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Phycology lecture
This document provides an overview of phycology (the study of algae). It discusses the key requirements for algal growth like water, CO2, nutrients, and light. It describes algal life cycles and the alternation of generations between sporophytic and gametophytic stages. The document also outlines the major divisions of algae and lists some characteristics like pigments, food reserves, and habitats. Factors that influence algal distribution like tides, waves, substrate, and depth of light penetration are summarized as well.
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Phycology lecture
- 1. Phycology Lecture Coverage: Algae: Microalgae - phytoplankton Macroalgae - seaweeds Sea grasses – vascular (upper margin of the intertidal zone) Mangroves – vascular (estuarine) Beach and coastal – seashore (inland) Plants Require: Water and CO2 Mineral ions/Nutrients Light – for photosynthesis
- 2. Development: Life cycle –alternation of sporophytic and gametophytic generation Higher plants –involve tissues (xylem – conduction of water (phloem – conduction of food / by products of photosynthesis) Sporophytic Generation Multi-celled diploid body producing haploid spores Gametophytic Generation Multi-celled haploid body producing haploid gametes
- 3. Algae Division Cyanophyta (blue-green) - Pyrrophyta/ Monera Dinophyta (dinoflagellates) Chrysophyta (golden algae/ diatoms) Englenophyta (photosynthetic flagellates) Plantae Pyrrophyta/Dinophyta (dinoflagellates) Rhodophyta – red algae Phaeophyta – brown algae Chlorophyta – green algae
- 4. Intertidal Communication Ties Species Major Sub-division Algal Groups Ultra, Enteromorpha supra littoral zone species w/ stand dessication Prostrate brown algae supra littoral fringe species w/ strong waves Sargassum, Turbinaria mid littoral species w/ anchored in deep substrate Brown Algae sub littoral w/ stand variable illumination w/ stand wave action w/ stand temperature Factors a. Tide tidal amplitude (vertical range) tidal frequency (diurnal, semi diurnal mixed) b. Exposure of Algae shore topography wave action time of dessication c. Type of substrate basic composition (material forming) peeble calcified rock
- 5. Algal Body/Thallus Higher Plants Algae Roots rhizoids/rhizomes (holdfast) Stems stipes Leaves blades Pigments: Chlorophyll – a, b, c, d, e Carotenoids – B carotene, L-carotene (yellow) Xantophyll – Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Fucoxanthin, Neoxanthin ( yellow/golden) Phycobillins – Phycocyanin (blue-green), phycoerythrin (red, purple) Reserved Foods Cellulose Mannitol Laminarin/chrysolaminarin Oil Starch
- 6. Morphology Filamentous –single/double stranded Foliose – blade like Siphonoceous – siphon Crustose – encrusted with CaCo3 Parenchymatous-medulla cells cuboidal/spherical Pseudoparenchymatous-medulla cells isodiametric Location of Meristems – actively dividing cell Apical- apex region (elongate) Diffuse-all over (foliose) Intercalary-at certain regions (usually give rise to branches) Habit: sessile/attached Phytoplankton free-floating picoplankton- 2 um planktonic ultraplankton – 2-5 um nanoplankton – 5-20 microplankton – 20-200 um
- 7. Division Pigment Reserved Food Habit Cyanophyta chloro a starch planktonic Carotene benthic Phycobillin Chrysophyta chloro a & b oil planktonic Xanthophyll chrysolaminarin Carotene benthic Pyrophyta chloro a & c starch planktonic Xanthophyll oil Carotene fats Phaeophyta chloro a & c laminarin benthic Xantophyll oil Carotene
- 8. Rhodophyta chloro a starch benthic Carotenes Phycobillin Chlorophyta chloro a & b starch benthic Carotene Anthophyta chloro a & b starch benthic Carotenes Types of Gametes 1. isogametes (sex cells appear the same) 2. anisogametes (unequal) 3. heterogametes (unequal) 4. homogametes (sex cells appear the same)
- 9. Spores Produced Organs Monospore – monosporgangium Tetraspore – tetrasporangia Carpospores- carposporangium Conchospore- conchosporagium Auxospore – auxosporangia Organs: Special Types Male – antherium/spermatium Female – ooganium Homogametes (sex cells appear the same)
- 10. Forms: Morphology Crustose – encrusted w/ CaC03 -Coenocytic Filamentous – as a filament -Cylindrical Foliaceous – leafy -Cartilaginous Siphonaceous – Distribution - Based on availability of photosynthetic pigments (red and blue) and activation of accessory pigments, carotenoids, xanthophylls and phycobillins HTM Green (dominant) Intertidal/Litoral Brown Red Photosynthesis at; LTM - Red and Blue Brown (dominant) Effective Light Red Green Red (dominant) Green Brown
- 11. R O Y G B I V Water Level chlorophyll xanthophylls carotenoids chlorophyll
- 12. Water Characteristics: Transparency -affect photosynthesis at certain depth Turbidity -Low penetration -Limits photosynthesis Substrate Characteristics: Algae types based on Root Structure Holdfast – discoid holdfast Rhizoids – stolon Haptere – spines/spires Ecology of the Algae Physical: Temperature - factor for the rate of metabolism. Higher the temperature, rate of metabolism up to the optimum range.
