WELL LOG : Types of Logs, The Bore Hole Image, Interpreting Geophysical Well Logs, applications, Production logs, Well Log Classification and Cataloging
WELL LOG : Types of Logs, The Bore Hole Image, Interpreting Geophysical Well Logs, applications, Production logs, Well Log Classification and Cataloging
image logs were introduced by schlumberger in 1980.
these logs are advanced and most widely use in industry.
Image logs can provide detailed picture of the wellbore that represent the geological and petro physical properties of the section being logged.
image logs were introduced by schlumberger in 1980.
these logs are advanced and most widely use in industry.
Image logs can provide detailed picture of the wellbore that represent the geological and petro physical properties of the section being logged.
A presentation about the scope of footfall analysis is shown under SCI P354. In tandem with the theory, a case study example of a very thin slab (i.e. Comflor 60 130mm) is also examined on Robot Structural Analysis 2015 under four (4) different structural arrangements. Through the FE approach, the Resonant Response Factors are presented for each case, providing a good reflection of the solution and the mitigation measured that should be sought for slab vibrations under walking load.
Footfall vibration analysis should be of a concern, but
Why? Where? When?
Design codes – BS and IBC recommend that floor vibrations be checked (SCI P354).
Commercial – on lively floors, computer users complain because their screens wobble, making it difficult to work.
Bridges – need to comply with bridge codes.
Laboratories – equipment, such as optical and electron microscopes and laser research systems, are very sensitive to vibrations. Floors for such equipment floors must comply with the BBN or ASHRAE standards.
Hospitals – operating theatres require the utmost stability for delicate operations, and the latest scanning technologies require even lower vibration levels.
Airports – Airport owners are concerned that floor vibrations in heavily trafficked waiting areas can upset seated travellers.
Retail – many major retailers require assurance that vibrations on display floors, such as a display of glasses on glass shelves, will not be excessive. If the floor is too lively, then the glasses will rattle.
Footfall examines the effect of the walking loading, which induces vibrations on
a structure, by means of a harmonic force in a certain frequency interval.
Usually linear elastic analysis is only concerned (why?)
The objective of the analysis is to evaluate a vertical response (e.g. Rf ,acceleration, velocity, displacement) for the nodes of the structure, caused by the harmonic force applied to the nodes.
Reminder!: The harmonic force varies with time and also considers damping (ζ).
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
2. Dipmeter refers to the bedding data (depth, dip, azimuth,
quality, etc.). The small plot on top is a dipmeter plot.
Dipmeter also refers to an older tool with 4, 6 or 8 buttons
Borehole image logs refer to any tool that samples an array
of measurements in the borehole:
Resistivity – FMI, CMI, XRMI, etc.
Ultrasonic images – UBI, CBIL, CAST
LWD images – (GR, Density, Resistivity and so on.)
Introduction
3. Data comes from the logging truck typically via satellite or
FTP transmission:
File types such as DLIS, TIF, LIS, XTF, AFF, LAS, CSV
Large files, often 100’s of MB
Data is also found in digital archives:
Corporate archives as digital or paper well files
Government archives (BCOGC), as scans, paper logs, and digital
Service company archives (HEF for example has more than 10,000
wells in our Recall Database dating back to the early 90’s)
Log data vendor archives as rasters, etc.
Digitized data such as ASCII bed dip files from above sources
Data can also be sourced from physical media:
Magnetic tapes, CD/DVD, scanning old paper prints and so on…
Introduction – input data sources
4. Outline
Basics of borehole image interpretation
Bedding and structural dip analysis
Natural fractures
Stress features
5. Basics of borehole image logs
Wireline or MWD tool is positioned in the
borehole (resistivity, sonic, density, gr)
Inclined surfaces intersect the measurement
buttons at different depths, unrolling to a sinusoid
in the standard display
6. Basics of borehole image logs
Wireline or MWD tool is positioned in the
borehole (resistivity, sonic, density)
Inclined surfaces intersect the measurement
buttons at different depths, unrolling to a sinusoid
in the standard display
7. Typical Conductivity Image plot
is shown as an unrolled view
of the inside of the borehole
Conductive features are dark;
resistive are light
Planes that intersect the
borehole become sine waves
in this view
Bedding (orange-yellow) and
fractures (black) visible in this
section
Borehole Image Example (FMI)
8. Image normalization
Image colour is statically normalized with
conductive as black and resistive as white
To enhance local contrast, colours are
renormalized in a sliding 1m window making a
“Dynamically Normalized” image
Dynamically NormalizedStatic
9. Image logs and core
Conductive shale is
black, resistive
bitumen sand is
white/yellow
We can often see
resistivity contrast
features that are hard
to see in core
DynamicStatic
10. Oil-Based horizontal field imager
Horizontal field
electric images see
fractures better but
also see bit marks
Acoustic images are
lower resolution
Bedding is clear
Some fracturing is
visible
Some induced
features are visible
16. “Basics” products
Plot of the interpreted image at various scales
(Paper / PDF / TIFF)
Output of the interpreted image in DLIS
Output/backup of the interpreted image in DB
format like Recall or Geoframe, etc.
