Plant Protection - Plant Protection Measures against insect pest and diseases (physical method, mechanical method, cultural method, chemical method, biological method, regulatory method, genetic method, and integrated pest management (IPM)).
Weed competition is a major limiting factor for the productivity of crops. Weed control is one of the main concerns in organic farming. Weed depletes nutrient, water and light their by reducing crops yields drastically. The chemical intervention is not permitted for weed control purpose in organic farming system. Apprehension regarding the consequence of managing weeds without the use of herbicides is a major factor limiting the adoption of organic farming by conventional growers. As wide spread application of herbicides has led to concern about contamination of environment, residues problems in soil and water, toxicity to animals and appearance to resistant weeds. The elements to consider in controlling weed problems are only the non chemical methods of weed control. These include physical /mechanical, cultural and biological methods of weed control.
This document provides an overview of organic farming principles and history. It contains:
1) Definitions of organic farming emphasizing avoiding synthetic inputs and relying on natural systems and materials.
2) A brief history tracing traditional farming methods, then the rise of artificial fertilizers in the 18th-20th centuries.
3) Details on various organic farming methods like Rishi Krishi, Panchgavya Krishi, and Natural Farming which utilize natural inputs.
4) Principles of organic farming focused on soil health, ecology, fairness and care.
This document outlines the principles of weed management, including prevention, eradication, control, and management. Prevention focuses on stopping weed infestation through measures like using weed-free crop seeds, avoiding contamination of manure pits, and preventing the movement of weeds. Eradication aims to completely remove all parts of a weed from an area and is justified for noxious weeds, while control reduces weed infestations without elimination. Weed management takes a systems approach to minimize weed invasion and give crops a competitive advantage over weeds.
Integrated weed management involves using a combination of mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological weed control methods together in a planned way. The goal is to minimize weed competition with crops and reduce weed populations below an economic threshold level while avoiding environmental and health impacts. It has been shown to be an effective concept for weed control, though more work is still needed to apply it at the small farmer level.
Insect pests of wheat and their managementNavneet Mahant
This document discusses insect pests that attack wheat crops, including the pink borer and white ant termite. It provides details on the life cycle and damage caused by the pink borer, which has multiple generations per year and whose caterpillars bore into wheat stems. For the white ant termite, it describes the species, including that it forms mounds and feeds on wheat roots and stems below soil. Control methods mentioned include cultural techniques like removing crop residues and deep plowing, as well as applying chemical insecticides.
This document discusses various methods for managing insect pests that infest stored grains. It notes that losses due to pests in India are around 10% but can be as high as 30-50% in other developing countries. Preventive methods include sanitation, proper stacking, and disinfestation of storage areas. Curative methods include ecological, mechanical, physical, cultural, botanical, chemical and biological controls. Specific techniques covered are controlling temperature and moisture levels, screening grains, traps, heat treatment, controlled atmospheres using gases, inert dusts, crop treatments, botanical pesticides from plants like neem, chemical pesticides like malathion and phosphine fumigation, and engineering controls.
1. This document discusses several common pests that affect agricultural crops including thrips, aphids, mites, and fruit borers.
2. Thrips are tiny, winged insects that feed on and damage leaves, causing them to curl, stunt, and dry out. Their life cycle involves egg, larva, pupa and adult stages.
3. Aphids and mites also feed on plant leaves and sap, causing yellowing and wilting. Control methods for these pests include insecticide sprays and use of sticky traps.
Lac insects secrete lac, a red resinous substance that is the only known commercial resin of animal origin. Lac is produced as a mixture of resin, dye, and wax. Rearing lac insects for commercial lac production is known as lac culture, which provides livelihoods while also conserving forests and biodiversity. The most common lac-producing insect is Kerria lacca, which undergoes gradual metamorphosis through egg, nymph, and adult stages. Male lac insects are smaller than females and have degenerated features, while females are wingless and have piercing/sucking mouthparts to feed. Lac insects are found distributed across several South and Southeast Asian countries.
Weed competition is a major limiting factor for the productivity of crops. Weed control is one of the main concerns in organic farming. Weed depletes nutrient, water and light their by reducing crops yields drastically. The chemical intervention is not permitted for weed control purpose in organic farming system. Apprehension regarding the consequence of managing weeds without the use of herbicides is a major factor limiting the adoption of organic farming by conventional growers. As wide spread application of herbicides has led to concern about contamination of environment, residues problems in soil and water, toxicity to animals and appearance to resistant weeds. The elements to consider in controlling weed problems are only the non chemical methods of weed control. These include physical /mechanical, cultural and biological methods of weed control.
This document provides an overview of organic farming principles and history. It contains:
1) Definitions of organic farming emphasizing avoiding synthetic inputs and relying on natural systems and materials.
2) A brief history tracing traditional farming methods, then the rise of artificial fertilizers in the 18th-20th centuries.
3) Details on various organic farming methods like Rishi Krishi, Panchgavya Krishi, and Natural Farming which utilize natural inputs.
4) Principles of organic farming focused on soil health, ecology, fairness and care.
This document outlines the principles of weed management, including prevention, eradication, control, and management. Prevention focuses on stopping weed infestation through measures like using weed-free crop seeds, avoiding contamination of manure pits, and preventing the movement of weeds. Eradication aims to completely remove all parts of a weed from an area and is justified for noxious weeds, while control reduces weed infestations without elimination. Weed management takes a systems approach to minimize weed invasion and give crops a competitive advantage over weeds.
Integrated weed management involves using a combination of mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological weed control methods together in a planned way. The goal is to minimize weed competition with crops and reduce weed populations below an economic threshold level while avoiding environmental and health impacts. It has been shown to be an effective concept for weed control, though more work is still needed to apply it at the small farmer level.
Insect pests of wheat and their managementNavneet Mahant
This document discusses insect pests that attack wheat crops, including the pink borer and white ant termite. It provides details on the life cycle and damage caused by the pink borer, which has multiple generations per year and whose caterpillars bore into wheat stems. For the white ant termite, it describes the species, including that it forms mounds and feeds on wheat roots and stems below soil. Control methods mentioned include cultural techniques like removing crop residues and deep plowing, as well as applying chemical insecticides.