- 13. Shelford’s Law ofTolerance optimum deficient excessive fatal fatal Factor (Temperature/Salinity etc.)
- 14. Temperature Sources: 1.radiation 2. radioactive decay of substances 3. day length Heat Loss - conductive process - convection - current flow Water Current/Movement - waves - currents -distribution of nutrients - tides
- 15. Photynthesis – spectrum(ROYGBIV) Day length: long – chlorophyll & carotenoids short –xanthophylls and phycobilins Affects; -Metabolism -Growth -Occurrence -Distribution -Reproductive Maturity Penetration and Absorbance Visible light – 390 nm to 760 nm Ultra violet light – 290 nm to 390 nm Infrared – 760 nm to 3000 nm ________290_________390________760________30000 UV VL IR
- 16. FATE OF LIGHT reflected (90%) scattered scattered & reflected back absorbed absorbed (10-45%) Transmittance T = I1 / I2 Overall I1 = irradiance at depth 1 Transmitance 25 m I1 I2 = irradiance at depth 50 m I2
- 17. Distribution Zonationof Algae Light - irradiance Green (upper) - temperature - substrate Brown (mean) Red (deeper water) Change of Light Effects: - color pigmentation/activation - reserve food production rate - reproductive biology - gametophytic development - sporophytic development
- 18. Temperature Effect: Biological organization - Molecular (biochemical reaction; carbohydrate, protein metabolism) - Cellular - Organismal - Community Structure Organs: Spermatangium – sperm (male) Ooganium – egg (female) Sporangium – spore Effects: High temperature - denaturation of protein - damage to enzymes - damage in the cell membrane
- 19. Low temperature: - causes disruption of lipids - damage to cell membrane - mechanical damage of cell through the formation of ice crystal Tolerance - increase in cellulose - increase in cell membrane - frost camouflage - increase in the reserve food products - efficient but minimal use of products Water Movement - Current flow - tradewind - easterlies - westerlies
- 20. Effect -distribution of heat(- conduction, convection) - distribution of nutrients effected by: - surface rate - vertical movement - upwelling - distribution of gases - distribution of spores, sex cells Generation of Waves 1. caused by wind (meteorological) 2. caused by tide (gravitational pull ) 3. earthquake and land slide (geologic) Waves Result from: 1. Deflection of wind as it blows over the surface 2. changes in atmospheric pressure
- 21. Anatomy of Waves Length H – height Crest T – time L – length Height Depth D – water depth Wave Break: Time D = (4/3) H (shallow water) H = 1/7 (L) (deep water)
- 22. 1st quarter Neap Tide Full Moon Spring tide Spring tide New Moon Neap Tide 3rd quarter
- 23. Waves WC –wave crest WT – wave time/period WH – wave height WD – wave depth Shallow water break happens when ¾ H ; i.e Drag/Friction at the bottom of the wave happens Tides – the periodic rise or fall of sea level due to gravitational attraction between sun, moon and earth
- 24. Neap Tide (1st& 3rd Quarter) Gravitational Pull Centrifugal force Moon (rotation of the earth in its axis) Spring Tide
- 25. Classifications: Semi-diurnal– 2 Low and 2 High Diurnal – Single Low and Single High Mixed – Semi-diurnal and single low/single high Spring tide (S – M – E aligned) Neap tides (S – M- E at 45o angle)
- 26. Currents Horizontal current– wind driven ( westernlies, easterlies, trade winds) Caused by prevailing wind patterns Deep Vertical Currents C-slope, C-rise and abyssal plain (the result of salinity and temperature gradient) Air - mixture of different kinds of gases Process; First;Equator and at warmer latitudes, heated air expands and rises Later: Low pressure area is produced and cooled air moves Rising air is carried north or south of the equator and eventually cools, contracts and sinks, creating a high pressure area
