Petrography of the Neogene mudrocks in this study incorporates laser particle size
analysis, thin sections and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ten representative
mudrock samples were collected from outcrops of the Sitakund structure. From the
studies, it is evident that mudrocks of Sitakund structure are characteristically silty. The
silt content, as estimated by laser grain size analysis, of the mudrocks ranges from 39 to
77% with average of 58%. Significant amount of granular silt with the platy clay
minerals is also evident from the SEM micrographs. The silts are mainly quartz, feldspar
and micas. The high silt content in the Neogene mudrocks implies an enormous flux of
silty sediments with a very high rate of sedimentation allowing little time for a more
selective sorting. This supports the geologic history that the uplifting and erosion of
Himalaya was at the peak during Miocene and the Ganges mega delta received highest
rate of sedimentation and growth rendering shale consistently silty.
Fine Study of Sedimentary Microfacies in Delta Front- In Heidimiao Key Sand G...iosrjce
Integrated black emperor temple reservoir depositional time unit 310 wells logging curve shape,
sand body geometry and porosity and permeability data, combined with regional geological background, the
Puxi oilfield ancient block 1 black oil reservoir group each sand group sedimentary characteristics and
depositional model of research. Research results show that will Heidimiao original six layer segment to 10
depositional time unit, through comparison of the fine, the establishment of logging facies models, 14
sedimentary microfacies plane distribution characteristics and evolution rules are obtained, provides an
important geological basis for the exploration and development of reservoir.
This document discusses rock density and porosity, which are key factors in estimating hydrocarbon potential. It defines density, porosity, and their relationship. Density is the mass per volume of a substance, while porosity is the nonsolid or pore volume fraction. There is an inverse relationship between density and porosity - as porosity increases, density decreases. The document also discusses different measurement techniques, both in the laboratory and in situ, and provides examples of how density changes with depth and can be impacted by pore pressure.
Particle-size fractions-dependent extracellular enzyme activity in sediments ...GJESM Publication
The distribution of extracellular enzyme activities in particle-size fractions of sediments was investigated
in a subtropical mangrove ecosystem. Five enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling were analyzed in the sand, silt, and clay of sediments. Among these fractions, the highest activities of phenol oxidase (PHO), β-D-glucosidase (GLU), and N-acetyl-glucosiminidase (NAG) were found in sand, and greater than bulk sediments of both intertidal zone (IZ) and mangrove forest (MG). This result implied that sand fractions might protect selective enzymes through the adsorption without affecting their activities. Additionally, the enzyme-based resource allocation in various particle-size fractions demonstrated that nutrients availability varied with different particle-size
fractions and only sand fraction of MG with highest total C showed high N and P availability among fractions. Besides,
the analysis between elemental contents and enzyme activities in particle size fractions suggested that enzymes could monitor the changes of nutrients availability and be good indicators of ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Thus, these results provided a means to assess the availability of different nutrients (C, N, and P) during decomposition of sediment organic matter (SOM), and thus helping to better manage the subtropical mangrove ecosystems to sequester C into SOM.
Chapter 4 soil composition & engineering propertiesStan Vitton
The document discusses soil composition and engineering properties. It describes two groups of factors that influence soil properties: compositional factors like mineral types and amounts, pore water, and organic matter; and environmental factors like water content, density, and temperature. Quantitatively determining soil behavior based on these factors is difficult due to complex natural compositions and interactions between constituents. The document then discusses approaches to studying relationships between composition and properties using natural soils or synthetic mixtures, and challenges in those approaches. It also describes how granular soil properties depend on particle characteristics like size, shape, stiffness, and strength.
The document discusses experiments to determine the angle of repose and density of solid particles. It describes measuring the angle of repose using a rotary cylinder filled with materials like rice, sand, and coal. It found rice had the lowest angle of repose due to its spherical shape, while sand and coal were higher due to irregular shapes. The document also describes measuring apparent, actual, and rare density of materials using a weighing balance and graduated cylinder filled with water. It defines the different types of density and discusses how density is affected by porosity and packing of particles.
This presentation covers the topic of particle size classification, dry sieve analysis, wet sieve analysis, sedimentation analysis, stokes law, methods of sedimentation analysis, Indian Standard Soil classification system.
This document summarizes key concepts about porosity and permeability from a student presentation. It discusses how porosity is the volume of void space available to contain fluids, and permeability relates to how easily fluids can pass through materials. Several factors that control porosity are described, including packing density, grain size, sorting, and post-burial changes from processes like compaction, cementation, and fracturing. Common methods for determining porosity from well logs are also summarized, including bulk density, neutron, and acoustic logs. Equations for calculating porosity from each log type are provided.
Amcol International acquired bentonite mining rights and a processing facility in Queensland, Australia in 2006. The mine is located near Gurulmundi and contains over 1.3 million short tons of high quality sodium bentonite reserves according to exploration. Amcol has increased exports in recent years due to a weaker Australian dollar. The bentonite deposits formed from volcanic material eroded from nearby provinces and basins and are part of the Jurassic/Cretaceous Surat Basin. Amcol engages in standard exploration practices like drilling and sampling to define and model the bentonite resources.