This document discusses various methods for managing insect pests that infest stored grains. It notes that losses due to pests in India are around 10% but can be as high as 30-50% in other developing countries. Preventive methods include sanitation, proper stacking, and disinfestation of storage areas. Curative methods include ecological, mechanical, physical, cultural, botanical, chemical and biological controls. Specific techniques covered are controlling temperature and moisture levels, screening grains, traps, heat treatment, controlled atmospheres using gases, inert dusts, crop treatments, botanical pesticides from plants like neem, chemical pesticides like malathion and phosphine fumigation, and engineering controls.
1. This document discusses several common pests that affect agricultural crops including thrips, aphids, mites, and fruit borers.
2. Thrips are tiny, winged insects that feed on and damage leaves, causing them to curl, stunt, and dry out. Their life cycle involves egg, larva, pupa and adult stages.
3. Aphids and mites also feed on plant leaves and sap, causing yellowing and wilting. Control methods for these pests include insecticide sprays and use of sticky traps.
Lac insects secrete lac, a red resinous substance that is the only known commercial resin of animal origin. Lac is produced as a mixture of resin, dye, and wax. Rearing lac insects for commercial lac production is known as lac culture, which provides livelihoods while also conserving forests and biodiversity. The most common lac-producing insect is Kerria lacca, which undergoes gradual metamorphosis through egg, nymph, and adult stages. Male lac insects are smaller than females and have degenerated features, while females are wingless and have piercing/sucking mouthparts to feed. Lac insects are found distributed across several South and Southeast Asian countries.
This document discusses cropping systems under drylands in India. It begins by defining cropping systems and cropping patterns, noting that cropping systems aim to efficiently utilize resources. Constraints in dryland cropping include inadequate and erratic rainfall as well as poor soil fertility. Different cropping patterns are suitable depending on rainfall amounts and soil moisture storage capacity. Common cropping systems discussed include mono-cropping, inter-cropping, relay cropping, and double cropping. Specific systems suitable for different regions based on rainfall and dominant crops like sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, and cotton are also outlined. Yields and profits from different systems are compared.
Trichogramma are tiny wasps that control moth pests by laying eggs inside moth eggs. The document discusses the rearing and mass multiplication of Trichogramma spp. for use in integrated pest management programs against various crop pests. It describes the host insects used, including rice moth and Angoumois grain moth, and outlines the steps to produce Trichogramma, including rearing the host insects, exposing host eggs to Trichogramma adults, and monitoring for parasitized eggs. The parasitized eggs are then packaged onto cards called "Tricho cards" for distribution and release in agricultural fields.
Protected cultivation, importance &; scope, status in indiaRakesh Pattnaik
Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants to optimize growth conditions. It has several benefits like conserving moisture, improving crop quality and yield, and allowing year-round production. In India, protected cultivation began in the late 1990s and has grown to around 30,000 hectares currently, focused on high-value crops. Major producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, and Northeast states. Globally, over 405,000 hectares use protected cultivation led by China, Japan, and European nations.
The document provides information on pests that affect pulses. It discusses various insect pests and other organisms that damage pulses as root feeders, stem feeders, foliage feeders, and pod feeders. Some major pests of red gram discussed in detail include the gram pod borer, blue butterfly, grass blue butterfly, plume moth, spotted pod borer, spiny pod borer, field bean pod borer, red gram pod fly, and stem fly. It describes the symptoms caused by each pest and identifies their life stages. The document aims to educate farmers about the different types of pests that impact pulses.
L10 - Herbicide Mixture and Utility in Agriculture, Herbicide Compatibility w...Jasmine765538
1. Herbicide mixtures involve combining two or more herbicides with different modes of action to effectively and economically control weeds. This can control a broad spectrum of weeds while delaying herbicide resistance.
2. Herbicides can interact with other agrochemicals like insecticides, fungicides, and fertilizers applied in the same season. These interactions can be additive, synergistic, antagonistic, or have no effect. For example, some herbicide-insecticide combinations increase crop injury while some herbicide-fertilizer mixes increase herbicide toxicity.
3. Soil microbes play a key role in degrading herbicides in soil over time. Different herbicide classes
CLASSIFICATION OF ALTERNATE LAND USE SYSTEMsubhashB10
This document discusses different systems for classifying alternate land use and agroforestry systems. It describes five classification approaches: 1) based on structural systems, which considers the components and their arrangements, 2) based on importance of components, 3) based on dominance of components, 4) based on temporal arrangements of components, and 5) based on allied components like sericulture or apiculture. Key systems described include agri-silvi, silvi-pastoral, and agri-silvi-pastoral systems.
Lac insect, it's natural enemies and their managementAaliya Afroz
Lac is a resinous secretion produced by lac insects for commercial purposes. The most commonly cultivated lac insect species is Kerria lacca. India is the largest producer of lac, with Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh being the chief producers. Lac insect biology and life cycle is described. Rearing of lac insects provides livelihoods while conserving forests. However, lac production faces constraints from natural enemies like predators, parasitoids and insect pests. Integrated pest management approaches like cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods are used to manage pests and increase lac yields.
This document provides an overview of the types of damage caused by different pest insects and how to diagnose the specific pest based on the damage. It describes 6 main types of insect damage: chewing insects which cause ragged edges and holes in leaves; piercing-sucking insects that cause yellowing or browning; defoliators that strip plants bare; burrowers that tunnel in leaves; gall makers that cause plant tissue to swell; and wood/phloem borers that damage wooden structures. It then outlines steps to diagnose the pest, including defining the problem, looking for damage patterns, and determining if the cause is living or non-living. Finally, it details the specific damage signs caused by chewing, sucking, internal feeding
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
FUNGICIDE APPLICATION INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF METHOD OF FUNGICIDE APPLICATION
SEED TREATMENT-SEED DRESSING, SEED DIPPING
SOIL TREATMENT- SOIL DRENCHING
FOLIAR APPLICATION: SPRAYING, DUSTING
POST HARVEST APPLICATION
SPECIAL METHODS
WHAT IS THE NEED
The document discusses different types of interactions that can occur between crops grown in close proximity in cropping systems:
1. Competitive interactions occur when one crop uses limiting resources like water, nutrients, or light at the expense of the other crop.