- 27. Deflection of airmasses : to the right in N. Hemisphere and to the left in S. Hemisphere due to Coriolis effect because of the spinning of the planet. Easterly Tradewind - produces the equatorial current EQ Current : North – western B. current Eastwind - Western Trade wind Vertical Currents Upwelling/Downwelling Caused by: 1. halocline/thermocline (salinity/density and temperature grdient) 2. Offshore winds – push the surface and cause the deep water to move to the surface.
- 28. 3. Divergence –produced when deep water and surface current interaction occurs that is possible when currents pass through another current 4. Wake strain – nearby water surface is pulled along with a strong current 5. Turbulence – due to rapid current passing over shallow and rough benthos
- 29. Chemical Factors Affect the:Occurrence of marine plants Distribution Abundance Rep cycle – seasonal (die-off; dormant in the production of sex cell/spore Factors: Pure water plus salt (Na, Cl, Mg ,Ca) increase, correspondingly increase 1. osmotic pressure 2. boiling pt 3. density 4. conductance Lower: 1. vapor pressure 2. freezing pt (solidify pure water)
- 30. Salinity Ranges; Oceanic – 32-38 ppt Neritic – 25 – 32 ppt Estuarine – 1-15-32 ppt Hypersaline (Red Sea) – above 38 ppt Seaweeds Classification Euryhaline – 30 to 40 ppt Polyhaline – 18 to 30 ppt Mesohaline – 3 to 18 ppt Oligohaline - .5 to 3 ppt Brackist - .5 to 5 ppt
- 31. Measurement of Salinity 1.Density – hydrometer – specific gravity pycnometer – wt of salts both consider standard temperature and pressure 2. Resistance to electrical current – conductivity meter - salinometer 3. Bending of right from air to seawater –refractometer 4. Concentration of chlorine – chlorinity; titration with AgN03 as major salt Hydrometer – sp. Gravity x salt (k) Pycnometer – weight of salts Refractometer – measures the refraction index of medium air to pure water = 1.3330
- 32. Conductivity Meter– amount of chlorine Cl (ppt) = 0.7324 R15 R15 = rate of electrical conductance of one sample to one where; Salinity = 35 ppt; 1 atms 15oC Sal = .003 + (1.805 x chlorinity (20oC) Lab: AgN03 + NACl – AgCl + NaN03 Dissolved Oxygen; 0.9% in water 21% in air Sources: Air, Plants
- 33. Concentration: Polar– (2x) – compared to tropical region Lower temperature/salinity Below photic zone = 0.2 to .3% (low) Run-off = high O2 C02 in Seawater Available either as: C03 HC03 H2C03 H + removal (Acid) – negative effect (Nutrients/elements are tied up until Alkaline free)
- 34. Ion Concentration inSeawater 6.8 – 8.4 (normal reading) pH – rises ; C02 is removed via photosynthesis pH – lowered; C02 is added via respiration Removal of C02 - Carbonate - Bicarbonate - Carbonic acid Nutrients 2l – essential elements other trace elements 4 – elements for plant growth -C, N, P, K, O S - major component in protein synthesis (300 mg/L (Si02) diatoms)
- 35. 0 – 857,000 mg/L N – 28 mg/L P – 0.07 mg/L K – 0.03 mg/L C – 28 mg/L Auxotrophic (seaweeds) req. some Vitamins: B12 – Cyanocobalamin B1 - Thiamine Biotin Nitrogenous N03 – nitrate – 1 to 43 ; H2PO4 0.07- 0.07 N02 - nitrite – 0.01 to 3.5 NH3 - ammonia – 0.35 to 3.5
- 36. Nitrogen Cycle Plants Animals Urine Decomposition (bacteria and fungi) Atmosphere Amino acid Dissolved N2 Ammonification N2 fixation Photochemical fixation Denitrification Ammonia (Lightning) (Blue green algae) ammonia Nitrate(NO3) Nitrite(NO2) Nitrification
