A normal pregnancy lasts about 40 weeks and is divided into three trimesters. The first trimester is weeks 0-12, the second is weeks 13-28, and the third is weeks 29-40. Signs of pregnancy include missed periods, breast changes, nausea, frequent urination, and darkening of the skin. Positive signs that confirm pregnancy are a positive urine test, visualization of the fetus by ultrasound, and detection of the fetal heartbeat with Doppler or fetoscope from 10 weeks onward.
complcations of third stage of labour, includes PPH, Inversion of uterus, retained placenta, placenta accreta, increta, percreta, amniotic fluid embolism
Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy are the adaptations during pregnancy that a woman's body undergoes to accommodate the growing embryo or fetus. ... The pregnant woman and the placenta also produce many other hormones that have a broad range of effects during the pregnancy.
Retained placenta can be defined as lack of placental expulsion within 30 minutes of delivery of an infant. it is more common in preterm. Retained Placenta can lead to massive PPH and increase maternal morbidity and mortality.
complcations of third stage of labour, includes PPH, Inversion of uterus, retained placenta, placenta accreta, increta, percreta, amniotic fluid embolism
Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy are the adaptations during pregnancy that a woman's body undergoes to accommodate the growing embryo or fetus. ... The pregnant woman and the placenta also produce many other hormones that have a broad range of effects during the pregnancy.
Retained placenta can be defined as lack of placental expulsion within 30 minutes of delivery of an infant. it is more common in preterm. Retained Placenta can lead to massive PPH and increase maternal morbidity and mortality.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 019 Anatomical changes during pregnancy.pdfAHMED ASHOUR
Throughout the antenatal period, cervical examinations were complemented by assessments of cervical consistency, effacement, and fetal station to provide a comprehensive evaluation of cervical readiness for labor and delivery.
At 39 weeks gestation, the patient spontaneously entered labor, and cervical examination revealed complete effacement and dilation to 4 centimeters, consistent with active labor. The patient progressed through the stages of labor and delivered a healthy infant via uncomplicated vaginal delivery.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Duration of pregnancy
A normal pregnancy lasts about 40
weeks and is grouped into three stages,
or trimesters.
First Trimester: 0-12 weeks
Second trimester: 13-28 weeks
Third trimester: 29-40 weeks
3. What is gestational age?
The duration of pregnancy
calculated from the first day of last
menstrual period. Usually it is 40
weeks or 280 days. This is called
menstrual age or gestational age.
4. Reproductive System Changes
Reproductive tract changes are those
involving the uterus, ovaries, vagina, and
breasts.
Uterine Changes:
Over the months of pregnancy, the
uterus increases in length, depth, width,
weight, wall thickness, and volume.
5. Length - 6.5 to 32 cm.
Width - 4 to 24 cm.
Weight increases from 50 to 1000 g.
Early in pregnancy, the uterine wall thickens
from about 1 cm to about 2 cm;
end of pregnancy, the wall thins to 0.5 cm
thick.
The volume of the uterus increases from
about 2 ml to more than 1000 ml.
6. end of the 12th week, - palpated just above the
symphysis pubis.
20th or 22nd week - at the level of the umbilicus.
36th week- it should touch the xiphoid process and can
make breathing difficult.
About 2 weeks before term (the 38th week) for a
primigravida, a woman in her first pregnancy, the
fetal head settles into the pelvis and the uterus returns
to the height it was at 36 weeks. This event is termed
lightening,
9. What is Hegar’s sign?
At about the sixth week of pregnancy
the lower uterine segment just above
the cervix becomes so soft.
This extreme softening of the
lower uterine segment is
known as Hegar’s sign
10. What is Braxton Hicks contractions?
Uterine contractions begin early in
pregnancy, at least by the 12th week,
and are present throughout the
pregnancy. They may be felt by a
woman as waves of hardness or
tightening across her abdomen. It is
also called as painless uterine
contraction.
12. Cervical Changes
Increased vascularity causes Softening of
the cervix in pregnancy (Goodell’s sign) is
marked.