2. Complementary interactions occur when one crop helps supply resources to the other crop, such as nitrogen fixation by legumes.
3. Allelopathic interactions can occur when one crop releases chemical toxins that inhibit the growth of the other crop. Successful intercropping requires minimizing competitive interactions and maximizing complementary effects between crop species.
Management of diamond back moth (plutella xylostella linn ) on cabbageRAKESH KUMAR MEENA
This document provides information on managing the diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella Linn) pest that attacks cabbage crops. It discusses the moth's life cycle, damage symptoms, and integrated pest management approaches. These include cultural controls like crop rotation and use of trap crops, biological controls using parasitic wasps and fungi, and chemical controls using insecticides like chlorpyrifos and cartap hydrochloride. Resistance development in the moth is a key concern requiring alternative management strategies.
This document provides an introduction to organic manures. It discusses that modern agricultural practices have led to depletion of soil nutrients and increased reliance on chemical fertilizers. Organic manures help maintain soil organic matter and recycling of organic wastes is important for soil health. The document then discusses the effects of excessive chemical fertilizer use, including nutrient losses, soil acidification, and pollution of water sources. It notes the advantages of organic manures in improving physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Major organic sources are described including farm yard manure, animal wastes, crop residues, and compost. Carbon cycling through photosynthesis and decomposition is also summarized.
Organic agriculture is a practice that does not use chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators or GMOs. It promotes biodiversity and the health of soil, plants, animals and people. Nutrient management in organic farming relies on practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, adding compost or manure, green manures, crop residues, and approved amendments to optimize soil health and nutrient supply. Maintaining soil organic matter and biological activity through these practices is the foundation of organic agriculture.
This document provides information on various insect pests and non-insect pests that damage sorghum crops in India. It identifies over 150 insect species that damage sorghum but focuses on the most serious pests, which it classifies as borer pests, ear head feeders, sap feeders, defoliators, and non-insect pests like mites. For each major pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, nature and symptoms of damage. Some of the key pests discussed include the sorghum shoot fly, sorghum stem borer, sorghum ear head bugs, and the sorghum ear head midge.
Biological pest control uses living organisms to reduce pest populations. There are three types of biological control strategies - importation, augmentation, and conservation. Importation involves introducing a pest's natural enemies into an area where they are not found naturally. Augmentation supplements existing natural enemy populations through additional releases. Conservation enhances conditions for natural enemies to survive and reproduce. Common natural enemies used in biological control include predators, parasites, and pathogens.
Presentation on preventive measures of weed control.pptxSudha Neupane
Weeds have been known since the ancient times. Weed are unwanted plant that grow along with the main crop in the field. Weed are considered as cumbersome for successful agriculture production. Due to crop-weed competition the crop yield losses are generally high in agriculture production. So, in order to minimize such losses farmers are practicing several weed management strategies which includes prevention, eradication, control (mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical method). The cultural methods are expensive and time consuming so, farmer have to move towards other alternative methods of weed control Varga et.al (2000). Furthermore, due to rising labor cost and non-availability of labor for manual weeding during the critical period of weed control has contributed to use of herbicides. Herbicides not only timely and effectively controls the weed but also offer a great scope for minimizing the cost of production Varga et.al (2000). Control methods are applied after the emergence of weed on the field while prevention methods of weed control are adopted before sowing the crops. Generally, there are two objectives: 1. To prevent the entry and establishment of weed species in an area.2. To prevent the spread of weed or to limit the weed build up in a field.
These objectives are referred as prevention. And any method that are applied before sowing the crop to prevent there entry , establishment and spreads comes under the prevention category. Focusing on second objective of preventive measures of weed control we can say that some cultural methods such as crop rotation or crop diversification, stale seed bed, tillage system, cover crops ( used as green manures or dead mulches),soil solarization, irrigation and drainage systems and crop residues managements can be included under preventive methods of weed control. In practice, weed management strategies should integrate indirect (preventive) methods with direct (cultural and curative) methods. The first category includes any method used before a crop is sown, while the second includes any methods applied during a crop growing cycle. Methods in both categories can influence either weed density (i.e., the number of individuals per unit area) and/or weed development (biomass production and soil cover). However, while indirect methods aim mainly to reduce the numbers of plants emerging in a crop, direct methods also aim to increase crop competitive ability against weeds.The success of prevention depends on awareness of the problem, species, effort, Co-operation, area.
•Most effective where adopted against a single species on a large area on a cooperative basis.
In conclusion we can say that farmers have several preventive methods in their arsenal that they can put together to build up a good weed management strategy. Preventive weed control is permanent weed control and usually require community action. it. For this process, a collective or joint effort and commitment is required.
Weeds are plants that are unwanted in a particular situation or place. They compete with crops for water, nutrients, sunlight and space, reducing crop yields by 30-90%. The top three causes of agricultural losses are weeds (45%), insects (30%) and diseases (25%). Weeds can be classified in various ways, including by morphology, physiology, habitat, origin and lifecycle. Integrated weed management aims to control weeds through prevention, eradication, and the combined use of mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical methods. While weeds are generally seen as harmful, they can also provide some benefits such as adding organic matter and nutrients to soil.
This document discusses cropping systems under drylands in India. It begins by defining cropping systems and cropping patterns, noting that cropping systems aim to efficiently utilize resources. Constraints in dryland cropping include inadequate and erratic rainfall as well as poor soil fertility. Different cropping patterns are suitable depending on rainfall amounts and soil moisture storage capacity. Common cropping systems discussed include mono-cropping, inter-cropping, relay cropping, and double cropping. Specific systems suitable for different regions based on rainfall and dominant crops like sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, and cotton are also outlined. Yields and profits from different systems are compared.