Output of the interpreted features (Beds,
fractures, etc.) in LAS
17. Outline
Basics of borehole image interpretation
Bedding and structural dip analysis
Natural fractures
Stress features
26. Example of structural interpretaion
Each domain is taken to
have consistent average
dip
The boundaries between
the domains are oriented
on the bisectors of the
dip domains
27. Interpreted Stick Plot
Simple stereonets
Uncluttered bed dips and
subtle frac. den. curve
GR and tops markers
Depth tracks visible
but not in the way
Projected bedding
Anything else you
might like to add
FDEN, tadpoles,
openhole data
34. Planar-tabular crossbedded sand
Clean GR, high
resistivity
>10° flow
crossbeds, often
alternating direction
Flat truncations
Vsh < 10%
Dip down-current
35. Mud Breccia
Moderate to high
GR, low resistivity
Often crossbedded
Clast supported
conductive (dark)
mud clasts
Petrophysically
indistinguishable
from laminated
mud beds below
Vsh > 10%
36. Sand count plot
Sand count / facies plots can take many forms
This one shows:
Openhole data on the right
High-res resistivity curve for thin bed petrophysics (red, on the right)
Facies track (Green/yellow/black)
Sand count track (brown and yellow to the right of image)
Sand bed thickness and percentage curves (yellow and grey to the right of image)
37. Secondary porosity plot
Image thresholding produces an estimate of irregular (secondary)
porosity as a percentage of the whole
Plot shows limestone / dolostone flag on left, thresholded black and
white image on right followed by secondary porosity curves in red, green
and grey
38. Bed Interpretation products
Stereonet, Tadpole, Stick, TST, etc. (Paper / PDF)
Lithology zonation file (LAS) and plots
Bed dip types on plots and in LAS / ASCII
39. Outline
Basics of borehole image interpretation
Bedding and structural dip analysis
Natural fractures
Stress features
41. Open Fractures
Open fractures are filled
with conductive drilling
mud (dark on borehole
images)
Fractures are not infinite
in length so partial
intersections are
common
Direct measurements
include dip, azimuth,
trace length, minimum
radius, type (LAS)
42. Open Fracture Exaggeration
50cm
This fracture is probably on the
order of .5 mm, not 5 cm as it is
seen here
Tool current “seeks” the conductive
fracture before and after it, making
it appear much larger
*From Cheung, 1999
44. Mineralized fractures
might be filled with
calcite, quartz or
dolomite, all resistive
Often fracture traces are
invisible
See artificial halo inside
fracture plane
Healed Fractures
45. Healed Fracture Haloing
50cm
*From Cheung, 1999
The resistive fracture itself is
invisible, see halo instead
Tool current “piles up” inside of
resistive fracture plane and is
dispersed outside of it
47. Shear feature in Borehole Images
Visible as a bedding offset
Can be healed or open
Can be mm-scale to km-
scale in throw
Geologists would call these
faults but some managers
might not be so keen
50. Fracture Density
Fracture density can be calculated a few ways:
As line-density 1-D
As tracelength density 2-D
As a modelled volumetric density 3D
53. Fracture Density Plot
Gives an at-a-glance
curve to tell fracture
intensity but no indication
of aperture, permeability
or connection to porosity
If drilling induced
fractures or foliation is
included, it gives false
results
54. Fracture aperture estimation
50cm
Open fractures are invaded by conductive
drilling mud
The amount of invaded mud is somehow
proportional to aperture
56. Fracture aperture plot
Apertures are calculated two
ways:
As an average for each
fracture
(red dots, second to right)
…And as a rolling mean
(blue-red cuve on right)
57. Fracture Interpretation products
Fracture types on tadpole, image and stereonet
plots and in LAS / ASCII
Fracture density plot and LAS file
Fracture aperture plot and LAS file
Fracture statistics like trace length, minimum
radius, height and so on in LAS file
58. Outline
Basics of borehole image interpretation
Bedding and structural dip analysis
Natural fractures
Stress features
60. Stress direction from breakout
Measure shmin by
observing where
breakouts occur in
the wellbore
Vertical and oriented
in the plane of shmin
Borehole sloughs in
when the drilling fluid
pressure is less than
formation pressure
shmax
shmin
After: Mossop, Shetsen,
1994
Low Pf
61. Stress direction from breakout
shmax
shmin
Breakout visible as
paired vertical
conductive smears
Can pick the centre
of the breakouts to
get shmin
62. Stress direction from breakout
shmax
shmin
Breakout visible as
paired vertical
conductive smears
Can pick the centre
of the breakouts to
get shmin
shmin shmin
63. Stress Magnitude from breakout
Width of the breakout
is proportional to the
magnitude of shmin
Width of the breakout
is also proportional to
the rock strength
Need a database of
the strengths of
various formations to
measure shmin
Width
65. Stress direction - Induced fractures
Measure shmax by
observing where
drilling induced
fractures occur
Vertical and oriented
in the plane of shmax
Borehole wall cracks
when drilling fluid
pressure is more
than formation
pressure
shmax
shmin
High Pf
66. Stress direction – Induced fractures
Induced fracs. visible
as paired thin vertical
conductive cracks
Can pick the centre
of the induced
fractures to get shmax
shmax
shmin
67. Stress direction – Induced fractures
Induced fracs. visible
as paired thin vertical
conductive cracks
Can pick the centre
of the induced
fractures to get shmax
shmax
shmin
shmaxshmax
70. Stress Interpretation products
Horizontal maximum stress direction on stereonet
Stress features on tadpole plots and in LAS files
Further analysis can be done for more in depth
geomechanical understanding
71. Interpreted borehole image data should always be
distributed as digital files (Downloaded via FTP/website or
on DVD)
Can be printed on paper
Can be supplied in a format that can be loaded into other
software packages (a DLIS array of the processed image)
Should be stored by the interpreter and logging contractor (if
different) in some permanent database (Recall, etc.)
Ideally should become part of government databases once
off confidential
Outtroduction – data outputs
72. The words Dipmeter and Borehole image log are pretty
loaded and can mean a lot of things
Depending on the questions, these logs can provide a large
suite of answers about the nature and textures of bedding
and fracturing in the subsurface
The products come in a wide and challenging variety of
plots, files and media
Conclusion