- 37. Phosphorous Silica(cell wall formation) Si02 – 0 – 0.5 mg/L Phosphorous Cycle Land Plants Higher Organisms Weathering Dissolved Phosphate Dissolved Phosphate (inorganic) (organic) Particulate Phosphorus (inorganic + organic) Sediment
- 38. Macro Algae (Seaweeds) 1. Unicellular to filamentous - Chlorophyta 2. filamentous to thalloid - Phaecophyta - Rhodophyta Evolved – Pre-cambrian Types of Meristem 1. apical meristem – division of apical cells 2. diffuse meristem – throughout the plant 3. intercallary meristem – specific growth regions Growth Construction 1. filamentous – one to two rows of cells (Cladophora) 2. foliose – flattened/membranous (Halymenia)
- 39. Cytology of GreenAlgae I. Physiological Characteristics 1. chloro a and b 2. B – carotene 3. xanthophylls - lutein - zeaxanthin - violaxanthin - siphonin - siphonoxanthin (play a role in acclimation in deep water to the b-g spectrum
- 40. II. Cell Structure - eukaryotic - uninucleated (most) - multi nucleated (few) - coenocytic – multinucleated in a single cell III. Chloroplast (thyllakoids) - cup- shaped - discoid - reticulate - laminate Pyrenoids – amylase containing protein bodies
- 41. IV. Cell Wall - cellulose microfibrils – typical in flowering plants and Ulvalves - highly crystalline siphonodadales (Cladophorales) - polymers of xylan and mannan (Caulerpales) - CaC03 V. Cell Division a. Karyokinesis - closed (intranuclear) – no break of n. membrane - open (nuclear envelop disappears , e.g. like in flowering plants)
- 42. b. Cytokinesis - closed - spindle fibers parallel to cross wall - open – spindle fibers at right angle Asexual spores – zoospores Motile cells: - Isokontae – pair of apically inserted flagella of equal length that lack hairs - Heterokontae – unequal length Life History Alternation of: Haploid (gametophytic) Diploid (sporophytic)
- 43. Patterns Haplontic – dominant phase is haploid with zygote only as diploid Fusion zygote 1N 2N gametes Zygospore Meiosis 2N Zygospore
- 44. Diplontic LifeHistory – diploid phase is dominant Anteridia Fusion Oogonia 1N 2N Meiosis 1N 2N
- 45. Haplodiplontic –dominant phases are haploid and diploid Fusion Gametophytic 1N 2N Sporophytic Meiosis Isomorphic
- 46. Heteromorphic – haploid& diploid; unequal Fusion 1N 2N Meiosis
- 47. Chlorophyta Taxonomy Class(phyceae) 1. Chlorophyceae 2. Prasinophyceae 3. Charophyceae Prasinophyceae Features: 1. unicellular, motile and appearing as green 2. cells with one or more layers of fibrillar scales 3. the flagella is always attached in groove covered with scales and hairs 4. the flagellal roots with complex basal body 5. with single round- shaped chloroplast with pyrenoids 6. specialized ejectosome. e.g. Pyraminomas – pear- shaped unicel with 4 flagella
- 48. Charophyceae – stoneworts; ancient origin/evolution Division: Chlorophyta Class: Chlorophyceae Chloroplast with pyrenoid – multi- uninucleated – haploid – haplodiplontic life history – filamentous/caenocytic morphology 1. Order: Ulvales Family: Percuriaceae - biserriate Schizomeraceae - uniseriate Prasiolaceae - filamentous/monostromatic Monostromaceae - monostromatic Ulvaceae - diastromatic and tubular
- 49. Common Characterictics: Parietal chloroplast Laminate Pyrenoid Rep-roduction(Anisogany/Isogamy) 2. Order: Chladophorales Genera: Cladophoraceae- filamentous Rhizoclonium - delicate, unbranched filament with rhizoids Chaetomorpha- coarse, unbranched Cladophora - branching filament
