Principles of insect pest management
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IPM:- Integrated Pest Management
This document discusses the principles of integrated pest and disease management. It defines integrated pest management as a sustainable approach that combines biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools to manage pests while minimizing risks. The key aspects of IPM include monitoring pests and their natural enemies, using economic thresholds to determine when control is needed, and integrating multiple control tactics such as cultural practices, host plant resistance, and selective use of pesticides.
Ecological manipulation in pest management
Ecological manipulation and integrated pest management are important approaches. Cultural control methods manipulate the environment to make it less suitable for pests through practices like proper cultivation, crop rotation, trap cropping and resistant varieties. Ecological engineering enhances natural pest control by providing food and shelter for natural enemies. Biological control uses natural enemies like parasitoids and predators that are encouraged and disseminated. The AESA method involves observing crop fields and analyzing the interactions between pests, natural enemies and the environment to inform sustainable management practices.
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This document provides information on pest surveillance and forecasting. It discusses how pest surveillance involves monitoring biotic and abiotic factors to predict pest outbreaks. The key advantages of pest surveillance are that it allows for understanding pest population dynamics, devising appropriate management strategies, forecasting pest infestations, and initiating timely control measures. Components of pest surveillance include identifying the pest, assessing distribution and severity, population dynamics, weather, and natural enemies. Pest forecasting serves to predict forthcoming infestation levels and find critical stages for insecticide application. There are short-term and long-term forecasting types based on crop sampling and weather effects, respectively. Pest surveillance plays an integral role in India's IPM programs through monitoring
Legal control.
This document discusses legal control and legislation related to pests. It summarizes different types of legislation enacted in India to prevent the introduction and spread of agricultural pests, such as quarantine laws to restrict import/export of plants and insects. It also describes laws regulating insecticides/pesticides to ensure safety and prevent misuse. The key bodies that regulate these laws at central and state levels are discussed.
Host plant resistance
Host plant resistance refers to the inherent ability of a plant to resist insect damage. There are three main types of resistance: antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance. Antixenosis makes the plant an unattractive host for feeding or oviposition. Antibiosis causes adverse effects on the insect such as reduced growth or increased mortality. Tolerance allows the plant to withstand or recover from insect damage through mechanisms like increased tillering. Resistance can be controlled by single genes or polygenes and can be specific to certain insect biotypes or provide more durable, general resistance.
Mechanical, physical and legislative Methods of pest control
This document discusses various mechanical, physical, and legislative methods of pest control. Mechanical methods include hand picking, provision of barriers, and traps. Physical methods modify the environment through techniques like heating, cooling, gases, and light traps. Legislative methods establish laws and regulations to prevent the introduction and spread of pests between regions. This includes quarantine laws at borders and mandating control measures for established pests. Regulations also govern pesticide usage and prevent adulteration. The goal of these various approaches is to manage pest populations in an effective and safe manner.
Economical basis of IPM - Economic Thresholds
The document discusses key concepts in integrated pest management (IPM) theory including the economic injury level (EIL), economic threshold (ET), and tolerance levels. The EIL is the pest density that causes economic damage equal to the cost of control. The ET is slightly below the EIL to allow time for control actions before losses reach the EIL. Periodic scouting is needed to determine pest densities and understand pest-damage relationships in order to establish appropriate control thresholds. Factors like crop value, control costs, and damage coefficients are considered in EIL calculations. Limitations to EIL and ET concepts include difficulties estimating variables and incorporating external factors.
Integrated pest management (ipm)
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest population management system using all suitable techniques in a compatible manner to keep pest populations below an economic injury level. It was first defined in the 1960s as using both chemical and biological methods to control pests. The key concepts of IPM include understanding agroecosystems, planning crops to avoid susceptible varieties, using cost-benefit analysis and tolerance thresholds, conserving natural enemies, timing treatments based on monitoring, and gaining public understanding of management practices. IPM aims to reduce reliance on pesticides and their negative impacts on health, resistance, and the environment.
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Ecological manipulation in pest management
Ecological manipulation and integrated pest management are important approaches. Cultural control methods manipulate the environment to make it less suitable for pests through practices like proper cultivation, crop rotation, trap cropping and resistant varieties. Ecological engineering enhances natural pest control by providing food and shelter for natural enemies. Biological control uses natural enemies like parasitoids and predators that are encouraged and disseminated. The AESA method involves observing crop fields and analyzing the interactions between pests, natural enemies and the environment to inform sustainable management practices.