Fine Study of Sedimentary Microfacies in Delta Front- In Heidimiao Key Sand G...iosrjce
Integrated black emperor temple reservoir depositional time unit 310 wells logging curve shape,
sand body geometry and porosity and permeability data, combined with regional geological background, the
Puxi oilfield ancient block 1 black oil reservoir group each sand group sedimentary characteristics and
depositional model of research. Research results show that will Heidimiao original six layer segment to 10
depositional time unit, through comparison of the fine, the establishment of logging facies models, 14
sedimentary microfacies plane distribution characteristics and evolution rules are obtained, provides an
important geological basis for the exploration and development of reservoir.
This document discusses rock density and porosity, which are key factors in estimating hydrocarbon potential. It defines density, porosity, and their relationship. Density is the mass per volume of a substance, while porosity is the nonsolid or pore volume fraction. There is an inverse relationship between density and porosity - as porosity increases, density decreases. The document also discusses different measurement techniques, both in the laboratory and in situ, and provides examples of how density changes with depth and can be impacted by pore pressure.
Particle-size fractions-dependent extracellular enzyme activity in sediments ...GJESM Publication
The distribution of extracellular enzyme activities in particle-size fractions of sediments was investigated
in a subtropical mangrove ecosystem. Five enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling were analyzed in the sand, silt, and clay of sediments. Among these fractions, the highest activities of phenol oxidase (PHO), β-D-glucosidase (GLU), and N-acetyl-glucosiminidase (NAG) were found in sand, and greater than bulk sediments of both intertidal zone (IZ) and mangrove forest (MG). This result implied that sand fractions might protect selective enzymes through the adsorption without affecting their activities. Additionally, the enzyme-based resource allocation in various particle-size fractions demonstrated that nutrients availability varied with different particle-size
fractions and only sand fraction of MG with highest total C showed high N and P availability among fractions. Besides,
the analysis between elemental contents and enzyme activities in particle size fractions suggested that enzymes could monitor the changes of nutrients availability and be good indicators of ecosystem responses to environmental changes. Thus, these results provided a means to assess the availability of different nutrients (C, N, and P) during decomposition of sediment organic matter (SOM), and thus helping to better manage the subtropical mangrove ecosystems to sequester C into SOM.
Chapter 4 soil composition & engineering propertiesStan Vitton
The document discusses soil composition and engineering properties. It describes two groups of factors that influence soil properties: compositional factors like mineral types and amounts, pore water, and organic matter; and environmental factors like water content, density, and temperature. Quantitatively determining soil behavior based on these factors is difficult due to complex natural compositions and interactions between constituents. The document then discusses approaches to studying relationships between composition and properties using natural soils or synthetic mixtures, and challenges in those approaches. It also describes how granular soil properties depend on particle characteristics like size, shape, stiffness, and strength.
The document discusses experiments to determine the angle of repose and density of solid particles. It describes measuring the angle of repose using a rotary cylinder filled with materials like rice, sand, and coal. It found rice had the lowest angle of repose due to its spherical shape, while sand and coal were higher due to irregular shapes. The document also describes measuring apparent, actual, and rare density of materials using a weighing balance and graduated cylinder filled with water. It defines the different types of density and discusses how density is affected by porosity and packing of particles.
This presentation covers the topic of particle size classification, dry sieve analysis, wet sieve analysis, sedimentation analysis, stokes law, methods of sedimentation analysis, Indian Standard Soil classification system.
This document summarizes key concepts about porosity and permeability from a student presentation. It discusses how porosity is the volume of void space available to contain fluids, and permeability relates to how easily fluids can pass through materials. Several factors that control porosity are described, including packing density, grain size, sorting, and post-burial changes from processes like compaction, cementation, and fracturing. Common methods for determining porosity from well logs are also summarized, including bulk density, neutron, and acoustic logs. Equations for calculating porosity from each log type are provided.
Amcol International acquired bentonite mining rights and a processing facility in Queensland, Australia in 2006. The mine is located near Gurulmundi and contains over 1.3 million short tons of high quality sodium bentonite reserves according to exploration. Amcol has increased exports in recent years due to a weaker Australian dollar. The bentonite deposits formed from volcanic material eroded from nearby provinces and basins and are part of the Jurassic/Cretaceous Surat Basin. Amcol engages in standard exploration practices like drilling and sampling to define and model the bentonite resources.
Soil classification is based on index properties and is useful for classifying and identifying soils. There are several systems for classifying soils for engineering purposes, including particle size classification, textural classification, Highway Research Board classification, Unified soil classification, and IS classification. Particle size classification arranges soils according to grain size using terms like gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Textural classification is based on the percentage of sand, silt, and clay, known as textural classification. The Highway Research Board classification considers both particle size composition and plasticity characteristics and is mostly used for pavement construction.
This document summarizes a study that examined variations in PM10 (particulate matter smaller than 10 micrometers) fluxes from desert soils in Israel's Negev region due to different surface compositions and topsoil disturbance. Field experiments using a boundary layer wind tunnel measured PM10 emissions from plots with sparse vegetation cover, rock fragments, and a mechanical crust under natural and disturbed soil conditions at different wind speeds. The results showed PM10 fluxes ranging from 9.5 to 524.6 mg/m2/min and higher emissions from disturbed soils. Surface composition and increased wind velocity significantly affected PM10 fluxes. The findings provide insights into dust emissions from complex desert surfaces.
Effect of Stone Dust On Some Geotechnical properties Of SoilIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the effect of adding stone dust on some geotechnical properties of soil. Laboratory tests were conducted by mixing stone dust with soil at percentages of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by dry weight. The results showed that:
1) Maximum dry density of the soil increased with higher stone dust content while optimum moisture content decreased.