Trichogramma are tiny wasps that control moth pests by laying eggs inside moth eggs. The document discusses the rearing and mass multiplication of Trichogramma spp. for use in integrated pest management programs against various crop pests. It describes the host insects used, including rice moth and Angoumois grain moth, and outlines the steps to produce Trichogramma, including rearing the host insects, exposing host eggs to Trichogramma adults, and monitoring for parasitized eggs. The parasitized eggs are then packaged onto cards called "Tricho cards" for distribution and release in agricultural fields.
Protected cultivation, importance &; scope, status in indiaRakesh Pattnaik
Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants to optimize growth conditions. It has several benefits like conserving moisture, improving crop quality and yield, and allowing year-round production. In India, protected cultivation began in the late 1990s and has grown to around 30,000 hectares currently, focused on high-value crops. Major producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, and Northeast states. Globally, over 405,000 hectares use protected cultivation led by China, Japan, and European nations.
The document provides information on pests that affect pulses. It discusses various insect pests and other organisms that damage pulses as root feeders, stem feeders, foliage feeders, and pod feeders. Some major pests of red gram discussed in detail include the gram pod borer, blue butterfly, grass blue butterfly, plume moth, spotted pod borer, spiny pod borer, field bean pod borer, red gram pod fly, and stem fly. It describes the symptoms caused by each pest and identifies their life stages. The document aims to educate farmers about the different types of pests that impact pulses.
L10 - Herbicide Mixture and Utility in Agriculture, Herbicide Compatibility w...Jasmine765538
1. Herbicide mixtures involve combining two or more herbicides with different modes of action to effectively and economically control weeds. This can control a broad spectrum of weeds while delaying herbicide resistance.
2. Herbicides can interact with other agrochemicals like insecticides, fungicides, and fertilizers applied in the same season. These interactions can be additive, synergistic, antagonistic, or have no effect. For example, some herbicide-insecticide combinations increase crop injury while some herbicide-fertilizer mixes increase herbicide toxicity.
3. Soil microbes play a key role in degrading herbicides in soil over time. Different herbicide classes
CLASSIFICATION OF ALTERNATE LAND USE SYSTEMsubhashB10
This document discusses different systems for classifying alternate land use and agroforestry systems. It describes five classification approaches: 1) based on structural systems, which considers the components and their arrangements, 2) based on importance of components, 3) based on dominance of components, 4) based on temporal arrangements of components, and 5) based on allied components like sericulture or apiculture. Key systems described include agri-silvi, silvi-pastoral, and agri-silvi-pastoral systems.
Lac insect, it's natural enemies and their managementAaliya Afroz
Lac is a resinous secretion produced by lac insects for commercial purposes. The most commonly cultivated lac insect species is Kerria lacca. India is the largest producer of lac, with Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh being the chief producers. Lac insect biology and life cycle is described. Rearing of lac insects provides livelihoods while conserving forests. However, lac production faces constraints from natural enemies like predators, parasitoids and insect pests. Integrated pest management approaches like cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods are used to manage pests and increase lac yields.
This document provides an overview of the types of damage caused by different pest insects and how to diagnose the specific pest based on the damage. It describes 6 main types of insect damage: chewing insects which cause ragged edges and holes in leaves; piercing-sucking insects that cause yellowing or browning; defoliators that strip plants bare; burrowers that tunnel in leaves; gall makers that cause plant tissue to swell; and wood/phloem borers that damage wooden structures. It then outlines steps to diagnose the pest, including defining the problem, looking for damage patterns, and determining if the cause is living or non-living. Finally, it details the specific damage signs caused by chewing, sucking, internal feeding
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
FUNGICIDE APPLICATION INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF METHOD OF FUNGICIDE APPLICATION
SEED TREATMENT-SEED DRESSING, SEED DIPPING
SOIL TREATMENT- SOIL DRENCHING
FOLIAR APPLICATION: SPRAYING, DUSTING
POST HARVEST APPLICATION
SPECIAL METHODS
WHAT IS THE NEED
The document discusses different types of interactions that can occur between crops grown in close proximity in cropping systems:
1. Competitive interactions occur when one crop uses limiting resources like water, nutrients, or light at the expense of the other crop.
2. Complementary interactions occur when one crop helps supply resources to the other crop, such as nitrogen fixation by legumes.
3. Allelopathic interactions can occur when one crop releases chemical toxins that inhibit the growth of the other crop. Successful intercropping requires minimizing competitive interactions and maximizing complementary effects between crop species.
Management of diamond back moth (plutella xylostella linn ) on cabbageRAKESH KUMAR MEENA
This document provides information on managing the diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella Linn) pest that attacks cabbage crops. It discusses the moth's life cycle, damage symptoms, and integrated pest management approaches. These include cultural controls like crop rotation and use of trap crops, biological controls using parasitic wasps and fungi, and chemical controls using insecticides like chlorpyrifos and cartap hydrochloride. Resistance development in the moth is a key concern requiring alternative management strategies.
This document provides an introduction to organic manures. It discusses that modern agricultural practices have led to depletion of soil nutrients and increased reliance on chemical fertilizers. Organic manures help maintain soil organic matter and recycling of organic wastes is important for soil health. The document then discusses the effects of excessive chemical fertilizer use, including nutrient losses, soil acidification, and pollution of water sources. It notes the advantages of organic manures in improving physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Major organic sources are described including farm yard manure, animal wastes, crop residues, and compost. Carbon cycling through photosynthesis and decomposition is also summarized.
Organic agriculture is a practice that does not use chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators or GMOs. It promotes biodiversity and the health of soil, plants, animals and people. Nutrient management in organic farming relies on practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, adding compost or manure, green manures, crop residues, and approved amendments to optimize soil health and nutrient supply. Maintaining soil organic matter and biological activity through these practices is the foundation of organic agriculture.