- 50. Family: Anadyomanaceae -filamentous but fused to form blades Anadyomene - brilliant green with anastomosed filaments 3. Order Acrosiphonales Family: Acrosiphonaceae Genera: Urospora - unbranched filament Spongopora - branched, uninucleated Acrosiphonia - branched, multinucleated General Characteristics: - single perforated chloroplast with hetero – haplodiplontic life history
- 51. 4. Order Siphonocladales Family: Siphonocladaceae - filamentous Family: Boodleaceae - net like blade with anastomosing filaments Family: Volaniaceae - aggregation of vesicle Siphoclodales Boodlea Valonia General Characteristics: - segregated cell division - they enlarge to form and equal or similar vesicle e.g. velonia degagropila dictyospharia caveriosa
- 52. 5. Order Caulerpales– siphonous, coenocytic Family: Bryopsidaceae Genera: Broyopsis – hetero- haplo-diplontic life history Derbesia Family Caulerpaceae – erect blades with rhizoid - Trebeulae in growth of cell wall - Leucoplast – without cross wall (coenocytic) Genera: Caulerpa Family Codiaceae – coenocytic with filament called siphons - surface cell is made of utricles - diplontic, onisogametes
- 53. Family Udoteaceae –heavily certified to Genera: Halimeda Udotea Penicillus Chlorodesmis Avrainvillea 6. Order Dassyclaudales 2 Family - Dasaycladaceae Acetabulariaceae Characteristics: whorl branching Superficial calcification Diplontic, isogametic (produced in cyst) Genera: Dasycladea Cymopolia Acetabularia
- 54. Division: Phaeophyta (BrownAlgae) Class: Phaeophyceae 265 genera 1,500 – 2,000 species Construction a. filamentous b. massive intertidal growth c. lithophytic – attached to stable substrate d. epiphytic – living on surface of other plants e. drift population (S. filamentous (S. ratens Uses: - alginic acid (medicine, ice cream, shampoo) - fodder (food of animal additives - fertilizer
- 55. Cytology -Chloro a & c - B. carotene fucoxanthin and neofucoxanthin – brownish, golden brown, brown-green, greenish, yellow color - Carotenoids - Uninucleated - Thallykoid in bonds of 3 - Reserved food Motile Cells - heterokontae (unequal flagellum – usually inserted) a. acronomatic - shorter - smooth - basally oriented
- 56. b. pleuronomatic - long - anteriorly nemated - hairy Life History - diplontic -gametes derived in sporangia 1. unilocular 2. plurilocular Taxonomy 1. Ectocarpales Ectocarpaceae Ectocarpus
- 57. Characteristics: - uniseriate filament - isomorphic – equal in form 2. Ralfsiales Ralfsiaceae Ralfsia Neoderma Characteristics: - crustose morphology - diplontic - gametes (isogametes, heterogametes) 3. Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae Clodostaphus Holotrix
- 58. Characteristics: -small, filamentous, multiseriated 4. Class Tiliopteridales - filamentous construction - uniseriate – multiseriate - trichothallic growth Genus: Halospora 5. Class Cutleriales - amisogamete - crustose morphology - trichothallic - alternation of isomorphic life history
- 59. 6. Class Dictyotales - pan tropical - isomorphic – haplo-diplomatic - parenchymatous construction DIVISION PHAEOPHYTA Characteristics: - chloro a and c - fucoxanthin (xanthophylls) predominate - laminarin and oil are reserved foods - haplo-diplomatic life history asexual – fragmentation (vegetative) sexual – isogametes - products: alginate
- 60. Order Fucales Blademorphology - crustose – encrusted with lime - duplicated – double margin - cystic – enclosed reproductive structure (antheridium – sperm) (ooganium – egg) 2 years life cycle 1st year – vegetative growth 2nd year – reproductive age