2) CBR value initially increased with up to 30% stone dust but then decreased at higher percentages.
3) Specific gravity first increased and then decreased with varying stone dust content, with 30% being optimal.
4) In conclusion, adding 30% stone dust improved soil properties like CBR and density the most.
Total (absolute) Porosity and Isolated Porosity MeasurementRaboon Redar
Absolute porosity is the percentage or volume of void spaces or porosity of rocks that can contain hydrocarbons. Porosity is the measure of a rock’s ability to hold hydrocarbons like oil and gas, water, and condensates. Absolute porosity contains effective (interconnected) and ineffective (isolated) porosity. Effective porosity is the volume of connected pores, but isolate is the pore volume which is not connected to the pore network. Isolated porosity can be significant in volcanic rocks and some carbonates.
This document provides an overview of soil classification systems, focusing on the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) system. It defines key aspects of each system such as grouping soils by grain size and plasticity. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to classify soils using index properties and test results based on the criteria of each system.
Resource evaluation of the KX36 kimberlite, central BotswanaJames AH Campbell
The document summarizes resource evaluation of the KX36 kimberlite pipe in central Botswana. KX36 was discovered through aeromagnetic surveys and underwent delineation drilling and bulk sampling to determine its economic potential. Over 9,900m of narrow diameter drilling and 5,100m of large diameter drilling was completed, extracting around 2,250 tonnes of kimberlite. Samples were processed at a 10t/h plant to establish grade and diamond frequency models. Integration of geological, microdiamond and macrodiamond data resulted in a local grade estimate and initial diamond resource for KX36.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Civil engineering materials & Construction - Soil explorationsGowtham G
This document provides information about site investigation and ground improvement techniques. It discusses the importance of site investigation, which involves preliminary investigations like reconnaissance and studying maps to understand soil conditions. Methods of site exploration include direct methods like test pits and indirect methods like the standard penetration test. The document also covers ground improvement techniques, noting the importance of determining a soil's safe bearing capacity. It discusses methods to test bearing capacity, like plate loading tests, and techniques to improve poor soils, as governed by relevant Indian Standards.
This document discusses soil description and classification. It provides an introduction and overview of soil description, which involves details of material and mass characteristics. Soil classification involves allocating soils to groups based on material characteristics like particle size and plasticity. The document then describes the British and Unified soil classification systems, including their differences. It provides examples of soil classifications and describes the plasticity chart. It also notes some shortcomings of classification systems in not considering in situ soil properties.
KX36–rediscovering the diamond exploration potential of the central Kalahari ...James AH Campbell
KX36 Rediscovering the diamond exploration potential of the central Kalahari in Botswana.
A.J. Rogers*, T.G. Hough†, and J.M. Davidson*
Petra Diamonds, SAIMM July 2013
Geochemical Analysis of Fe Enriched Soil of Meherrin, VirginiaOlympus IMS
Meherrin is located in the Piedmont region of Virginia. The Piedmont region is at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountain range, which is part of the Appalachian Mountain system. The Piedmont features rolling hills and deeply weathered bedrock.
Geology of the Piedmont Region
• Most of the igneous and metamorphic rocks in the province range in age from Proterozoic to Paleozoic. They form the internal core of the Appalachian Mountain belt.
• Triassic sedimentary rocks, diabase dikes, and basalt flows are present in several grabens and half-grabens that formed during rifting associated with the opening of the Atlantic Ocean.
• Rivers and streams carrying sand, silt, and mud flowed into these lowland rift basins, burying swamps and marshes and later producing small coal measures.
Sampling Locations
• Site “MA” consists of Lloyd Clay Loam and not prime farmland.
• Site “MB” consists of Iredell Loam and farmland of state-wide importance.
• Site “MC” is a bit southwest of our site in Keysville, VA. It is much like site “MA.”
Area Soil Description
• Northeast of Meherrin, the soil consists of a yellow to brown decomposed granite with streaks and patches of red.
• The soil in the county is generally fertile, but the ridges are thin and poor. The lower eastern part of the county is a light gray or sandy soil.
• There is a strip of land, running almost through the center of the county, that is about 10 miles wide and has stiff red soil.
• Stream clay is known to occur one mile southwest of Meherrin. Between Meherrin and Keysville (also Southwest), the town of Simplicity has pre-Cambrian volcanics that yield a residual clay 3 to 4 feet in depth.
Aim and Objective
• Consisting of Ultisols of the Georgeville series, Meherrin’s soil has a high amount of clay (27%) in comparison with the rest of the Georgeville series.
• A geochemical analysis was conducted to understand the differences of the soil characteristics in Meherrin, with respect to the nearby soils of the Piedmont region.
• Several nearby sites have been assessed for comparison.
Analytical Approach
• Samples were size partitioned by wet sieving.
• The sample fractions, less than 63 microns and greater than 63 microns, were analyzed by an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrophotometer to understand elemental composition, soil color, and properties.
• After thoroughly washing and drying the greater than 63-micron fractions, magnetic particles were manually separated using a strong hand magnet, and the composition was studied using XRF.
• Separated magnetic particles were analyzed with an Olympus® TERRA® X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzer.
• A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for micromorphological and elemental analysis.
