Anticancer Drug, also called Anti-Neoplastic drug, that is effective in the treatment of malignant, or cancerous, disease. There are several major classes of anticancer drugs; these include Alkylating Agents, Anti-metabolites, Plant Alkaloids and Hormones.
This ppt deals with the sulfonamide group of drugs with classification, mechanism, spectrum, resistance, uses and adverse effects discussed in detail. It also discusses in detail about Cotrimoxazole
Definition
Anticancer, or antineoplastic, drugs are used to treat malignancies, or cancerous growths. Drug therapy may be used alone, or in combination with other treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy.
Purpose
Anticancer drugs are used to control the growth of cancerous cells. Cancer is commonly defined as the uncontrolled growth of cells, with loss of differentiation and commonly, with metastasis, spread of the cancer to other tissues and organs. Cancers are malignant growths. In contrast, benign growths remain encapsulated and grow within a well-defined area. Although benign tumors may be fatal if untreated, due to pressure on essential organs, as in the case of a benign brain tumor, surgery or radiation are the preferred methods of treating growths which have a well defined location. Drug therapy is used when the tumor has spread, or may spread, to all areas of the body.
Basic principles of chemotherapy/ AMAs covers definition, history of AMAs development, principles of AMAs, problems associated with AMAs, failure of therapy with examples.
Anticancer Drug, also called Anti-Neoplastic drug, that is effective in the treatment of malignant, or cancerous, disease. There are several major classes of anticancer drugs; these include Alkylating Agents, Anti-metabolites, Plant Alkaloids and Hormones.
This ppt deals with the sulfonamide group of drugs with classification, mechanism, spectrum, resistance, uses and adverse effects discussed in detail. It also discusses in detail about Cotrimoxazole
Definition
Anticancer, or antineoplastic, drugs are used to treat malignancies, or cancerous growths. Drug therapy may be used alone, or in combination with other treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy.
Purpose
Anticancer drugs are used to control the growth of cancerous cells. Cancer is commonly defined as the uncontrolled growth of cells, with loss of differentiation and commonly, with metastasis, spread of the cancer to other tissues and organs. Cancers are malignant growths. In contrast, benign growths remain encapsulated and grow within a well-defined area. Although benign tumors may be fatal if untreated, due to pressure on essential organs, as in the case of a benign brain tumor, surgery or radiation are the preferred methods of treating growths which have a well defined location. Drug therapy is used when the tumor has spread, or may spread, to all areas of the body.
Basic principles of chemotherapy/ AMAs covers definition, history of AMAs development, principles of AMAs, problems associated with AMAs, failure of therapy with examples.
Studies that examined the therapeutic potential of plants leaf extracts
Plant Scientific Name Common Name Type of extraction Proposed active material
1. Solanum viarum Tropical Soda Apple Ether Solasodine glycoalkaloid
2. Acanthus illicifolious Harkucha Kanta Methanol Triterpenoids,Flavonoids,
Alkaloids
3. Annona squamosa Custard Apple Ethyl acetate Acetogenins,Alkaloids,
Dofamine
4 Alstonia scholaris. Chatium Methanol Alkaloids,Flavonoids
5. Calotropis gigantea Akanda Ethanol Triterpenoids,Flavonol
Glycosides
The most common mode of action for antibiotics is the inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis work because of the fact that most eubacteria have peptidoglycan-based cell walls but mammals do not. Growth is prevented by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. Thus these antibiotics only work for actively growing bacteria. The cell wall of new bacteria that grew in the presence of cell-wall-synthesis inhibitors is deprived of peptidoglycan. These bacteria will be subjected to osmotic lysis.In addition, gram-negative bacteria generally are less susceptible to inhibitors of cell wall synthesis than are gram-positive bacteria. In the former cell wall synthesis inhibitors fail to reach the cell wall because they are blocked by the gram-negative outer membrane.Penicillin is the classic example of an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis. Other examples include: ampicillin, bacitracin, carbapenems, cephalosporin, methicillin, oxacillin and vancomycin
12.COMPREHENSIVE OFANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY ( CLASSIFICATION AND...Saminathan Kayarohanam
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (AAC) features interdisciplinary studies that build our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic applications of antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents and chemotherapy.
Focussing on cytotoxic treatment alone is not enoughinemet
PharmaCon2007 Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia "New Technologies and Trends in Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Industry and Education" http://www.pharmacon2007.com
Abstract is available at http://www.pharmaconnectme.com
Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management.
The conditions and duration of cultivation required vary depending on the quality of medicinal plant materials required.
Diploma nursing Extension student International institute of health science jinja,Uganda presenting the Antineoplastic drugs, the main objectives is
1.definition.
2.classes of Antineoplastic drugs.
3.Different types of drugs in each class.
4Different forms,dosage,indication,Adverse effects of some common Antineoplastic.
Nursing interventions in Antineoplastic drugs.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. Anticancer drugs
• The anticancer drug either kill cancer cells or modify
their growth.
• Discovery of anticancer agents started after 1940’s (when
nitrogen mustard was used)
• Most of the agents were discovered in 1950-1970.