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Legal control.
This document discusses legal control and legislation related to pests. It summarizes different types of legislation enacted in India to prevent the introduction and spread of agricultural pests, such as quarantine laws to restrict import/export of plants and insects. It also describes laws regulating insecticides/pesticides to ensure safety and prevent misuse. The key bodies that regulate these laws at central and state levels are discussed.
Host plant resistance
Host plant resistance refers to the inherent ability of a plant to resist insect damage. There are three main types of resistance: antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance. Antixenosis makes the plant an unattractive host for feeding or oviposition. Antibiosis causes adverse effects on the insect such as reduced growth or increased mortality. Tolerance allows the plant to withstand or recover from insect damage through mechanisms like increased tillering. Resistance can be controlled by single genes or polygenes and can be specific to certain insect biotypes or provide more durable, general resistance.
Mechanical, physical and legislative Methods of pest control
This document discusses various mechanical, physical, and legislative methods of pest control. Mechanical methods include hand picking, provision of barriers, and traps. Physical methods modify the environment through techniques like heating, cooling, gases, and light traps. Legislative methods establish laws and regulations to prevent the introduction and spread of pests between regions. This includes quarantine laws at borders and mandating control measures for established pests. Regulations also govern pesticide usage and prevent adulteration. The goal of these various approaches is to manage pest populations in an effective and safe manner.
Economical basis of IPM - Economic Thresholds
The document discusses key concepts in integrated pest management (IPM) theory including the economic injury level (EIL), economic threshold (ET), and tolerance levels. The EIL is the pest density that causes economic damage equal to the cost of control. The ET is slightly below the EIL to allow time for control actions before losses reach the EIL. Periodic scouting is needed to determine pest densities and understand pest-damage relationships in order to establish appropriate control thresholds. Factors like crop value, control costs, and damage coefficients are considered in EIL calculations. Limitations to EIL and ET concepts include difficulties estimating variables and incorporating external factors.
Integrated pest management (ipm)
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest population management system using all suitable techniques in a compatible manner to keep pest populations below an economic injury level. It was first defined in the 1960s as using both chemical and biological methods to control pests. The key concepts of IPM include understanding agroecosystems, planning crops to avoid susceptible varieties, using cost-benefit analysis and tolerance thresholds, conserving natural enemies, timing treatments based on monitoring, and gaining public understanding of management practices. IPM aims to reduce reliance on pesticides and their negative impacts on health, resistance, and the environment.
Survey and sampling and forcasting
Integrated Pest Management requires regular pest surveys, surveillance, and forecasting. Surveys involve collecting detailed pest population information in a given area at a particular time. Surveillance is an ongoing process to monitor pest populations and occurrences over time through methods like fixed plot surveys. This provides information on existing and new pest species, population levels, and damage. Forecasting predicts future pest infestation levels based on surveillance data and environmental factors, helping farmers time control measures appropriately. Proper pest surveys, surveillance, and forecasting are essential components of an effective IPM strategy.
management of insect pest
This document discusses various methods for managing insect pests, including legislative, cultural, physical, biological, and chemical controls. It describes in detail several cultural control methods like tillage, clean seed, irrigation, and crop rotation. Legislative control involves laws around plant import/export and pesticide regulation. Physical control uses factors like heat, cold, and light traps. Biological control utilizes beneficial insects like parasites, parasitoids, predators, and pathogens that naturally control pest populations. The document provides examples for each control method.
Ipm
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM). It defines IPM as a pest management approach that uses multiple control strategies, including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical tactics, to keep pest populations below economically damaging levels while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. The key principles of IPM include understanding pest biology and crop-pest interactions, advanced planning, balancing control costs and benefits, and monitoring pest populations to inform management decisions. The document discusses various IPM strategies and their advantages for improving farm profitability, reducing pest resistance and environmental impacts compared to reliance on pesticides alone.
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This document discusses cultural control methods for pest management. It defines cultural control as the manipulation of agricultural practices, such as planting time, seed rate, spacing, tillage, crop rotation, and sanitation, to reduce pest damage to crops. The document provides examples of how each cultural control practice can be used against specific pests. It also discusses the historical origins of using cultural practices for pest control in India and provides an overview of different cultural control techniques.
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
Insect monitoring and forecasting
- Insect life tables are used to track stage-specific mortality in insect populations. They show the number surviving and dying at each life stage.