For more information, visit: https://www.olympus-ims.com/en/innovx-xrf-xrd/
The document discusses soil sampling methods and procedures for soil analysis. It describes various sampling methods like random sampling, dividing fields into squares or triangles, and zigzag patterns. Samples should be collected from a depth of 0-30 cm for nutrient analysis and 0-200 cm for classification. Composite samples consist of mixing several single samples. Undisturbed samples preserve the soil's natural structure while disturbed samples have been altered. Key steps in sample preparation are drying, grinding, sieving, mixing or partitioning samples, and storing them at 4°C until analysis.
In
this paper an attempt has been made to investigate the pri-
mary as well as secondary consolidation behavior of organic
clay by conducting one-dimensional incremental loading
tests.
The sand replacement test determines the in situ density of natural or compacted soils using sand pouring cylinders. The test involves excavating a soil sample, measuring its mass, and replacing the excavated volume with sand of a known density to find the sample volume. This allows calculating the dry density based on the sample mass and volume. The test establishes a relationship between dry density and moisture content. It is used to evaluate compaction levels in the field according to acceptance criteria for different depths.
The document summarizes the reservoir characteristics of the Putaohua reservoir in the Gulong oilfield. It finds that the reservoir has low textural maturity but good structural maturity, with fine-grained sandstone being the dominant lithology. Physical property analysis shows the reservoir has moderate-low porosity averaging 15% and low permeability averaging 16.3mD. Study of clay mineral transformation indicates the reservoir experienced significant diagenesis during the middle diagenetic stage, which released acids and enhanced secondary porosity development. Lithology, sedimentary environment, and diagenesis are identified as the key controlling factors of the reservoir's physical properties.
Geochemistry of Neogene mudrocks from Sitakund anticline, Bengal basin: Impli...Md. Yousuf Gazi
Geochemistry of Neogene mudrocks from Sitakund anticline, Bengal basin: Implications for provenance, weathering, tectonic setting and depositional environment.
Week 4: Important soil physical properties Suyog Khose
1. This document summarizes important physical properties of soil for engineers and agricultural professionals, including soil texture, particle size, and methods for determining soil texture through laboratory analysis.
2. The key method described is the hydrometer method, which uses the principle that particles of different sizes settle from suspension at different rates based on their surface area and size. A hydrometer is used to measure the density of soil suspensions over time to determine the percentage of sand, silt, and clay in a soil sample.
3. Determining soil texture through the hydrometer method involves dispersing soil particles, taking hydrometer readings at specific time intervals as particles settle, correcting for temperature differences, and using the percentages of sand, s
Laurence d. wesley characterisation and classification of tropical residual...scgcolombia
1. Residual soils are formed through the physical and chemical weathering of parent rock materials in place, resulting in heterogeneous soils with properties that differ from uniform sedimentary soils.
2. The behavior of residual soils cannot be fully characterized by traditional soil mechanics theories and concepts developed for sedimentary soils, which are more uniform.
3. Residual soils exhibit high variability and complex engineering properties that require understanding formation processes and considering field performance over laboratory tests.
This document discusses the importance of subsoil exploration and various boring methods used for subsoil exploration. It lists the objectives as selecting a suitable foundation type and design for a structure based on the load bearing capacity and settlement potential of the soil. Various direct, semi-direct and indirect exploration methods are described, including auger boring, wash boring, percussion drilling, rotary drilling, and geophysical methods like seismic refraction and electrical resistivity testing.
Sedimentological and Palynological Approach for Determining the Depositional ...Md. Yousuf Gazi
Sitakund anticlinal structure exposes about 1.5 km of Surma group sediments and has been chosen for a comprehensive study of the
mudrocks depositional environment based on sedimentological and palynological evidences. Five mudrock facies have been identified in
this region. They are Mudstone Dominated, Sand/Silt Streaked Shale, Fissile Shale, Laminated Shale and Lenticular Bedded Shale. The
palynological assemblages from these samples have been analyzed qualitatively, and a variety of pollen, spores, algae and fungi identified.
The pollen and spores have been attributed to parent plants located at the immediate and more regional surrounding areas during the
deposition of these sediments. Palynological assemblages incorporates ample of Palmae grains such as spores in the Palmipollenites and
Proxaperites and predominance of pteridophytic spores. The occurrences and abundances of these pollens indicate that the deposition of the
Surma mudrocks took place at the proximity of the shore level. Coastal fluvial environment is also triumphed after the previous depositional
event which is apparent by the occurrence of palynomorphs of pteridophytes, angiosperms and algal origin.
Sedimentological studies of marine oil fields in order to reduce drilling risk...bijceesjournal
Detailed studies of sedimentology and petrology of oil fields, especially oil fields located in the seas, play a very important role in reducing the risk of danger, increasing harvest, and reducing the amount of environmental pollution. The South Pars gas field in the waters of the Persian Gulf on the joint border line of Iran and Qatar and on the south coast of Iran has been used as a comprehensive model for this type of study. In these studies, the sedimentary environment and sequential stratigraphy of the Scorpion and Sarvak Formations in the South Pars gas field in wells 1 and 3 have been investigated. Microscopic studies and analysis of gamma-ray and acoustic diagrams of these formations have led to the identification of 9 facies in three facies belts related to wetland, dam, and open sea. Dam facies have been identified only in Sarvak formation. This study shows that the facies belts of the abovementioned formations in a ramp platform are also sloping. Sequence stratigraphy of Kazhdomi and Sarvak Formations in the study wells shows that Kazhdomi Formation has one sedimentary sequence (third category cycle) and Sarvak Formation has two sedimentary sequences. The lower boundaries of sequences 1 and 2 and the upper boundary of sequence 3 have type 1 (SB1) discontinuities, and the boundary between sequences 2 and 3 has type 2 (SB2) discontinuities.
