The document summarizes research on the petrophysical properties of different formations in the Indus Basin. It discusses five research papers that analyzed porosity and permeability in formations like the Khewra Sandstone, Warchha Sandstone, Habib Rahi Limestone, Sui Main Limestone, and Wargal Limestone. The results found that the Warchha Sandstone had very high porosity ranging from 26.75-34.5%, while the Habib Rahi Limestone had very low porosity of 0.21%. Porosity in the Wargal Limestone ranged from 0.483-23.547% depending on the location. The document concludes by evaluating the petrophysical properties of reservoirs

2. Petrophysical Properties of Different Formations of
Indus Basin
Presented By: Rizwan Sarwar Awan
2013-MS-GS-2
Department of Geological Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology
Lahore

3. Introduction
• The Greater Indus Basin extends over most of eastern Pakistan and the western
most parts of India, covering an area of about 873,000 square kilometers (km2).
• Given its geological and tectonic evolution, the Indus basin can be divided into
three parts: from North to South, the Upper Indus basin, the Middle Indus basin
and the Southern Indus basin.
• These sub-basins are separated by topographic elevations of the Precambrian
Indian shield: the Sargodha high between the Upper and Middle Indus basins, and
the Khairpur-Jacobabad high between the Middle and Southern Indus basins.

5. Petrophysical Properties
• Porosity
• Permeability
• Saturation

6. Porosity
 Ratio of the volume of space to the total volume of a rock.
 Porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a fluid.
 Porosity is expressed as a percentage of the total rock which is taken up by pore space.
 A sandstone may have 8% porosity.
 This means 92 percent is solid rock and 8 percent is open space containing oil, gas, or water
Total porosity
 The ratio of the entire pore space in a rock to its bulk volume.
Effective porosity
 Percent of bulk volume occupied by interconnected pores spaces.
 In very clean sands, total porosity is equal to effective porosity.

7. Primary porosity
 Porosity of the rock that formed at the time of its deposition.
 Primary porosity of a sediment or rock consists of the spaces between the grains.
 Primary porosity decrease due compaction and packing of grains.
 Primary porosity less than 1 percent in crystalline rocks like granite.
 More than 55% in some soils.
Secondary porosity
 develops after deposition of the rock.
 Vugular spaces in carbonate rocks created by the chemical process of leaching.
 fracture spaces formed due to stress distortion in reservoirs rocks.

8. Permeability
 The rate of flow of a liquid through a formation depends on:
– The pressure drop.
– The viscosity of the fluid.
– The permeability.
 Permeability measures the flowing capacity of the fluids in the rocks / formations.
 The unit of measurement is the Darcy.
 Reservoir permeability is usually quoted in millidarcies, (md).

9. DARCY LAW
K = permeability, in Darcies.
L = length of the section of
rock, in centimetres.
Q = flow rate in centimetres /
sec.
P1, P2 = pressures in bars.
A = surface area, in cm2.
μ = viscocity in centipoise.

11. Research Papers

12. Introduction : Khan. M.S et al (2012 ) described the Petrophysical properties of Khewra Sandstone
of the Cambrian sequence is outcropped in the Khewra Gorge, Salt Range Pakistan
The lithology of the Khewra Sandstone consists predominantly of purple to brown, fine grained
sandstone. The lower most part of the formation is red, flaggy shale. The sandstone is mostly thick
bedded to massive. Sedimentary features like ripple marks mud cracks etc. are common in the
formation.
Methodology:
Khan.M.S et al (2012) assessment of porosity & reservoir characterization Helium Porosimeter has
been used, six samples of the upper horizon were collected from various locations of the Khewra
Gorge and the Khewra Choha Sadden Shah road side section; cores were prepared from these
samples according to the instrument standard.
Results:
Khan.M.S et al (2012) according to the instrument standard. The results of this study revealed that
the upper horizon of the Khewra Sandstone Formation has good porosity ranging from 18.76% to
21.07%.
Research Paper 1

13. Ghazi.S et al (2012) has been described the petrophysical properties of Warchha sandstone of Permian age of Chak
Nourang Oilfield of Potwar area by wireline logs. The Chak Naurang Well 1-A, drilled by Oil and Gas development
company limited (OGDCL), encountered thickness of 82 m for the Early Permian Warchha Sandstone.
Methodology:
Ghazi.S et al (2012) used gamma ray log for acquiring the shale volume and Density-Neutron porosity logs for
determination of porosity.
Results:
Ghazi.S et al (2012) determined porosity values in sandstone lithology ranging from 26.75% to 34.5%, indicating highly
porous sandstone.
Introduction:
Research Paper 2

14. Jadoon.Q.K et al (2014) evaluated the petrophysical properties of Habib Rahi Limestone of Mari Gas Field Using Open
Hole Wire Line Logs of Well Mari Deep-06 Central Indus Basin Pakistan. The study area is located in Central Indus
basin.
Methodology:
Jadoon.Q.K et al (2014) estimate the total porosity is by averaging the porosity computed from Bulk Density.
Results:
Jadoon.Q.K et al (2014) has been described the porosity and water saturation of the reservoir 0.21% and 0.4%
respectively.
Introduction:
Research Paper 3

15. Introduction:
Ali.A et al (2005) studied the reservoir characteristics of Qadirpur Area of Pakistan mainly Sui Main Limestone by
composite suite of logs comprising gamma ray, spontaneous potential (SP), resistivity, were run in wells Qadirpur 01 and
Qadirpur 05.
Methodology:
Ali.A et al (2005) for log interpretation, different types of standard cross plots and mathematical charts have been used.
The important reservoir parameters, which were calculated, are; volume of shale, porosity of the formation, resistivity of
the formation water, water and hydrocarbon saturation and lithology of the formation. The calculated values are plotted
against depth for each particular formation encountered in Qadirpur-01 and Qadirpur-05. Finally, the productive
reservoir area is delineated using a depth contour map.
Results:
Ali.A et al (2005) determined the average values of porosity for each productive zone ranges from 20 to 23%.
Research Paper 4

16. Introduction:
Khan.S et al (2014) find the reservoir characteristic of Wargal Limestone in Salt Range Northwest of Pakistan. He studied the
formation at three place in Salt Range as Zaluch Nala Section, Nammal Gorge Section & Chhidru Nala Section. The middle to
late Permian Wargal Limestone comprises of the fossiliferous limestone and dolomite in the study area. The Limestone
contains Bryozoans, Brachiopods, bivalves, Gastropods, Ammonoids, Trilobites, Crinoids and Conodonts (Kummel and
Teichert, 1970).
Methadology:
Khan.S et al (2014) used twenty five sample for determination of porosity & permeability of three different locations by using
thin section technique.
Results:
Khan.S et al (2014) analyzed prosity ranging from three location Zaluch Nala section, Nammal Gorge section & Chhidru Nala
section is 6.297- 23.547, 0.777- 14.565 & 0.483 & the high permeability is due to fracturing in Wargal Limestone.
Research Paper 5

17. Conclusion
Petrophysical properties are the properties by which different reservoirs are classified on the basis of Hydrocabons
accumulation, these properties mainly comprise porosity and permeability. Porosity is the storage capacity while
permeability is flowing capacity of fluids from pore spaces of the rocks. Different techniques are used to
determine the petrophysical properties and these can be enhanced by some artificial methods i.e hydraulic fracking
and acid job. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the petrophysical properties of the Indus Basin. According to
results Warchha Sandstone having very high porosity where as Habib Rahi Limestone having very low porosity.

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