- Insect monitoring involves regular surveillance of insect populations, damage, and movement to assess pest levels and predict problems. Various monitoring techniques are used including visual counts, traps, and nets.
- Insect forecasting makes predictions about future pest outbreaks and suitable control times based on past and present monitoring data, especially weather impacts on pests. Both short and long-term forecasts are used.
Cultural Control of Pest
This document discusses cultural control methods for reducing pest damage to crops. Cultural control involves manipulating farming practices, like plowing, weeding, pruning, and crop rotation, to make the environment less favorable for pests. The practices may directly impact pest growth and reproduction or minimize their ability to attack plants. The goal is to control pests in an environmentally sound way without using pesticides. Some examples provided include intercropping cowpeas with sorghum to reduce stem borers, and destroying weed hosts to control citrus fruit sucking moths. Advantages are low cost and minimal environmental impact, while disadvantages include requiring long-term planning and not providing complete pest control.
Physical and Mechanical Control
Physical and mechanical control methods modify the environment or use physical force to manage pest populations. Temperature, moisture, light, and sound can all be manipulated to exceed insect tolerance thresholds. High temperatures from sun drying grains or hot water treatments can kill pests. Low temperatures in cold storage facilities also control certain insects. Mechanical methods directly kill pest life stages through actions like hand picking, crushing, or using machines that apply centrifugal force. Physical barriers like banding, netting, or traps can exclude pests from infested areas. While requiring more labor than chemicals, physical and mechanical control have merits like utilizing local labor and posing less ecological risk than pesticides when properly applied.
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This document discusses pest resurgence, defined as a rapid reappearance or increase in pest populations after insecticide application that kills natural enemies. It notes a historical example of brown plant hopper resurgence in rice fields. The document outlines causes of resurgence like suppressing natural enemies and secondary pest outbreaks. It identifies two main types of resurgence and discusses strategies to manage resurgence like avoiding natural enemy destruction and using selective control measures.
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The document discusses the economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold (ET) for pest management. The EIL is the pest density at which the cost of control equals the damage caused by the pest. It is calculated using a formula that considers the cost of control, value of the crop, injury per pest, and pest numbers. The ET is lower than the EIL and accounts for the time it takes for control actions to take effect. Maintaining pest numbers below the ET prevents economic losses. Key factors that influence EIL and ET calculations are also outlined.
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Parasitoids are insects that live on or in the body of another insect host, from which they obtain food and protection for at least part of their lifecycle. They are classified based on their developmental site in the host (ecto- vs endoparasitoid), competition among immature stages (simple, multiple, super parasitism), number developing from a single host (solitary vs gregarious), host specificity (monophagous, oligophagous, polyphagous), and trophic level (primary, secondary, tertiary parasitoids). Important agricultural parasitoids include Trichogramma spp., Chelonus blackburni, Bracon brevicornis, and
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This document provides an overview of integrated pest management for grape vineyards. It defines pests and categories including insects, diseases, vertebrates, and weeds. The key steps in IPM are outlined as identifying the pest, monitoring populations, setting prevention or suppression goals, implementing control strategies like cultivation, biological controls, and pesticides if needed, and evaluating results. Control methods discussed include mechanical, physical, cultural, biological and chemical options. The importance of knowing pest lifecycles and using a multifaceted approach based on monitoring is emphasized.
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Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an environmentally sensitive approach to managing pests that relies on a combination of common practices. IPM uses information on pest life cycles and their interaction with the environment to manage pest damage through the most economical and least hazardous means. It incorporates preventative cultural, mechanical, biological and targeted use of pesticides only when necessary. The goal of IPM is to reduce pest populations to acceptable levels while minimizing risks to people, property and the environment.
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Integrated Pest Management requires regular pest surveys, surveillance, and forecasting. Surveys involve collecting detailed pest population information in a given area at a particular time. Surveillance is an ongoing process to monitor pest populations and occurrences over time through methods like fixed plot surveys. This provides information on existing and new pest species, population levels, and damage. Forecasting predicts future pest infestation levels based on surveillance data and environmental factors, helping farmers time control measures appropriately. Proper pest surveys, surveillance, and forecasting are essential components of an effective IPM strategy.