Soil classification is based on index properties and is useful for classifying and identifying soils. There are several systems for classifying soils for engineering purposes, including particle size classification, textural classification, Highway Research Board classification, Unified soil classification, and IS classification. Particle size classification arranges soils according to grain size using terms like gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Textural classification is based on the percentage of sand, silt, and clay, known as textural classification. The Highway Research Board classification considers both particle size composition and plasticity characteristics and is mostly used for pavement construction.
This document summarizes a study that examined variations in PM10 (particulate matter smaller than 10 micrometers) fluxes from desert soils in Israel's Negev region due to different surface compositions and topsoil disturbance. Field experiments using a boundary layer wind tunnel measured PM10 emissions from plots with sparse vegetation cover, rock fragments, and a mechanical crust under natural and disturbed soil conditions at different wind speeds. The results showed PM10 fluxes ranging from 9.5 to 524.6 mg/m2/min and higher emissions from disturbed soils. Surface composition and increased wind velocity significantly affected PM10 fluxes. The findings provide insights into dust emissions from complex desert surfaces.
Effect of Stone Dust On Some Geotechnical properties Of SoilIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the effect of adding stone dust on some geotechnical properties of soil. Laboratory tests were conducted by mixing stone dust with soil at percentages of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by dry weight. The results showed that:
1) Maximum dry density of the soil increased with higher stone dust content while optimum moisture content decreased.
2) CBR value initially increased with up to 30% stone dust but then decreased at higher percentages.
3) Specific gravity first increased and then decreased with varying stone dust content, with 30% being optimal.
4) In conclusion, adding 30% stone dust improved soil properties like CBR and density the most.
Total (absolute) Porosity and Isolated Porosity MeasurementRaboon Redar
Absolute porosity is the percentage or volume of void spaces or porosity of rocks that can contain hydrocarbons. Porosity is the measure of a rock’s ability to hold hydrocarbons like oil and gas, water, and condensates. Absolute porosity contains effective (interconnected) and ineffective (isolated) porosity. Effective porosity is the volume of connected pores, but isolate is the pore volume which is not connected to the pore network. Isolated porosity can be significant in volcanic rocks and some carbonates.
This document provides an overview of soil classification systems, focusing on the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) system. It defines key aspects of each system such as grouping soils by grain size and plasticity. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to classify soils using index properties and test results based on the criteria of each system.
Resource evaluation of the KX36 kimberlite, central BotswanaJames AH Campbell
The document summarizes resource evaluation of the KX36 kimberlite pipe in central Botswana. KX36 was discovered through aeromagnetic surveys and underwent delineation drilling and bulk sampling to determine its economic potential. Over 9,900m of narrow diameter drilling and 5,100m of large diameter drilling was completed, extracting around 2,250 tonnes of kimberlite. Samples were processed at a 10t/h plant to establish grade and diamond frequency models. Integration of geological, microdiamond and macrodiamond data resulted in a local grade estimate and initial diamond resource for KX36.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Civil engineering materials & Construction - Soil explorationsGowtham G
This document provides information about site investigation and ground improvement techniques. It discusses the importance of site investigation, which involves preliminary investigations like reconnaissance and studying maps to understand soil conditions. Methods of site exploration include direct methods like test pits and indirect methods like the standard penetration test. The document also covers ground improvement techniques, noting the importance of determining a soil's safe bearing capacity. It discusses methods to test bearing capacity, like plate loading tests, and techniques to improve poor soils, as governed by relevant Indian Standards.
This document discusses soil description and classification. It provides an introduction and overview of soil description, which involves details of material and mass characteristics. Soil classification involves allocating soils to groups based on material characteristics like particle size and plasticity. The document then describes the British and Unified soil classification systems, including their differences. It provides examples of soil classifications and describes the plasticity chart. It also notes some shortcomings of classification systems in not considering in situ soil properties.
KX36–rediscovering the diamond exploration potential of the central Kalahari ...James AH Campbell
KX36 Rediscovering the diamond exploration potential of the central Kalahari in Botswana.
A.J. Rogers*, T.G. Hough†, and J.M. Davidson*
Petra Diamonds, SAIMM July 2013
Geochemical Analysis of Fe Enriched Soil of Meherrin, VirginiaOlympus IMS
Meherrin is located in the Piedmont region of Virginia. The Piedmont region is at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountain range, which is part of the Appalachian Mountain system. The Piedmont features rolling hills and deeply weathered bedrock.
Geology of the Piedmont Region
• Most of the igneous and metamorphic rocks in the province range in age from Proterozoic to Paleozoic. They form the internal core of the Appalachian Mountain belt.
• Triassic sedimentary rocks, diabase dikes, and basalt flows are present in several grabens and half-grabens that formed during rifting associated with the opening of the Atlantic Ocean.
• Rivers and streams carrying sand, silt, and mud flowed into these lowland rift basins, burying swamps and marshes and later producing small coal measures.
Sampling Locations
• Site “MA” consists of Lloyd Clay Loam and not prime farmland.