The consistency of a nonpregnant cervix
may be compared with that of the nose,
whereas the consistency of a pregnant
cervix more closely resembles that of an
13. Vaginal Changes: An increase in the
vascularity of the vagina, changes the
color of the vaginal walls from the
normal light pink to a deep violet.
(Chadwick’s sign),
Ovarian Changes: Ovulation stops with
pregnancy
14. Ovarian Changes
Ovulation stops with pregnancy
because of the active feedback
mechanism of estrogen and
progesterone produced by the corpus
luteum early in pregnancy and by the
placenta later in pregnancy
15. Changes in the Breasts
She may experience a feeling of fullness,
tingling, or tenderness in her breasts.
As the pregnancy progresses, breast size
increases
By the 16th week, colostrum, the thin,
watery, high-protein fluid can be expelled
from the nipples.
16. Integumentary System
As the uterus increases
in size, the abdominal
wall must stretch.
This stretching can
cause pink or reddish
streaks (striae
gravidarum) appearing
on the sides of the
abdominal wall
17. A narrow, brown line
(linea nigra) may form,
running from the
umbilicus to the
symphysis pubis and
separating the
abdomen into right
and left hemispheres
18. Darkened areas may
appear on the face as
well, on the cheeks and
across the nose. This is
known as melasma
(chloasma), or the
“mask of pregnancy.”
19. Respiratory System
The cumulative effect of these
respiratory changes is often
experienced by a woman as chronic
shortness of breath.
As the uterus enlarges during
pregnancy, a great deal of pressure is
put on the diaphragm and, ultimately, on
20. Temperature
Early in pregnancy, body temperature
increases slightly because of the
secretion of progesterone from the
corpus luteum.
As the placenta takes over the
function of the corpus luteum at about
16 weeks, the temperature usually
21. Cardiovascular System
Changes in the circulatory system are
extremely significant to the health of the fetus.
Blood Volume.: the total circulatory blood
volume of a woman’s body increases
by at least 30%.
Blood loss at a normal vaginal birth is about 300
to 400 mL; blood loss from a cesarean birth
can be as high as 800 to 1000 mL.
22. Iron, Folic Acid, and Vitamin
Needs.
Inadequate folic acid levels linked to an
increased risk for neural tube disorders in
fetuses.
Encourage women to eat foods that are
high in folic acid (e.g., spinach,
asparagus, legumes)
multivitamin supplementation during
pregnancy and reduced cancers in
24. Heart.
Woman’s cardiac output increases the
heart rate increases by 10 beats per
minute.
The diaphragm is pushed upward by the
growing uterus late in pregnancy,
25. Blood Pressure
Blood pressure actually decreases
slightly during the second trimester
because the peripheral resistance to
circulation is lowered as the placenta
expands rapidly.
During the third trimester, the blood
pressure rises again to first-trimester
26. Supine Hypotension
Syndrome
When a pregnant woman lies supine, the weight of
the growing uterus presses the vena cava against
the vertebrae, obstructing blood flow from the
lower extremities.
A woman experiences this hypotension as
lightheadedness, faintness, and palpitations.
Supine hypotension syndrome can easily be
corrected by having a woman turn onto her side
(preferably the left side),
27.
28. Gastrointestinal System
50% of women experience some nausea
and vomiting early in pregnancy.
It is most apparent early in the morning,
on rising,
This common feeling of nausea usually
subsides after the first 3 months.
29. Urinary System
A pregnant woman may notice an increase
in urinary frequency during the first 3
months of pregnancy, until the uterus rises
out of the pelvis and relieves pressure on
the bladder.
Frequency of urination may return at the
end of pregnancy, as lightening occurs
and the fetal head exerts renewed
30. Skeletal System
As pregnancy advances, there is a
gradual softening of a woman’s pelvic
ligaments and joints to create pliability
and to facilitate passage of the baby
through the pelvis at birth.
31. Endocrine System
Estrogen causes breast and uterine
enlargement.