This document provides information on various insect pests and non-insect pests that damage sorghum crops in India. It identifies over 150 insect species that damage sorghum but focuses on the most serious pests, which it classifies as borer pests, ear head feeders, sap feeders, defoliators, and non-insect pests like mites. For each major pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, nature and symptoms of damage. Some of the key pests discussed include the sorghum shoot fly, sorghum stem borer, sorghum ear head bugs, and the sorghum ear head midge.
Biological pest control uses living organisms to reduce pest populations. There are three types of biological control strategies - importation, augmentation, and conservation. Importation involves introducing a pest's natural enemies into an area where they are not found naturally. Augmentation supplements existing natural enemy populations through additional releases. Conservation enhances conditions for natural enemies to survive and reproduce. Common natural enemies used in biological control include predators, parasites, and pathogens.
Presentation on preventive measures of weed control.pptxSudha Neupane
Weeds have been known since the ancient times. Weed are unwanted plant that grow along with the main crop in the field. Weed are considered as cumbersome for successful agriculture production. Due to crop-weed competition the crop yield losses are generally high in agriculture production. So, in order to minimize such losses farmers are practicing several weed management strategies which includes prevention, eradication, control (mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical method). The cultural methods are expensive and time consuming so, farmer have to move towards other alternative methods of weed control Varga et.al (2000). Furthermore, due to rising labor cost and non-availability of labor for manual weeding during the critical period of weed control has contributed to use of herbicides. Herbicides not only timely and effectively controls the weed but also offer a great scope for minimizing the cost of production Varga et.al (2000). Control methods are applied after the emergence of weed on the field while prevention methods of weed control are adopted before sowing the crops. Generally, there are two objectives: 1. To prevent the entry and establishment of weed species in an area.2. To prevent the spread of weed or to limit the weed build up in a field.
These objectives are referred as prevention. And any method that are applied before sowing the crop to prevent there entry , establishment and spreads comes under the prevention category. Focusing on second objective of preventive measures of weed control we can say that some cultural methods such as crop rotation or crop diversification, stale seed bed, tillage system, cover crops ( used as green manures or dead mulches),soil solarization, irrigation and drainage systems and crop residues managements can be included under preventive methods of weed control. In practice, weed management strategies should integrate indirect (preventive) methods with direct (cultural and curative) methods. The first category includes any method used before a crop is sown, while the second includes any methods applied during a crop growing cycle. Methods in both categories can influence either weed density (i.e., the number of individuals per unit area) and/or weed development (biomass production and soil cover). However, while indirect methods aim mainly to reduce the numbers of plants emerging in a crop, direct methods also aim to increase crop competitive ability against weeds.The success of prevention depends on awareness of the problem, species, effort, Co-operation, area.
•Most effective where adopted against a single species on a large area on a cooperative basis.
In conclusion we can say that farmers have several preventive methods in their arsenal that they can put together to build up a good weed management strategy. Preventive weed control is permanent weed control and usually require community action. it. For this process, a collective or joint effort and commitment is required.
Weeds are plants that are unwanted in a particular situation or place. They compete with crops for water, nutrients, sunlight and space, reducing crop yields by 30-90%. The top three causes of agricultural losses are weeds (45%), insects (30%) and diseases (25%). Weeds can be classified in various ways, including by morphology, physiology, habitat, origin and lifecycle. Integrated weed management aims to control weeds through prevention, eradication, and the combined use of mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical methods. While weeds are generally seen as harmful, they can also provide some benefits such as adding organic matter and nutrients to soil.
This document discusses pest control and management. It defines a pest as a living organism that competes with humans for resources like food and water or spreads disease. Pest control aims to regulate pest populations that harm health, ecology or economy. Common pests include insects, microbes, weeds and mollusks. Effective pest control determines the pests present, their attractants and habits to select the most effective control methods. These include mechanical, biological, environmental, agricultural and chemical approaches. An effective program excludes pests, removes food sources, controls pests with appropriate methods, and implements specific procedures and records. Preventive measures seal entry points and eliminate food and habitat sources near buildings. Dealing with pesticide resistance requires reducing
This document discusses pest control and management. It defines a pest as a living organism that competes with humans for resources like food and water or spreads disease. Pest control aims to regulate pest populations that harm health, ecology or economy. Common pests include insects, microbes, weeds and mollusks. Effective pest control determines the pests present, their attractants and habits, then uses appropriate control methods like mechanical, biological, environmental, agricultural or chemical approaches. An effective program excludes pests, removes food sources, monitors pests, and uses specific procedures while minimizing risks to people and the environment.
This document discusses pest control and management. It defines pests and explains that pest control aims to regulate species that harm humans, animals, or crops. The main types of pests include insects, microbes, weeds, and mollusks. Pest control is important for health, ecology, and economic reasons. Common control methods involve mechanical, biological, environmental, agricultural and chemical approaches. An effective pest control program excludes pests, removes their food sources, uses appropriate control methods, and maintains proper documentation and safety procedures.
Ecological manipulation and integrated pest management are important approaches. Cultural control methods manipulate the environment to make it less suitable for pests through practices like proper cultivation, crop rotation, trap cropping and resistant varieties. Ecological engineering enhances natural pest control by providing food and shelter for natural enemies. Biological control uses natural enemies like parasitoids and predators that are encouraged and disseminated. The AESA method involves observing crop fields and analyzing the interactions between pests, natural enemies and the environment to inform sustainable management practices.
Pest management involves using integrated approaches including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical controls. Cultural controls prevent pest issues through practices like crop rotation, sanitation and resistant varieties. Monitoring involves regular inspections to identify pests and determine if thresholds are met. Once thresholds are reached, actions like targeted pesticide use or harvesting are implemented to control pests. The goal is to use a balanced combination of methods to reduce pest populations in an environmentally sound and cost effective manner.
This document discusses pest control and management. It defines a pest as a living organism that competes with humans for resources like food and water or spreads disease. There are various types of pests including insects, microbes, weeds, and mollusks. The document outlines different pest control methods such as mechanical, biological, environmental, agricultural, and chemical approaches. It emphasizes the importance of an effective pest control program that excludes pests, removes their food sources, controls them with appropriate methods, and keeps proper procedures and records. Overall, the document promotes reducing pesticide use and exposure through safer pest management practices.
