
atoms of the side chains of two coniferyl alcohol
moieties exists in two isomeric forms in the flaxseed.
• In faxseed, SDG is stored in an ester-linked with 3-
hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMGA) and other
phenolic compounds such as p-coumaric acid and
ferulic acid glycosides to form SDG oligomers of
unknown .
• The content of SDG varies between 6-29 g/kg in the
defatted flaxseed powder
Secoisolariciresinol, R=H
Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside, R= glucose
matairesinol
13. Pharmacological activity
• Antioxidant
inhibition of lipid peroxidation and scavenging of hydroxy radical
• Anti-platelet-activation factor (PAF) activity.
PAF can induce the release of reactive oxygen species from neutrophils.
• Antiestrogenic,
• Anticarcinogenic,
• Antiatherogenic
• Antidiabetic activities.
14. FLAVONOIDS
•The flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds
possessing 15 carbon atoms; two benzene rings
joined by a linear three carbon chain having the
carbon skeleton C6 - C3 - C6 and they are the plant
pigments and they are having polar nature and is
solouble in methanol and water.
• Flavonoids constitute one of the most
characteristic classes of compounds in higher plants.
Many flavonoids are easily recognised as flower
pigments in most angiosperm families (flowering
plants).
•They are secondary metabolite and effective in
CNS disorders.
15. Easily recognized as flower pigments in most
angiosperm plants but are not always flower
pigments
In plants they repair damage and shield from
environmental toxins
16. TESTS FOR FLAVONOIDS
The extracts were dissolved in ethanol, filtered and subjected
to following tests.
Shinoda test: The dried extracts were dissolved in 95%
ethanol (5ml) and few drops of concentrated hydrochloric
acid (HCL) were added. Then the magnesium turnings were
put into the solution and observed for appearance of pink
color.
Lead acetate solution test: To small quantity of above
residue, lead acetate solution was added and observed for
appearance of formation of yellow colored precipitates.
17. CORE STRUCTURES AND NOMENCLATURE
• The nomenclature of flavonoids proper is
straight-forward with the aromatic ring A
condensed to the heterocyclic ring C and
the aromatic ring B most often attached at
the C2 position. The various substituents
are listed first for the A and C ring and - as
primed numbers - for the B ring (note that
the numbering for the aromatic rings of the
open-chained precursor chalcones is
reversed).
(Harborne JB, ed. (1988) The Flavonoids. Advances in Research. Chapman &
Hall.)
O O
O O
OH
O
OH
O O
O O
OH
O
OH
+
Flavanone Dihydroflavonol Flavan-3-ol
Flavone Flavon-3-ol Anthocyanidin
O
OH
Chalcone
A
B
O
O
Isoflavone
O
Neoflavone
A
B
C
19. Flavonoids in Ginkgo Biloba
Ginkgo biloba, known as ginkgo or as the maidenhair
tree, is the only living species in the division
Ginkgophyta, all others being extinct. It is found in
fossils dating back 270 million years.
Ginkgo biloba leaves are said to contain as many as 20
types of favonoids, and among these are quercetin,
kaempferol and isorhamnetin, 3 types that are present
in large quantities.
20.
21. • Antiviral
can inhibit reverse transcriptase, part of the replication process of retroviruses. The
therapeutic relevance of this inhibition has not been established.
• Asthma
• is an effective bronchodilator and helps reduce the release of histamine and other
allergic or inflammatory chemicals in the body.
• has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity because of direct
inhibition of several initial processes of inflammation
• Eczema
Serum IgE levels are highly elevated in eczema patients, and virtually all eczema
patients are positive for allergy testing. Excessive histamine release can be
minimized by the use of antioxidants. Quercetin has been shown to be effective in
reducing IgE levels in rodent models.
Pharmacological activity / Uses
22. • Inflammation
• Quercetin has been reported to be of use in alleviating symptoms of pollinosis. An
enzymatically modified derivative was found to alleviate ocular but not nasal symptoms
of pollinosis.