• Site “MB” consists of Iredell Loam and farmland of state-wide importance.
• Site “MC” is a bit southwest of our site in Keysville, VA. It is much like site “MA.”
Area Soil Description
• Northeast of Meherrin, the soil consists of a yellow to brown decomposed granite with streaks and patches of red.
• The soil in the county is generally fertile, but the ridges are thin and poor. The lower eastern part of the county is a light gray or sandy soil.
• There is a strip of land, running almost through the center of the county, that is about 10 miles wide and has stiff red soil.
• Stream clay is known to occur one mile southwest of Meherrin. Between Meherrin and Keysville (also Southwest), the town of Simplicity has pre-Cambrian volcanics that yield a residual clay 3 to 4 feet in depth.
Aim and Objective
• Consisting of Ultisols of the Georgeville series, Meherrin’s soil has a high amount of clay (27%) in comparison with the rest of the Georgeville series.
• A geochemical analysis was conducted to understand the differences of the soil characteristics in Meherrin, with respect to the nearby soils of the Piedmont region.
• Several nearby sites have been assessed for comparison.
Analytical Approach
• Samples were size partitioned by wet sieving.
• The sample fractions, less than 63 microns and greater than 63 microns, were analyzed by an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrophotometer to understand elemental composition, soil color, and properties.
• After thoroughly washing and drying the greater than 63-micron fractions, magnetic particles were manually separated using a strong hand magnet, and the composition was studied using XRF.
• Separated magnetic particles were analyzed with an Olympus® TERRA® X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzer.
• A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for micromorphological and elemental analysis.
For more information, visit: https://www.olympus-ims.com/en/innovx-xrf-xrd/
The document discusses soil sampling methods and procedures for soil analysis. It describes various sampling methods like random sampling, dividing fields into squares or triangles, and zigzag patterns. Samples should be collected from a depth of 0-30 cm for nutrient analysis and 0-200 cm for classification. Composite samples consist of mixing several single samples. Undisturbed samples preserve the soil's natural structure while disturbed samples have been altered. Key steps in sample preparation are drying, grinding, sieving, mixing or partitioning samples, and storing them at 4°C until analysis.
In
this paper an attempt has been made to investigate the pri-
mary as well as secondary consolidation behavior of organic
clay by conducting one-dimensional incremental loading
tests.
The sand replacement test determines the in situ density of natural or compacted soils using sand pouring cylinders. The test involves excavating a soil sample, measuring its mass, and replacing the excavated volume with sand of a known density to find the sample volume. This allows calculating the dry density based on the sample mass and volume. The test establishes a relationship between dry density and moisture content. It is used to evaluate compaction levels in the field according to acceptance criteria for different depths.
The document summarizes the reservoir characteristics of the Putaohua reservoir in the Gulong oilfield. It finds that the reservoir has low textural maturity but good structural maturity, with fine-grained sandstone being the dominant lithology. Physical property analysis shows the reservoir has moderate-low porosity averaging 15% and low permeability averaging 16.3mD. Study of clay mineral transformation indicates the reservoir experienced significant diagenesis during the middle diagenetic stage, which released acids and enhanced secondary porosity development. Lithology, sedimentary environment, and diagenesis are identified as the key controlling factors of the reservoir's physical properties.
Geochemistry of Neogene mudrocks from Sitakund anticline, Bengal basin: Impli...Md. Yousuf Gazi
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
SILT CONTENT APPROXIMATION OF NEOGENE SURMA GROUP MUDROCKS, SITAKUND ANTICLINE, BENGAL BASIN
1. Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 30(1&2): 35-43, 2017 (December)
SILT CONTENT APPROXIMATION OF NEOGENE SURMA
GROUP MUDROCKS, SITAKUND ANTICLINE, BENGAL BASIN
Md. Yousuf Gazi*, S.M. Mainul Kabir and Md. Badrul Imam
Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Abstract
Petrography of the Neogene mudrocks in this study incorporates laser particle size
analysis, thin sections and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ten representative
mudrock samples were collected from outcrops of the Sitakund structure. From the
studies, it is evident that mudrocks of Sitakund structure are characteristically silty. The
silt content, as estimated by laser grain size analysis, of the mudrocks ranges from 39 to
77% with average of 58%. Significant amount of granular silt with the platy clay
minerals is also evident from the SEM micrographs. The silts are mainly quartz, feldspar
and micas. The high silt content in the Neogene mudrocks implies an enormous flux of
silty sediments with a very high rate of sedimentation allowing little time for a more
selective sorting. This supports the geologic history that the uplifting and erosion of
Himalaya was at the peak during Miocene and the Ganges mega delta received highest
rate of sedimentation and growth rendering shale consistently silty.
Key words: Grittiness, Neogene Surma Group, Mudrocks, Bengal basin, SEM, Thin
sections, Laser particle size analysis
Introduction
The Surma Group is the prime stratigraphic unit in Bangladesh with major economic and
academic importance. Neogene shales of the Bengal basin comprises a major lithology of drilled
along with outcropping sections. The Miocene-Pliocene Surma Group, the most important
proliferous unit in Bangladesh due to the presence of reservoir quality sandstone and forming the
mainstay of folded belt, is a clastic deltaic sequence with an average sandstone: shale ratio 1 : 1
although in many sections, shale outweighed and individual shale units are hundreds of meters
thick (Alam et al. 2003). Admixture of sand and silt degrades the sealing properties of clays.