Integrated pest and disease management (ipdm)avsplendid
The document discusses integrated pest and disease management (IPDM) of crops in Kerala. It defines IPDM as using various control measures like physical, chemical, biological, legal, cultural, mechanical, and modern plant protection methods together to reduce pest populations below an economic injury level without disturbing the ecosystem. The document outlines the significance of IPDM, the harmful effects of excessive pesticide use, and various IPDM methods including cultural, mechanical, physical, biological, chemical, and legal methods for controlling pests, diseases, and weeds. It provides examples for each type of control method.
Biological control agents can be applied using three main techniques: introduction, augmentation, and conservation. Introduction involves deliberately introducing natural enemies into areas where they are not native. Augmentation involves mass rearing and releasing natural enemies to supplement existing populations. Conservation preserves and increases natural enemies through environmental manipulation. Specific application methods depend on the type of agent. For insects, techniques include seed treatment, soil application, and foliar application. Release methods aim to maximize agent effectiveness against target pests.
IPM is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, and the environment.
Management of insect pest management through different methods such as biological, chemical, mechanical, and most importantly integrated pest management.
This document discusses plant pests, diseases, and disorders. It provides examples of common plant pests like mites, scale, aphids, and moths. It also discusses the four main types of plant pathogens - fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. Finally, it outlines methods for identifying, treating, and preventing plant pests and diseases, including cultural, physical, biological, and chemical controls.
My presentation on Integrated Pest Management. I had made a try from my side to create it knowledgeful and tried to include qualitative content after studying many articals, research papers and other online websites.
This document discusses pests and pesticides. It defines pests as animals or plants that damage crops, ornamental plants, or endanger human/animal health. Pesticides are toxic substances used to kill pests and are classified based on the organism they target (e.g. insecticides, fungicides). Common pests include rodents, insects, weeds, and parasitic fungi. Methods of pest control include mechanical, biological, environmental, agricultural and chemical methods. Chemical pesticides include insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides.
Effects of pest and insects on various food, use of
pesticides in agriculture, pesticide cycle, organophosphorus and
organochlorine pesticides analysis, determination of pesticide residues in grain, fruits, vegetables, milk and milk products.
Pest control concepts involve identifying pests that cause damage through six categories and using appropriate pesticides. There are four main types of pesticides - insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides. The goals of pest control are prevention, suppression and eradication. Methods include natural controls, host resistance, biological controls using natural enemies, and cultural controls like altering the environment or host plant.
This document discusses various methods for controlling plant parasitic nematodes, including cultural, physical, biological, and chemical control methods. Cultural control methods involve practices like crop rotation, soil amendments, flooding fields, and using resistant varieties. Physical control methods include soil solarization, hot water treatment, and irradiation. Biological control utilizes predacious nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and parasitic fungi. The document outlines several important chemical nematicides used for control like ethylene dibromide, dibromochloropropane, methyl bromide, chloropicrin, and others. It provides details on application rates and trade names for some of the chemical options.
This document discusses methods of weed management. It begins by defining weeds and explaining the concept of weed management, which includes prevention, eradication, and control. It then describes the evolution of weed management from manual removal thousands of years ago to current chemical and integrated methods. The main body of the document outlines various methods of weed management, including physical, cultural, biological, chemical, and integrated weed management. It provides details on specific techniques within each method and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The overall document provides a comprehensive overview of the different approaches to managing weeds in agricultural systems.
Integrated Pest Management: a holistic approach to managing pestsAshu
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a holistic approach to managing pests that combines biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools. It aims to minimize the impact of pests on agriculture while promoting environmental sustainability. IPM focuses on prevention, monitoring, and control to reduce reliance on pesticides. This approach considers the ecosystem as a whole, including beneficial organisms, to maintain a balanced environment. By integrating various strategies, IPM helps farmers optimize pest control while minimizing negative effects on human health and the environment.
Sites to visit for more information:
https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/integrated-pest-management-ipm-principles
https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/integrated-pest-management-ipm-principles
https://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/integrated-pest-management/ipm-glance
https://lgpress.clemson.edu/publication/biological-control-strategies-in-integrated-pest-management-ipm-programs/
Similar to Plant Protection Measures against insect pest and diseases (20)
This document provides information on establishing and maintaining a healthy lawn. It discusses selecting appropriate grass varieties for different climate conditions, preparing the soil by plowing and adding organic matter, and planting grass through various methods like seeding, dibbling roots, or laying turf. Ongoing lawn care involves regular mowing, watering, weeding, fertilizing, and occasionally aerating or top dressing the soil. Common pests like fairy rings, cut worms, and grubs can damage lawns and their control methods are outlined. Proper maintenance is important to have an attractive, green lawn.
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This document discusses stored grain pests in Nepal and their management. It identifies several primary and secondary insect pests that infest stored grains like rice, maize and pulses. These include rice weevils, maize weevils, grainary weevils, angoumois grain moth, lesser grain borer and pulse beetle. It also mentions fungal pathogens and rodent pests. For each pest, it provides details on identification, damage caused, and recommended management practices like proper storage, drying grains, use of botanical pesticides and fumigants. Overall hygiene and moisture control are emphasized for effective management of stored grain pests.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
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Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
2. Plant protection
measures
● The comprehensive approach which is used to reduce the pest population under the
threshold level which can be tolerated by crops.
● It doesn’t mean to eradicate the pest totally, instead reduce their population which can be
tolerated by plants without being damaged.
● It combines different means to maintain plant in quality environment.
3. Physical methods
Are the practices that reduce
plant pests by using devices
which affect pests physically or
alter their physical
environments.
4. (A) High temperature: exposing insects to high
temperature (about 60-66 degrees Celsius)
For eg: killing of stored grain pest by
superheating of empty go-downs and sun
drying of products for 3-4 hrs.