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This document discusses various methods for managing insect pests, including legislative, cultural, physical, biological, and chemical controls. It describes in detail several cultural control methods like tillage, clean seed, irrigation, and crop rotation. Legislative control involves laws around plant import/export and pesticide regulation. Physical control uses factors like heat, cold, and light traps. Biological control utilizes beneficial insects like parasites, parasitoids, predators, and pathogens that naturally control pest populations. The document provides examples for each control method.
Ipm
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This document provides information on host plant resistance mechanisms against insect pests and transgenic crops. It discusses different types of host plant resistance including non-preference, antibiosis, and tolerance. Non-preference refers to plant characteristics that make the plant unattractive to insects. Antibiosis involves plant toxins or nutrients that harm insects. Tolerance allows plants to withstand insect damage through regeneration. The document also describes genetic and ecological resistance mechanisms. Finally, it discusses using transgenic crops with genes from Bacillus thuringiensis to develop insect resistance in commercial crops.
CULTURAL CONTROL of insect pest
This document discusses cultural control methods for pest management. It defines cultural control as the manipulation of agricultural practices, such as planting time, seed rate, spacing, tillage, crop rotation, and sanitation, to reduce pest damage to crops. The document provides examples of how each cultural control practice can be used against specific pests. It also discusses the historical origins of using cultural practices for pest control in India and provides an overview of different cultural control techniques.
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
Insect monitoring and forecasting
- Insect life tables are used to track stage-specific mortality in insect populations. They show the number surviving and dying at each life stage.
- Insect monitoring involves regular surveillance of insect populations, damage, and movement to assess pest levels and predict problems. Various monitoring techniques are used including visual counts, traps, and nets.
- Insect forecasting makes predictions about future pest outbreaks and suitable control times based on past and present monitoring data, especially weather impacts on pests. Both short and long-term forecasts are used.
Cultural Control of Pest
This document discusses cultural control methods for reducing pest damage to crops. Cultural control involves manipulating farming practices, like plowing, weeding, pruning, and crop rotation, to make the environment less favorable for pests. The practices may directly impact pest growth and reproduction or minimize their ability to attack plants. The goal is to control pests in an environmentally sound way without using pesticides. Some examples provided include intercropping cowpeas with sorghum to reduce stem borers, and destroying weed hosts to control citrus fruit sucking moths. Advantages are low cost and minimal environmental impact, while disadvantages include requiring long-term planning and not providing complete pest control.
Physical and Mechanical Control
Physical and mechanical control methods modify the environment or use physical force to manage pest populations. Temperature, moisture, light, and sound can all be manipulated to exceed insect tolerance thresholds. High temperatures from sun drying grains or hot water treatments can kill pests. Low temperatures in cold storage facilities also control certain insects. Mechanical methods directly kill pest life stages through actions like hand picking, crushing, or using machines that apply centrifugal force. Physical barriers like banding, netting, or traps can exclude pests from infested areas. While requiring more labor than chemicals, physical and mechanical control have merits like utilizing local labor and posing less ecological risk than pesticides when properly applied.
Pest resurgence
This document discusses pest resurgence, defined as a rapid reappearance or increase in pest populations after insecticide application that kills natural enemies. It notes a historical example of brown plant hopper resurgence in rice fields. The document outlines causes of resurgence like suppressing natural enemies and secondary pest outbreaks. It identifies two main types of resurgence and discusses strategies to manage resurgence like avoiding natural enemy destruction and using selective control measures.
Management of stored grain insect pest
This document discusses various methods for managing insect pests that infest stored grains. It notes that losses due to pests in India are around 10% but can be as high as 30-50% in other developing countries. Preventive methods include sanitation, proper stacking, and disinfestation of storage areas. Curative methods include ecological, mechanical, physical, cultural, botanical, chemical and biological controls. Specific techniques covered are controlling temperature and moisture levels, screening grains, traps, heat treatment, controlled atmospheres using gases, inert dusts, crop treatments, botanical pesticides from plants like neem, chemical pesticides like malathion and phosphine fumigation, and engineering controls.