Progesterone has a major role in maintaining
the endometrium, inhibiting uterine
contractility, and aiding in the development of
the breasts for lactation.
Relaxin,is responsible for helping to inhibit
uterine activity and to soften the cervix
32. HCG stimulates progesterone and
estrogen synthesis in the ovaries until
the placenta can assume this role.
HPL, is also produced by the placenta.
which allows more glucose to become
available for fetal growth.
35. Signs of Pregnancy
Presumptive: possible signs,
Appear in first trimester, often only
noted subjectively by the mother (e.g.,
breast changes, amenorrhea, morning
sickness)
36. Probable: likely signs,
Appear in first and early second
trimesters, seen via objective criteria,
but can also be indicators of other
conditions (e.g., hydatidiform mole)
37. Positive: proof exists
That there is a developing fetus in any
trimester; objective criteria seen by a
trained observer and/or diagnostic
studies (e.g., ultrasound)
38. Presumptive Signs of
Pregnancy
Amenorrhea. Amenorrhea, the
absence of menstruation, is often one
of the first indications of pregnancy. A
missed menstrual period, however,
does not always signify conception.
39. Nausea.
Although it is sometimes called
“morning sickness,” the nausea or
vomiting of pregnancy may happen
at any time during the day.
Hyperemesis gravidarum.: Excessive
vomiting during pregnancy
40. Frequent Urination. The enlarging
uterus presses against the urinary
bladder. This action may cause the
woman to feel the need to urinate more
frequently than usual.
Late in the pregnancy, the woman again
feels the need to empty
her bladder frequently.
41. Fatigue. During the early months of
pregnancy, the woman may feel drowsy
and may tired easily.
She may find that she requires more
rest and sleep than usual.
42. Quickening.
The first fetal
movements that the
pregnant woman feels
are called quickening.
The woman usually
experiences
quickening between 18
and 20 weeks of
gestation,
43. Breast Changes.
The sensations include
enlargement, heaviness, tingling,
throbbing, or tenderness.
By the 14th week, the woman’s
breasts begin to produce colostrum.
44. Pigment Changes.: Pregnancy causes
some skin changes. Masking may appear
across the face of dark-haired women.
This is known as melasma (or chloasma
gravidarum), or the “mask of pregnancy.”
A line of darker pigmentation, known as
the linea nigra, often appears on the lower
abdomen and extends from the umbilicus
to the pubic bone.
45. Probable Signs of Pregnancy
Basal Body Temperature Elevation.
The body temperature at rest, or basal
body temperature (BBT), rises slightly
(usually less than one degree) as one
of the earliest signs of pregnancy.
46. Positive Urine Pregnancy Tests.
Pregnancy tests check for the presence of
the hormone called human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG, HCg, or hCG). This
hormone is produced by the cells that will
become the placenta.
It can be found in small amounts in a
woman’s urine or blood by about the 7th to
10th day of pregnancy.
48. Cervical Changes
At about the eighth week of gestation, the
cervix softens. This is known as Goodell’s sign.
Before pregnancy, the cervix feels firm (like the
tip of a nose); during pregnancy, it feels softer
(more like the earlobe).
The cervix also looks blue or purple when
examined; this is Chadwick’s sign, and may
occur as early as the sixth week of pregnancy.
49. Uterine Changes.
At about 6 weeks, the lower uterine
segment (the portion between the
body of the uterus and the cervix)
softens. This softening is called
Hegar’s sign.
50. Enlargement of the Abdomen. As
the uterus increases in size, the
abdomen is forced outward.
51. Positive Signs of
Pregnancy
Visualization of the Fetus. A fetus can
be seen either on an ultrasound or, less
commonly, on an x-ray examination.
52. Fetal Heartbeat.
(fetal heart tones) by using either a Doppler
or a special manual stethoscope called a
fetoscope.
An examiner can hear fetal heart
tones with the Doppler as early as
the 10th week.
53. They can be heard with the fetoscope
at about the 18th to 20th week.
A normal fetal heart rate ranges from
120 to 160 beats per minute.