This document discusses physics and related topics. It defines physics as the study of the laws and theories that explain the structure of the universe in terms of matter and energy. It then discusses areas of modern physics like atomic physics, nuclear physics, and particle physics. It also covers applications of physics such as astrophysics, biophysics, and geophysics. Finally, it discusses scientific methodology, measurement, and units of measurement.

1. PHYSICS…
It is the study of the laws and
theories that explains the
structure of the universe with
reference to the matter and
energy of which it consists.

2. MODERN PHYSICS
ATOMIC PHYSICS - the study of atoms,
specifically the electron properties of the atom.
NUCLEAR PHYSICS - the study of the physical
properties of the atomic nucleus.
PARTICLE PHYSICS - the study of fundamental
particles and the forces of their interaction.

3. APPLICATION OF PHYSICS
ASTROPHYSICS - the study of the physical properties of
objects in space.
BIOPHYSICS - the study that principally deals with the
physical aspects of living things.
GEOPHYSICS – the study that applies the principles of
mathematics and physics in dealing with the geological
structure of earth’s crust and structure.

4. PATTERN OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. Defining Problems- An activity usually begins with a
problem that needs solutions. The problems should be
identified as specifically as possible.
2. Observation - These are concise statements that
need to be recorded immediately and clearly indicate
what you have observe.
3. Measurement- This is the formulation and
application of mathematical statement that relates the
observations.

5. 4. Experimentation- The actual testing following
the tentative procedure.
5. Making Hypothesis- Construction of tentative
answer to the problems that are mentally
formulated conforming to the observed law.
6. Developing Theories-Tentative explanations
obtained from observations and have been
likewise molded and modified by testing.

6. Scientific Notation
The most convenient way of writing numbers over a
wide range is called Scientific notation.
Exponent – is the number of times you moved the
decimal point from its original position.
a. Positive exponent is obtained when you moved
the decimal point from right to left.
Example : 46 000.00 = 4.6 x 104
b. Negative exponent is obtained when you moved
the decimal point from left to right .
Example : 0.0003400 = 3.40 x 10-4

7. • Decimal Notation – The way of expressing
numerical quantities into decimal numbers.
• Significant Figures – These are figures that are
found by counting the doubtful digit to the
left including the last digit that is not zero.
• Rules in identifying the numbers of
significant digits
1. All non – zero digits are significant :
Examples : 445 = 3 Significant digits
646.33 = 5 Significant digits
1.367 = 4 Significant digits

8. 2. Zeros are significant if , they were obtained by
actual measurement and were found at the right
end of a measured number and after the decimal
point.
Examples : 45.00 = 4 Significant digits
1.200 = 4 Significant digits
3.Zeros are significant if they were found in
between non – zero digits .
Examples : 670050 = 5 Significant digits
100200 = 4 Significant digits
26050 = 4 Significant digits

9. 4. Zeros to the right of a non zero digit but to the
left of an understood decimal point are not
significant unless indicated as significant .
Examples : 120 000 000 = 2 significant digits
400 = 1 Significant digits
340 000 = 4 Significant digits ( only
zeros with bar line are significant )
5. All zeros found at the right of a decimal point but
to the left of a non – zero digits are not Significant
Examples : 0.00567 = 3 Significant digits
0.0003424 = 4 Significant digits

10. 6. Exponents in a scientific notation do not
affect the number of significant digits .
Examples : 3.45 x 10-2 = 3 significant digits
1.550 x 103 = 4 significant digits

11. Measurement
The process of getting the actual measurement
of an object’s dimension or property by
comparing with something that has been
accepted as a standard unit .
Systems of measurement
Metric system – is accepted worldwide which
was originally described as MKS system ( meter
– kilogram second ) and later reorganized to SI
or system internationale in 1960.

12. Table 1
SI Metric Basic Unit
Quantity Units Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd

13. Table 2
Metric Prefixes
Prefix Meaning Symbols
Exa 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟖
E
Peta 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟓
P
Tera 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐 T
Giga 𝟏𝟎 𝟗
G
Mega 𝟏𝟎 𝟔 M
Kilo 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 K
Hecto 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 H
Deka 𝟏𝟎 𝟏 da

14. Deci 10−1
d
Centi 10−2
c
Milli 10−3
m
Micro 10−6
µ
Nano 10−9
n
Pico 10−12
p
Femto 10−15
f
Atto 10−18
a

15. Steps in Converting Units to Another
1. Multiply or divide by the appropriate
conversion factor so that the given unit
cancels , leaving the desired unit in the final
result.
Example : How many feet does a car go in a 100
–m dash ?
Conversion factor : 1m = 3.28 ft.
Solution : 100 m x 3.28 ft. = 328 ft.
1m

16. 2. If such conversion information cannot be
found directly from a table , you may use all
known conversion factors so that all necessary
cancellations of units will take place.
Conversion factors : 1m = 1.6 km
1 km = 1000m
1m = 100 cm
Examples : How many centimeters are exactly in
a mile?
1 mile x 1.61 km x 1000m x 100 cm = 161000 cm
1 mile 1 km 1 m

17. COMBINATION OF UNITS
In other physics problems , some quantities
have units which are combinations of the units
,and likewise require conversion.
1. What is the speed of an automobile in meter
per second which travels 12 kilometers in
three hours.
Conversion Factors:
1 hr = 3600 s
1 km =1000 m

18. Given : Find : Formula :
Δ d = 12 km S in m/s S = Δd
Δt = 3 hrs Δt
Solution :
S = 12 km S = 4 km/hr
3 hrs
S = 4 km x 1 hr x 1000 m = 1.11 m
hr 3600s 1 km s

19. 2. Express the density (d) in g/cm3 of a 1.5 – kg
object whose volume (V) is 0.027 m3
Conversion factors :
1 m2 = 106 cm3
1 kg = 1000 g
Given : Find : Formula :
m = 1.5 kg d in g / cm3 d = m
V = 0.027 m3 v

20. Solution :
d = 1.5 kg = 55.56 kg
0.027m3 m3
d = 55.56 kg x 1m3 x 1000g = 0.055 g
m3 106cm3 1kg cm3