• Cancer treatment:
– Chemotherapy
– Radiotherapy
– Immunotherapy
– Surgery
4. Aim of the cancer therapy
– Cure or prolong remission
– Palliation
– Adjuvant chemotherapy
• Cure or prolong remission
• Primary treatment modality for
Acute leukemias (in children)
Choriocarcinoma
Wilm’s tumour (in children)
Hodgkin’s disease
Ewing’s sarcoma (in children)
Lymphosarcoma
Retinoblastoma (in children)
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma (in children)
Testicular teratomas, Seminoma
5. Aim of the cancer therapy
• Palliation
– Life prolong by chemotherapy: Breast cancer, Ovarian
carcinoma, myeloma, prostatic carcinoma, chronic
lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemas, nonHodgkin lymphomas, head and neck cancer and lung
(small cells) cancer
– Life prolong by chemotherapy: Colorectal carcinoma,
carcinoma pancreas, carcinoma stomach, carcinoma
esophagus, renal carcinoma, malignant melanomas,
bronchogenic carcinoma (non small cells), hepatoma and
sarcoma.
6. Aim of the cancer therapy
• Adjuvant chemotherapy:
– Drugs used to clear residual malignant cells
(micrometastases) after surgery / radiotherapy. Adjuvant
chemotherapy may achieve apparent cure (especially in
early breast, lung and colonic cancer)
7. Therapeutic effect of anticancer agent
• Cancer arise form a single malignant cell, the therapeutic goal
of cancer chemotherapy may require “total tumour cell kill”
• Achievement of a therapeutic effect by combination therapy.
• Therapeutic effect achieved by killing actively “growing
tumour cells”.
• Anticancer agents should act only at “specific stages in the cell
cycle” (the S phase and M phase).
8. Classification of anticancer agents
• Major class of drugs
A. Cytotoxic drugs
B. Targeted drugs
C. Hormonal drugs
12. General Principles in chemotherapy of
cancer
•
Single clonogenic malignant cell is capable of producing progeny
that kill the host. To effective cure, all malignant cells must be
killed.
•
The proliferation rate of cancer cell is differ from normal cell.
The cytotoxic drugs kill cancer cell by first order kinetics.
•
‘Combined modality approach’ can be used for cancer therapy.
•
Poly pharmacy can be used for achieve ‘total tumour cell kill’.
13. General Principles in chemotherapy of
cancer
• Cytotoxic drugs are either cell cycle nonspecific (CCNS)
or cell cycle specific (CCS)
– cell cycle nonspecific kill resting as well as dividing
cells. E.g.: Mustine, cyclophoshamide, chlorambucil,
carmustine, cisplatin, L-asparginase.
14. General Principles in chemotherapy of
cancer
– cell cycle specific kill only actively dividing cells.
• G1: Vinblastine
• S: Mtx, cytarabine, fludarabine, G-TG, 6-MP, 5-FU, hydroxyurea,
mitomycin C, doxorubicin, daunorubicin
• G2: Daunorubicin, bleomycin, etoposide, topotecan
• M: Vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, paclitaxel, docetaxel
15. 6-Mercaptopurine
6-Thioguanine
Methotrexate
Summary of MOA and site of action of chemotherapeutic agents
Purines and pyrimidines
Inhibit purine ring synthesis
Ribonucleotides
Hydroxyurea
Inhibit ribonucleotide reductase
Inhibit dTMP synthesis
Methotrexate
5-Fluorouracil
Deoxyribonucleotides
Cytarabine
Bleomycin
Doxorubicin
Daunorubicin
Dactinomycin
DNA
Scission of DNA
Intercalate DNA
Alkylating agents
Nitrosoureas
Cisplatin
L-Asparaginase
Vinca alkaloids
Paclitaxel
Colchicine
Inhibit DNA synthesis
Cross-link DNA
RNA
Inhibit protein synthesis
Proteins
Inhibit microtubule function
Protein tyrosin kinase inhibitor
microtubules
Block activity
Enzymes
17. • Cytotoxic drugs have more profound effect on rapidly
multiplying cells, because its targeting action in nucleic acid
and there precursors.
• Bone marrow: Depression of bone marrow results in
granulocytopenia,
agranulocytosis,
thrombocytopenia,
aplastic anaemia.
• Lymphoreticular tissue: Lymphocytopenia and inhibition of
lymphocyte function results in suppression of cell mediated as
well as humoral immunity.
• Oral cavity: Stomatitis, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia
• GIT: Diarrhoea, shedding of mucosa, haemorrhages, Nausea
and vomiting
• Skin: Alopecia (due to damage of cells in hair follicles)
• Gonads: Oligozoospermia in males; amenorrhoea in females.
18. • Foetus: Cytotoxic agents causes abortion, foetal
death, teratogenesis in pregnant women.
• Carcinogenicity:
Secondary
cancers,
especially
leukaemias, lymphomas and histocytic tumours appear with
greater frequency many years after the use of cytotoxic drugs.
• Hyperuricaemia
• Individual drugs may produce specific adverse effects,
e.g.
neuropathy by vincristine,
Cardiomyopathy by doxorubicin,
cystitis and alopecia by cyclophosphamide.