- 61. Family Fucaceae Genera: Hormophysa (triangular blade) Sargassum duplication S. crispifolium S. polycystum S. giganteifolium Characteristics: - predominantly floating (pneumatocyst) - erect thallus with air bladder - at the margin of littoral and sub-littoral zone Genera: Turbinaria ornata (ornate leaf without branching) T. trialata (with branching)
- 62. Family Cystoseriaceae Characteristics: - triangular type of thallus - seldom with air bladder Genera: Hormophysa triquetra’ Cystoseira Order Scytosiphonales General Characteristics: - hallow ball structure erupting at maturity - morphology net-like to ball-like - sexual reproduction only - seasonal (summer)
- 63. Family Scytosiphonacea Genera: Scytosiphon Hydroclathus Chnoosepora Colpomenia Order Dictyotales General Characteristics - divaricate branching - heavily calcified - linear branching to flabellate
- 64. Family Dictyotaceae Genus Dictyoty – linear branch, turcated, semi-permanent Padina – flabellate blades, destructs lines of growth, heavy calcification Economic Importance - source of alginate - medicinal property - fertilizer - insecticidal property - animal fodder Laminariales - large group of brown algae - hetero morphic (unequal; sporophytic; gametophytic) - developed: rhizoid stem blade
- 65. RED ALGAE (RHODOPHYTA) Characteristics - intertidal to subtidal – chloro to phycoerythrin change in color - enkaryotic - flagella lacking - phycobillin (phycoerythrin - reserved food (Floridean starch) long chain of glucose to lipid
- 66. Cytology -Chloro A packed in a thyllakoid - Phycocyanin r – phycocyanin c – phycocyanin - Carotenoids B- carotene L – carotene - pyrenoid (starch grain) distinct - phycocolloids agar-(agarophytes) carrageenan –( carrageenophyte) funoran fucellarian - starch (Floridean) Xylose amylase
- 67. Life History - triphasic (3 life stages)life history 1. gametophytic – produce gametes 2. carposphorophytic – produce carpaspore 3. tetrasporophytic – produce tetraspore Other Spore Types (Asexual) - monospore – derived monosporagia - paraspore – derived parasporangia - carpospore – derived carposporangia
- 68. Taxonomy DIVISION – RHODOPHYTA Class – Rhodophycidae Sub class – Bangiophycidae Floridiophycidae Characteristics: – uninucleate cells – single stellate central plastids – diffuse (intercellary) meristem – absence of pit connection – must have absent sexual reproduction – except, parphyra, bangia and polysiphonia – simple venicellular in multicellular group
- 69. 3 Orders Parphyridiales Campsogonales Bangiales a) Prephyridiales – Unicellular - pseudofilamentous – Colonial - no sexual reproduction b) Comprogonales – produce monospore of unequal division – Rep Groups: - Erythrocladia – filamentous - Erythrotrichia c) Bangiales monotype – monostroma – diatromatic – filamentous Rep. Group - Bangia - Porphyra
- 70. Sub-class – Florideophycidae occurrence of multinucleated cells presence of pit plug presence of several discoid chloroplast apical cell division multicellular (macroscopic) sexual reproduction (gametophytic plant) Order: Bangiales Family: Bangiaceae Genera: Porphyra Bangia Order: Palmariales Genera: Rhodymenia
- 71. Order: Nemalionales Genera: Liagora ;soft calcareous Helminthocladia Order: Bonnemaisorales Genera: Bonnamaisona Asparagosis Order: Cryptomoniales Genera: Halymenia Crytonemia w/ auxiliary cells Grateloupia Order: Corallinales Genera: Corallina Lithothammion Amphiroa Jania Order: Gigartinales Family: Chaetangiaeecae
- 72. Order: Gigantinales Family: Solieriaceae Eucheuma Kappaphycus Family: Gracilariaceae Gracilaria Order: Ceremiales Family: Ceremiaceae Genera: Ceramium Lithothamnium Family: Dellesereaceae Genera: Rhodomelaceae Laurancia Acanthophora