Not only the mineral composition of a rock and organic matter content, but also the grain size
range are important in forming the major sealing properties of clays. Clay minerals lower
permeability and improve sealing capabilities through the permanency in the composition of the
silicate layer. With increasing grain size, permeability improves and degrades the seal potentiality.
Detrital quartz, feldspar and micas in mudrocks have attained a great deal of study by sedimentary
petrographers since the pioneering work of Sorby (1880).
Grain size, shape, internal structure, and geochemical characteristics have been inspected
using a variety of tools ranging in complex to simple petrographic microscope. Silt in mudrocks,
however, have received very little attention in spite of the fact that these rocks contain 30% more
*Author for correspondence: <yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd>.
2. 36 Gazi et al.
detrital quartz than do sandstones (Blatt and Schultz 1976). The cause for the negligence of quartz
content and, indeed, of the entire non-clay mineral fraction of mudrocks can be outlined to the
following two factors. Firstly, much of the quartz is of silt size, is hidden by clay minerals in thin
section and is tremendously difficult to discriminate from untwined feldspar in silt sizes.
Secondly, disaggregation of mudrocks is time consuming and of unclear precision. The
grittiness of Neogene Surma Group mudrocks were not documented and established before but it
is very crucial to estimate the content of silt. There are several significances of this study in
relation to sedimentology, petroleum geology and economic geology. The purposes of the present
investigation are to determine the average amount of silt content in mudrocks from advanced
laboratory techniques and average composition of silt portion.
Geologic settings: Bengal basin can be ascribed to the interaction of three plates; the Indian,
Tibetan (Eurasian), and Burma (West Burma) plates. Burmese plate has moved toward the Indian
plate beginning in the Miocene and superseded the Indian plate to form a subduction zone
between the two plates. Convergence between India and Burma has resulted in subduction of
oceanic crust beneath Burma, with the trailing margin of India currently passing obliquely into the
foreland of the Indo-Burman ranges (Mukhopadhyay and Dasgupta 1988, Alam et al. 2003). The
eastern fold belt represents the outermost part of the zone of compression between the west Burma
block and the Indian plate.
The north-south-trending folds in this belt declines in amplitude and become broader and less
complex westwards. Intensity of folding rapidly attenuates westwards; the central and western
parts of the basin are relatively un-deformed. The age of folding ranges from the Pliocene to
recent. During repeated transgressions and regressions, the Bhuban and Bokabil formations
(Lower to Middle Miocene Surma Group) have been deposited. The group consists of dark grey
shale, siltstone, fine to coarse grained sandstone, and occasional intraformational conglomerate,
and gets a thickness of more than 4 km in the eastern fold belt. Bokabil formations shale
dominated in the upper part unit, conventionally identified as the ‘Upper Marine Shale’, which
signifies the last marine transgression over the Sylhet trough in north-eastern part of the Bengal
basin (Holtrop and Keizer 1970).
The upper Mio-Pliocene Tipam Group is divided into the Tipam sandstone and Girujan clay
formations. The Tipam sandstone typically comprises of yellowish brown to reddish brown,
coarse grained, cross-bedded to ripple-laminated sandstone with minor silt stone and mudstone
and interpreted as deposits of bed load-dominated low-sinuosity braided-fluvial systems (Johnson
and Alam 1991). The Girujan clayis interpreted as lacustrine and fluvial over bank, composed of
brown, blue and grey mottled clay, deposits (Reimann and Hiller 1993). The Dupi Tila sandstone
is fining-upward sequences, with alternating channel-fill and floodplain deposits, have been
interpreted as deposits of high-sinuosity meandering river systems (Johnson and Alam 1991).
3. Silt content approximation of Neogene Surma group mudrocks 37
Fig. 1. Regional tectonic map showing major tectonic elements of the Bengal basin (after Uddin and
Lundberg 1999).
Materials and Methods
Fourteen slides were imaged using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed using a
JEOL/EO (version 1.0) to study the morphological nature of the clay. Scanning electron
microscope with a back scattered electron detector and a standard view field of 150 µm at 20 kV
accelerating voltage. SEM is done without sputtering and analysed on fracture surface. Sample
was prepared by platinum coating.
In order to prepare a standard thin section of the collected samples, these were first cut by
cutting machine to small chips. The chips were washed by water and acetone to remove gases or
bubbles from the samples. The samples were rubbed on a glass plate until the surface becomes
smoothed. The samples were then polished on a grinder and then on a glass plate by carborundum
until smooth and flat surface was achieved. The polished surface was then cleaned with water and
dried. The smooth flat surface of the sample was mounted on a clean microscope slide by araldite
glue. This was done with care so that excess glue or air bubbles were removed from the slide.
Then the free face of the sample was grinded on a grinding lap until light could pass through it.
4. 38 Gazi et al.
The thickness of the sample has been checked regularly using a polarizing microscope until the
required thickness (0.03 mm) was achieved.
Malvern Mastersizer 3000 was used for grain size analysis. The samples used for LASER
analysis were the representative of the bulk. The collected samples were hard and clay laminas
was separated from interlaminated samples. They were disaggregated by using 6% conc.
hydrogen per oxide with small amount of water in different sample beaker and kept them
preserved for two days. Sometimes stirrer was used carefully to make them dispersant. Samples
were decanted in sundry for two days.