1. Manipulation of
temperature
5. (B) Low temperature: exposing insects to below
freezing point, as insects become inactive and
nearly die below 0 degrees Celsius.
2. Manipulation of
temperature
6. ● Insects are mainly available in moist
and humid conditions. So, they can be
controlled by draining excess water
from crop area.
● For example: the moisture content of
stored grain should be reduced below
10 degrees Celsius to control stored
insects.
● Disease incidence can be reduced by
reducing relative humidity of crop
canopy and nearby surroundings.
3. Manipulation of moisture
7. 4. Manipulation of
light
• Lights of different wavelength can
be used to trap insects and control
them.
• For eg: most of moths, borers and
beetles are attracted by ultraviolet
lamps.
8. 5. Use of radiant
energy
• Different rays such as X-rays, Beta rays,
gamma rays are used to control insects.
• Are highly effective in causing death of
tissues and making insects sterile.
• For e.g.: screw-worm flies were
eradicated from Florida by the help of
Gamma rays.
9. 6. Use of sound waves
• Sound waves are used attract male
mosquito and are made sterile
with the help of electronic flash
gun.
11. • Removal and complete destruction of insects by
manual operation.
• For example, larva and eggs of large sized insects
such as hairy caterpillar, leaf roller, tobacco caterpillar,
mustard sawflies, white grubs, red pumpkin beetle,
etc. can be collected and destroyed by handpicking.
1. Destruction
12. ● Trapping devices such as yellow pan
traps and sticky traps can be used to
control aphids, white flies and fruit flies.
● Sound traps can be used to scare the
insects and make them away from the
fields.
2. Use of trapping devices
13. 3. Clipping and
pruning
• Clipping and prunning the infected
parts helps to remove insects and
diseases from crops.
• For eg: clipping the tip of rice
seedling helps in removing the eggs
of gall midge as they lay eggs near
the tip of leaf.
14. 4. Exclusion
• Avoiding the contact of pests with crop
plants. They are practiced by following
ways:
a) Bagging/ Wrapping of fruits
b) Banding
c) Trench digging
d) Water barrier
15. A. Bagging/ Wrapping
• Helps to exclude fruit flies and other
insects to lay eggs on the surface of
fruits.
• For example, bunches of grapes are
protected from wasps and bees,
pomegranate fruits are protected from
laying of eggs by butterfly with the help
of bagging.
16. B. Banding
• Applying greasy or sticky materials
around the trunk of plant to avoid
upward movement of insects from
ground.
• For example, nymphs and adults of
mango mealy bugs are prevented from
destroying mango tree by the help of
banding tree trunk with sticky substance
of about 15 cm wide.
17. C. Trench digging
• Digging of trench around the main field
helps to control the infestation of field
migrating insects such as grasshopper,
soybean hairy caterpillar, cricket, etc.
18. D. Water barrier
• Water barrier are used to control ants
attack on bee-hive colonies by putting
water in bowl which is kept below 4 legs
of bee-hive stands.
19. Low cost
equipment and
home labors are
used.
Provides
immediate results.
No any side effect
and residue
problem.
Advantages of
mechanical
methods
Requires more time
and is highly laborious.
Not applicable in
commercial
agriculture.
Small pests cannot be
controlled by this
method.
Disadvantagof
mechanical
methods
20. Cultural methods
Are the practices that are
adopted by the people from
the experience of their
ancestors.
21. Too early or too late sowing of crops
causes incidence of pests.
For eg: early or late sowing of mustard
crops results higher incidence of
aphids.
1. Time of sowing and
harvesting
22. ● Helps to break the lifecycle of
insects, pests and nematodes.
● Enhances the fertility condition of
soil.
● Repeated growing of single crop
harbors pest infestation.
2. Crop rotation
23. 3. Use of manure and
fertilizer
Land supplied with balanced
amount of fertilizer is less affected
by pest as compared to either
excessive or less fertilizer.
For eg: incidence of borers, plant
hoppers and gall midge in rice
increase with excessive use of
fertilizer.
24. 4. Tillage
Helps in controlling many insects,
diseases, nematodes and weeds.
Reduces pests either by damaging
mechanically or by burying or
exposing them.
25. ● Includes collection and destruction
of stubbles, stalks and other
residues after the harvest of crop.
● Helps in elimination of hibernation
of insects and over wintering or over
summering diseases.
● For eg: collection and destruction of
infested fruits help in elimination of
fruit flies.
5. Sanitation and good
husbandry
26. This methods is
readily available
and easily adopted
by farmers.
Doesn’t requires
more investment.
Safe to human,
animal and natural
enemies because it
has no any residual
effects.
Advantages of
cultural methods
This methods differs
with different pests.
Doesn’t give complete
control of insects.
Requires perfect
knowledge about life
cycle, nature of
damage and habit of
pests.
Disadvantagof
cultural methods
27. Biological methods
Are the practices were we use
different biological organisms
for the control of plant pests.
They may be micro-organisms
or macro-organisms.
28. ● All the organisms which prey or
feed upon other organism for
survival.
● Generally larger than their prey.
● Requires more than one prey in
their life time.
● Are highly active and aggressive to
their prey.
● For eg: mantis prey upon moths
and other insects, lady bird beetles
are the predator of aphids.
1. Predators
29. ● They parasitize and finally kill their
host.
● Differ with predator by the mode of
living in immature and adult stage
(parasitic in immature stage and
free living in adult stage).
● Requires one host to complete their
life cycle.
● For eg: Tichogramma spp. Is the
egg parasitoids of Maize stem borer.
2. Parasitoids
30. ● Are the organisms which live and
totally depend on other organism
for food, shelter and to complete
their life cycle.
● Are generally smaller than their
host and they don’t kill their host
immediately but weaken them
continuously.
● For eg: lice, tapeworms, etc.
3. Parasites
31. Has no any side
effect.
Doesn’t occur pest
resistance problem
as chemical
method.
Is eco-friendly and
doesn’t cause harm
to natural enemies.
Advantages of
biological methods
Requires good
knowledge about the
pests.