- 73. Classes: Palmariales - male gametophye and tetrasporophytes are microscopic - female gametophyte is microscopic - tetrasporophyte is parasite in female gametophyte Genus: Palmaria/Rhodymenia Nemaliales - heterotrichous – crest or postrate thallus Family: Helminthocladaceae e.g. Liagora – heavily calcified Helmithocladia – gelatinous
- 74. Gelidiales - typical triphasic life history gametophytic tetrasporophytic - presence of nutritive cells (after fertilization) - agar sources Genera: Gelidiella Gelidium Bonnemaisonales Bonnemaisona- heteromorphic gametophytic, tetrasporophytic generation Asparagopsis – fee living filamentous; tetrasporophytic
- 75. Cryptonemiales - auxiliary cells on a vegetative branch Genera: - Cryptonemiales – heteromorphic life history w/ crustae -Gloiosiphon – tetrasporic phase and fleshy gametophyte e.g. Halymenia, Grateloupia, Gloiosiphon Corallinales - with white cells - reproduction structure in pits conceptacle - intercalary and apical meristem
- 76. Articulated species (non-calcifiedwith genicula , joint between segments) e.g. Amphiroa Non-articulated species - lack genicula which are crustose with erect non- jointed branched e.g. Lithothannion Family: Solieriaceae Genera: Soliera, Eucheuma Family; Kappaphyceae Characteristics: - fission of cells that occur during fertilization - some have filamentous medulla
- 77. Family: Gracilariaceae -multiaxial construction w/ medullary layer which is parenchymatous Genera: Gracilaria Gigartina Mastocarpus Rhodymeniales - multi axial growth and triphasis life history (isomorphic) - gametophyte with a procarp (arrangement of 3 to 4 cells carpogonial branches adjacent 2 auxiliary cells e.g. Genera: Champia Chrysonemia
- 78. Ceremiales -filamentous, uniseriated - carposporophytic stage is exposed - multinucleated cell - pit connection visible 3 Family (Dascyaceae, Rhodomelaceae, are provided with trichoblast /colorless hair) Genera: Laurencia Hypnea Acantophora Dasya
- 79. Intertidal Communication Ties Species Major Sub-division Algal Groups Ultra Enteromorpha supra littoral zone species w/ stand dessication Prostate brown algae supra littoral fringe species w/ strong waves Sargassum turbinaria mid littoral species w/ anchored in deep Substrate Brown Algae sub littoral w/ stand variable illumination w/ stand wave action w/ stand temperature Factors a. Tide tidal amplitude (vertical range) tidal frequency (diurnal, semi diurnal mixed) b. Exposure of Algae shore topography wave action time of dessication
- 80. c. Type ofsubstrate basic composition (material forming) peeble calcified rock calcified rock limestone rock silt / mud textures smooth rugged d. Biological Interaction -relationship among algae
- 81. 1. Succession- involvesseral Bare - pioneer -succeeding 1 Climax 2 Species species 3 Community Bare -seagrass –Ulva –Sargrassum -Gracilacia Stable a.) Progressive –bare – climax b) Reverse –climax -bare
- 82. 2. Competition a.) Interspecies –between 2 different species b.) Among a particular species shading of Ulva against Enteromorpha Ulva shading Laurencia Sargassum shading Ulva, Enteromopha Caulaperpa Species of Ulva-competing for a limited space Sargassum species competing for light 3. Grazing -feeding -preferences (profifying) disappear -less preferences
- 83. Micro algae Communities Division –Cyanophyta blue green (phycobillin) nitrogen fixer (heterocyst) Significance: -food chain / food web (Iry producers) absorb inorganic substances -Nutrient recycling Distribution -epizoic, epiphytic -endozoic, endophypic -sessile (substrate attached)