Fig. 2. Map showing the collected sample location from the study area.
They were sieved to achieve the standard of the instrument. Finally, they were LASER
treated. For dispersants with high surface tension, such as deionized water was used; the addition
of a small amount of surfactant significantly improved the wetting behaviour and subsequent
particle dispersion. In order to disperse individual particles, energy applied to the sample. Often
this is done through stirring or agitation, but for very fine materials or strongly bound
agglomerates ultrasonic irradiation was sometime used. Samples were run through sonication to
reduce bubble effect.
5. Silt content approximation of Neogene Surma group mudrocks 39
Results and Discussion
In a Malvern Mastersizer result analysis report of Particle Size Analyser the D50 is represented as
D (0.50). D represents the diameter of powder particles, and D50 means a cumulative 50% point
of diameter (or 50% pass particle size); D10 means a cumulative 10% point of diameter; D50 is
also called average particle size or median diameter; D (4, 3) means volume mean diameter, and
D (3, 2) means plane mean diameter.
Fig. 3. Histogram and cumulative (Both oversize and undersize) curve from LASER particle
analysis of some representative samples (From top, LC-1, BC-7 and BK-2).
The present contribution describes the application of a simple quantitative method of analysis
of silt content in mudrocks using Laser particle size analysis. The data set comprises analyses
from over 10 outcrop samples from Sitakund anticline. From Laser particle size analyzer, it is
evident that over 60% particles are within the range of silt portion. Taking the average parcentage
of silt and by plotting them in texutural ternary diagram shows that analyzed samples occupy the
region zonned by silty clay and silty clay loam.
Darker tones in thin sections are mainly clay matrix and lighter tones are silty. In thin
sections, the average ratio of clay to silt size dominated material is 42 : 58. The detrital grains of
the coarse-grained zones are mainly quartz situated in a matrix of mixed mineral contents without
mutual contact. Some samples are laminated with coarser and finer grained units and grains
oriented sub-parallel with lamination. Upon sedimentation the detrital grains thus formed a lose
network which was subsequently filled with cements.
6. 40 Gazi et al.
Fig. 4. Textural Ternary classification of studied samples (USDA Textural Classification
Study Guide 1987).
Major mineral phase is quartz, plagioclase and potassium feldspar. Muscovite is mainly
present in the fine-grained zones arranged with indistinct lamination. Chlorite and biotite is
present in significant amount. Black/opaque hairy or fibres-like arranged organic material is
present in fine grained zones. Muscovite grains (yellow interference colours) are present in fine
grained unit. Grains with grey and white interference colours are mainly quartz in crossed polar.
7. Silt content approximation of Neogene Surma group mudrocks 41
Fig. 5. Thin sections of some representative samples under cross polarized light with field view of 20*/0.40
Pol. showing the richness of silty materials (from top left LC-1, BC-7, MC-5 and BK-2).
Table 1. Table showing the relative percentage of silt determined arbitrarily from thin section and
laser particle size distribution.
Sample (from older to
younger)
Approx. % of silt
(quartz content) from
thin section
Approx. % of silt
(quartz content) from
Laser
Mean
LC-1 35 43 39
LC-4 45 50 47.5
LC-10 50 55 52.5
BC-7 55 65 60
BC-10 60 68 64
MC-5 60 70 65
MC-7 65 73 69
BK-4 75 75 75
BK-2 75 79 77
8. 42 Gazi et al.
Scanning electron micrograph illustrating the domains of randomly oriented clay minerals in
a silt-rich shale interval of the Sitakund anticline. Image showing some detrital and authigenic
quartz grains, including compositional zoning of trace elements or overgrowths. Samples are
dominated by quartz and kaolinite. Quartz grains are mostly crystalline. Minor amount of potash
feldspar is evident. Fibrous illite occurs as laths in between the quartz and kaolinite. Kaolinites are
flat disc shape. Some authigenic pyrites are distinct as small cluster of spotted body on the crystal
face of quartz and kaolinite minerals. Presence of chaotic structures in clay minerals and quartz
coating detrital sediments are indicating detrital origin of minerals.
Fig. 6. Scanning electron micrograph of some representative samples showing the coarse grains and clay
booklets adjacent to silt grain boundary (From top left LC-1, BC-7, MC5 and BK-2).
Conclusion
The employed laboratory techniques suggest that Surma group mudrocks are silt dominated. The
silt content, as projected from the analyses, of the mudrocks fluctuate from 39 to 77% (av. 58%).
Quartz, feldspar and micas are major minerals contributing the silt portion of the mudrocks. SEM
and thin sections also justify the presence of silt richness.
9. Silt content approximation of Neogene Surma group mudrocks 43
The silt enrichment of the Neogene Surma group mudrocks testify the huge influx of detrital
grain of quartz to the mud depositional system. Due to the presence of this grittiness, Neogene
Surma group mudrocks cannot be defined as pure seal for petroleum entrapment. The mudrocks
will play as leaky seal for their gritty nature.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Mohammod Nadim Zaman (Institute of Mining, Mineralogy
and Metallurgy, BCSIR, Joypurhat) for his kind permission to use petrography laboratory. They
deeply acknowledge the authority of Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS),
University of Dhaka and USAID PEER Science Grant for giving them the opportunity to use
SEM and Laser Particle Size Analyser.
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(Manuscript received on 12 July, 2017; revised on 12 February, 2018)