Highly trained and
experienced experts
are needed
Requires perfect
knowledge about life
cycle, nature of
Disadvantage of
biological methods
32. Chemical methods
Are the practices were we use
pesticides to kill, deter, change
behaviour and impair sterility in
pests.They are widely used in
the world. They are effective
and give quick result.
33. Botanical pesticides-
● Plant origin.
● More than 2000 species are
reported to have pesticidal
properties.
● For eg: neem, tobacco, bojho, etc.
The pesticides can be
divided into:
34. Inorganic pesticides-
● Are the pesticides which mainly
contain minerals such as arsenic,
mercury, etc.
● For eg: lead arsenate, sodium
arsenate, Paris green, etc.
The pesticides can be
divided into:
35. Organic pesticides-
● Are the pesticides which mainly
contain carbon, hydrogen and one
or more other element which has
pesticidal property such as chlorine,
phosphorous, sodium, etc.
● For eg: DDT, BHC, Malathion,
Parathion, etc.
The pesticides can be
divided into:
36. Highly effective and
gives quick result.
Broadly effective to
different types of
insects.
Materials are easily
available in the
market.
Advantages of
chemical methods
Problem of development
of pest resistance against
chemical pesticides.
High residual effect and
can be injurious health
wise to host plants,
animals and even human.
Not effective in long run
and environmental basis.
Disadvantage of
chemical methods
37. Regulatory methods
Method where legal enforcement for
the control of pest is followed.
Regulates the entry and outgoing of
pest from one region to another and
also from one country to another.
Plant protection act was established in
1973 for the legislative control of plant
pest.
Plant protection act prohibits or restrict
the entry of plant and plant products in
Nepal i.e. affected by pests.
38. Regulatory methods
Plant quarantine program has been
established to stop the import of plant
pests in Nepal.
Centers where plant quarantine
activities are followed:
Tribhuvan International Airport
Biratnagar Check Post
Kakadbhitta Check Post
Birgunj Check Post
Bhairahawa Check Post
Nepalgunj Check Post
Pashupatinagar Check Post, etc.
39. Genetic methods
In this method, genetic knowledge is
used to control the plant pests. They are
also called innovative methods. They
include genetic alteration of the
behavior of pests.
Some of the genetic control methods
are described below:
I. Insect attractants
II. Insect repellants
III. Antifeedants
IV. Sterile male technique
40. I. Insect attractants
Are made of some chemicals which
have power of attracting pests
towards foods, host plants or
opposite sexes.
For eg: food lures such as cure lure,
methyl eugenol , etc.
phermomones such as terpenes in
aphids, alkyl acetate in honey bee,
etc.
41. II. Insect repellants
Are the substances which repel pest
by making food or living condition
unsuitable for them.
For eg: pyrethrum, citronella oil,
Bordeaux mixture, etc.
42. III. Antifeedants
Are the chemicals which inhibit
pests to feed plant or plant parts
when they are present or applied on
plants.
Some of the common antifeedants
are neem extracts, tannins, lignins,
etc.
43. IV. Sterile male technique
Also known as autocidal technique.
In this method, male insects are
made sterile and are released in the
environment. When they mate with
female insects, the progenies don’t
produce. Hence, population is
controlled.
44. Required in small
amount and very
effective in long
term basis.
Ecologically sound
and non toxic.
Do not have
residual effect.
Advantages of
genetic methods
The genetic method is not
applicable to every pest.
Requires good knowledge
and skill.
May be costlier than other
method.
Disadvantage of
genetic methods
45. Integrated pest management
(IPM)
The use of chemical pesticides becomes very
popular after the 2nd World War where DDT was widely
used. Later on, BHC and Organophosphate were also
discovered and were widely used. Due to the excessive
use of these chemical , negative effects became
prominent. The problem of excessive use of these
pesticides was highlighted by Rachel Carson in
published book “Silent Spring”. Due to high persistence
and residual effects of those insecticides, many of them
had been banned or restricted to use in agriculture. To
overcome the problem of chemical pesticides, a new
sound and sustainable concept of Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) was introduced and promoted
worldwide since 1983.
46. Integrated pest management
(IPM)
IPM is defined as a sound management practice where
different methods of pest control are applied in an integrated
manner in order to maintain the pest below economic threshold
level with a minimum use of chemical pesticides. Chemical
pesticides are only used when there is no any option left
to control pest. It is the economically justified and
sustainable method of crop protection where all suitable
techniques are applied in an integrated way which aims
in maximizing profit with least damage to the
environment.
47. Principle of IPM
Grow healthy crop
Regular monitoring of the field
Conservation of natural enemies
Make farmers expert
48. Tools of IPM
crop varieties having resistance/ tolerance
to the pest.
use of sex pheromones (cure-lure, hue-
lure, methyl eugenol, spodo-lure, etc.)
use of light trap and funnel trap.
use of chemosterilants. some chemicals
when used against the insect make them
sterile. Eg: Alphutate, tepa, metepa,etc.
Botanicals such as Neem cake, titepati,
asuro, banmara, etc.
mineral oil, kerosene oil, petroleum
product and rapeseed also may serve the
IPM tool.
49. Tools of IPM
use of bio pesticides
use of eco-friendly pesticide and microbes
such as bacteria, virus and fungi (NPV, Bt,
EM)
Insect growth regulators, chemosterilants,
antifeedants, etc can be used.
Biological control agent such as predators
and parasitoids rearing and use.
Trap crop such as marigold and maize
along the border of tomato to manage
tomato fruit worm.
Intercropping
Sticky trap, yellow trap, etc.
NPV- Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus
Bt- Bacillus thuriengenesis
EM- Effective Microorganism
50. Sustainable method of
pest control as it has
low risk of the
environment pollution
and health hazards.
Cheaper and eco-
friendly in long term.
There is good
promotion, effective
use and conservation
of natural enemies in
this method.
Advantages of IPM
Requires a good
knowledge on biology and
life cycle of pests.
Only effective in long
term, but is not effective
in short term.
Costlier to adopt.
Disadvantage of
IPM