- 84. Characteristics: -cyanophycean starch -chloro a and b (chlorophyta) -some endolithic –within rocks -oligotrophic Cytology: Cytoplasm of 2 types -chromoplasm – periphery and pigmentry -centroplasm – center and usually pail
- 85. Accessory Pigments: -Carotene -Xanthophylls (myxoxanthin) zeaxanthin -Phycobillins Arranged in a thyllakoid (phycobillisomes) -Phycocyanin Arranged in a -Phycoerythrin thyllakoid (phycobillisomes) -Allophycocyanin -Gas vacuole –bounded by carboxysomes -Reserved Food -Starch -Granules -polyhedral -polyglucan
- 86. Reproduction: -fragmentation of filaments at hormogonia -occur where akinets are located Resting spore Resting spore -endospore – product of internal division of cytoplasm
- 87. Taxonomy: Cyanophyceae Orders: Chamaesiphonales (filamentous and endopore producing) Chroococcales (unicellular or colonial) Oscillatoriales (filamentous)
- 88. Division: Prochlorophyta composedof 3 genera; 3 Genera Prochloron Prochlorotrix Chloro a and b Prochlorococcus Prochloron-intracellular, obligate symbionts ; free living group Prochlorotrix, Prochlorococcos- filamentous; causes blooms in lakes
- 89. Division Euglenophyta -grass green motile unicells -chloro a and b, B carotene -xanthophyll (neoxanthin) -astaxanthin (responsible for red color)
- 90. Flagellum Ampulla (reservoir) Non-emergent falgellum Paramylum (starechgrain) Blepharroplast Chloroplast C. vacuole Nucleus Cytoplasm
- 91. Taxonomy: Class Euglenophyceae Trophic Classification -phageotrophic (particle absorbing, particle ingesting) -osmotrophic –absorption of organic matter to photosynthesis Orders: Eutretiales -photosynthetic -flagella, unequal -active, euglenoid movement
- 92. Euglenales -photosynthetic, one emergent flagella -sessile (attached to substate) -with lorica (in capsulized) Heteronematales -phageotrophic, particle colorless and leaking photoreceptors; flagellar swelling Rhabdonematales -osmotrophic type Sphenomodales -both (osmotrophic, phageotrophic)
- 93. Division Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates) Trophic Forms: -autotrophs –free living -auxostrophic –need other accessory elements (vitamins) -heterotrophic –phageotrophic -symbiotic –with zooxanthellae
- 94. Cytology: -chloro a and b -B carotene -peridinine -diadinoxanthin -specialize cells -trichocyst –rod of protein material -nematocyst –ejectile organelle -pusule –sac-like (function as contractile vacuole) -muciferous odies – mucilage bodies that attach to the subatate
- 95. Eyespot Forms: 1. mass of lipid globules 2. single layer of globules 3. double layer of globules 4. complex ocellus Life History: 1. isogametes (sexual fusion) onisogametes 2. haplontic life history
- 96. Taxonomy Heterotrophic: 1. Ebriophyceae –colorless, naked Parasitic naked cells 2. Ellobiophyceae Parasitic naked cells 3. Syndimophyceae 4. Dinophyceae Group a. Blastodiniales –parasitic b. Dingamoebomeales –amoeboid c. Dinoclomiales –filamentous d. Gleodiniales –colonial e. Pyrocystales –coccoid
- 97. Peridianiales -motile -armonia -toxic Cause of ciguatera –fish poisoning e.g. Ceratium Cause of ciguatera Gonyaulax –fish poisoning Gymnodiales (common red tide forming species) e.g. Gymnodinium
- 98. Division: Cryptophyta(Cryptomonels) Characteristics: -assymetrical (dorso-ventral flatter) Top/ventral cross-section -pleuronematic flagella, unequal -ejectosomes at the reservoir -single chloroplast -one to many pyrenoids -red, brown, olive, yellow –is due to chlorophyll and phycobillin -Nucleomorph –double membrane DNA enclosed in ER