• Studies done in test tubes have shown quercetin may prevent immune cells from releasing
histamines which might influence symptoms of allergies.
• A study with rats showed that quercetin effectively reduced immediate-release niacin
(vitamin B3) flush, in part by means of reducing prostaglandin D2 production. A pilot
clinical study of four humans gave preliminary data supporting this.
• Quercetin may have properties of a calcineurin inhibitor, similar to cyclosporin A and
tacrolimus, according to one laboratory study.
23. • Fibromyalgia
• Quercetin may be effective in the treatment of fibromyalgia because of its
potential anti-inflammatory or mast cell inhibitory properties shown in laboratory
studies
• Cancer
• Laboratory studies have investigated Quercetin's potential for use in anti-cancer
applications. The American Cancer Society says quercetin has been promoted as
being effective against a wide variety of diseases, including cancer.
24. • Metabolic syndrome
• Quercetin has been shown to increase energy expenditure in rats, but only
for short periods (fewer than 8 weeks). Effects of quercetin on exercise
tolerance in mice have been associated with increased mitochondrial
biogenesis.In mice, an oral quercetin dose of 12.5 to 25 mg/kg increased
gene expression of mitochondrial biomarkers and improved exercise
endurance.
• It has also been claimed that quercetin reduces blood pressure in
hypertensive and obese subjects in whom LDL cholesterol levels were
also reduced.
• In vitro studies showed quercetin and resveratrol combined inhibited
production of fat cells and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
• Supplements of quercetin with vitamin C and niacin does not cause any
significant difference in body mass or composition and has no significant
effect on inflammatory markers, diagnostic blood chemistries, blood
pressure, and blood lipid profiles.
25. • Monoamine-oxidase inhibitor
• Possibly an active component of heather (Calluna vulgaris), quercetin was
suspected from a bioassay test on crude extracts to selectively inhibit monoamine
oxidase, possibly indicating pharmacological properties.
• Prostatitis
• Quercetin has been found to provides significant symptomatic improvement in
most men with chronic prostatitis, a condition also known as male chronic pelvic
pain syndrome.
26. Liquorice
• Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is a traditional medicinal, sweet and soothing herb growing in
several regions of the world.
• The biologically-active components of licorice are well known as glycyrrhizic acid,
liquiritin, glabridin and liquiritigenin.
27.
28. • anti-inflammatory,
• anti-bacterial,
• antioxidative,
• anti-viral
• expectorant properties and
• effective in the detoxification and protection of the liver.
Pharmacological activity / Uses
29. Quassinoids (Quassia wood)
Scientific Name(s):Quassia is a collective term for 2 plants: Picrasma excelsa and Quassia
amara L. Family: Simaroubaceae.
Common Name(s): Bitter wood , picrasma , Jamaican quassia ( P. excelsa ), Surinam quassia
( Q. amara ), Amara species , Amargo , Surinam wood , ruda
Chemical constituents
most species of quassia contain quassin and isomers of neoquassinl, volatile oil, gummy
extractive pectin, woody fiber, tartrate and sulphate of lime, chlorides of calcium, sodium,
various salts such as oxalate and ammoniacal salt, nitrate of potassa and sulphate of
soda. Quassia amara, specifically, contains both beta-carbonile and cantin-6 alkaloids as well
as, primarily, the bitter compounds known as quassinoids
31. Uses and Pharmacology
• Quassia has been used as an insecticide.
• Traditional use includes remedies for infestations of lice or worms, anorexia, and
dyspepsia.
• Certain tribes have used the plants to treat measles and fever, and as a mouthwash.
• antilarval activity (by inhibition of cuticle development
• has been used successfully to treat head lice
• possesses antibacterial and antifungal activity.
• antileukemic properties when tested in animals.
• Antitumor activity in mice has been demonstrated, as well as in vitro activity of quassin
against human nasopharynx carcinoma.
• antifertility effects.