Economic importance of insect-pest , monitoring , survey & surveillance
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This document discusses insect pest monitoring and surveillance. It provides 14 reasons for the economic importance of insects, including for medicine, scientific research, pollination, biological control, and as a food source. It then discusses pest monitoring, the importance of monitoring pest populations to inform integrated pest management, and different monitoring approaches like direct counts and traps. The document also covers pest surveillance, its objectives to track pest levels and distributions over time, and components like pest identification, weather assessment, and natural enemy monitoring. The goals of surveillance are outlined as detecting pest presence, monitoring population levels, studying weather impacts, and informing timely control measures.Lec. 6 rkp pidm
The document discusses the economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold (ET) for pest management. The EIL is the pest density at which the cost of control equals the damage caused by the pest. It is calculated using a formula that considers the cost of control, value of the crop, injury per pest, and pest numbers. The ET is lower than the EIL and accounts for the time it takes for control actions to take effect. Maintaining pest numbers below the ET prevents economic losses. Key factors that influence EIL and ET calculations are also outlined.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
My presentation on Integrated Pest Management. I had made a try from my side to create it knowledgeful and tried to include qualitative content after studying many articals, research papers and other online websites.
Parasitoids
Parasitoids are insects that live on or in the body of another insect host, from which they obtain food and protection for at least part of their lifecycle. They are classified based on their developmental site in the host (ecto- vs endoparasitoid), competition among immature stages (simple, multiple, super parasitism), number developing from a single host (solitary vs gregarious), host specificity (monophagous, oligophagous, polyphagous), and trophic level (primary, secondary, tertiary parasitoids). Important agricultural parasitoids include Trichogramma spp., Chelonus blackburni, Bracon brevicornis, and
Identification of predators ppt
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This document discusses pest control and management. It defines a pest as a living organism that competes with humans for resources like food and water or spreads disease. Pest control aims to regulate pest populations that harm health, ecology or economy. Common pests include insects, microbes, weeds and mollusks. Effective pest control determines the pests present, their attractants and habits to select the most effective control methods. These include mechanical, biological, environmental, agricultural and chemical approaches. An effective program excludes pests, removes food sources, controls pests with appropriate methods, and implements specific procedures and records. Preventive measures seal entry points and eliminate food and habitat sources near buildings. Dealing with pesticide resistance requires reducing
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This document discusses pest control and management. It defines a pest as a living organism that competes with humans for resources like food and water or spreads disease. Pest control aims to regulate pest populations that harm health, ecology or economy. Common pests include insects, microbes, weeds and mollusks. Effective pest control determines the pests present, their attractants and habits, then uses appropriate control methods like mechanical, biological, environmental, agricultural or chemical approaches. An effective program excludes pests, removes food sources, monitors pests, and uses specific procedures while minimizing risks to people and the environment.
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UNIT 1. BIODYNAMIC AGRICULTURE.pptx
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+
53.13485
−
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with a host spectroscopic redshift of
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�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
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�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
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Principles of insect pest management
- 2. Basic principles of Integrated Pest Management • Identification of key pests and beneficial organisms • Monitoring of pest • Defining the management unit i.e. Agroecosystem • Development of management strategy • Establishing Economic thresholds (Loss and Risk) • Developement of Assesment techniques • Evolving descriptions of predictive pest models
- 3. 1. Identification of key pests and beneficial organisms • Identification of the exact cause of the problem
- 4. 2. Monitoring of pest • Regular monitoring of both pests and natural enemies • Analysis of pest and natural enemies population • Document population • Ratio of natural enemies to pests should be taken into account before a pesticide is applied
- 5. Methods of monitoring • Visual inspection • Pheromone traps • Sticky traps • Sweep nets
- 8. Sticky traps
- 9. Sweep nets
- 10. Light traps
- 11. 3. Defining the management unit i.e. Agroecosystem The basic components of AESA are: • Plants health at different stages. • Built-in-compensation abilities of the plants. • Pest and defender population dynamics. • Soil conditions. • Climatic factors. • Farmers past experience
- 13. 4.Development of management strategy
- 14. Cultural methods • Use of resistant varieties • Crop rotation • Crop refuse destruction • Tillage of soil • Variation in time of planting or harvesting • Pruning or thinning and proper spacing • Judicious and balanced use of fertilizers • Crop sanitation • Water management • trap crops
- 19. Genetic methods Use of sterile male technique
- 20. Regulatory methods: • Plant quarantine • Foreign quarantine • Domestic quarantine
- 21. Chemical methods: • Use of attractants • Use of repellants • Use of growth inhibitors • Use of insecticides
- 22. 5. Establishing Economic thresholds (Loss and Risk) • Level of pest population that action should be taken to prevent harm • Action threshold is based on visual damage or health • Economic threshold is the level at which cost of harm (yield) exceeds cost of control
- 23. 6.Developement of Assesment techniques 7.Evolving descriptions of predictive pest models. • Development of various statistical models