Sedimentological and Palynological Approach for Determining the Depositional ...Md. Yousuf Gazi
Sitakund anticlinal structure exposes about 1.5 km of Surma group sediments and has been chosen for a comprehensive study of the
mudrocks depositional environment based on sedimentological and palynological evidences. Five mudrock facies have been identified in
this region. They are Mudstone Dominated, Sand/Silt Streaked Shale, Fissile Shale, Laminated Shale and Lenticular Bedded Shale. The
palynological assemblages from these samples have been analyzed qualitatively, and a variety of pollen, spores, algae and fungi identified.
The pollen and spores have been attributed to parent plants located at the immediate and more regional surrounding areas during the
deposition of these sediments. Palynological assemblages incorporates ample of Palmae grains such as spores in the Palmipollenites and
Proxaperites and predominance of pteridophytic spores. The occurrences and abundances of these pollens indicate that the deposition of the
Surma mudrocks took place at the proximity of the shore level. Coastal fluvial environment is also triumphed after the previous depositional
event which is apparent by the occurrence of palynomorphs of pteridophytes, angiosperms and algal origin.
Sedimentological and Palynological Approach for Determining the Depositional ...Md. Yousuf Gazi
Sitakund anticlinal structure exposes about 1.5 km of Surma group sediments and has been chosen for a comprehensive study of the
mudrocks depositional environment based on sedimentological and palynological evidences. Five mudrock facies have been identified in
this region. They are Mudstone Dominated, Sand/Silt Streaked Shale, Fissile Shale, Laminated Shale and Lenticular Bedded Shale. The
palynological assemblages from these samples have been analyzed qualitatively, and a variety of pollen, spores, algae and fungi identified.
The pollen and spores have been attributed to parent plants located at the immediate and more regional surrounding areas during the
deposition of these sediments. Palynological assemblages incorporates ample of Palmae grains such as spores in the Palmipollenites and
Proxaperites and predominance of pteridophytic spores. The occurrences and abundances of these pollens indicate that the deposition of the
Surma mudrocks took place at the proximity of the shore level. Coastal fluvial environment is also triumphed after the previous depositional
event which is apparent by the occurrence of palynomorphs of pteridophytes, angiosperms and algal origin.
Deep sea mining is a new frontier for mining engineers. Sea floor holds the potential mineral that are vital for development which is not even explored, the advancement of technology in the time will enable to access reliable infrastructure and methods to extract sea floor without compromising the sustainability and eco friendly.
Mineral Resources
1. Use and over exploitation
2. Minerals and their ores extraction
3. Mine Safety
4. Case Study
5. Environmental Problems
The environmental damage caused by mining activities are as follows:
1. Devegetation and defacing of landscape
2. Subsidence of land
3. Groundwater contamination
4. Surface water pollution
5. Air pollution
6. Occupational health hazard
Heavy Mineral Studies of Beach Sands of Vagathor, North Goa, IndiaIJMER
Vagator beach is situated 22 km away from panjim on the northern side Bardez taluk
approachable via Candolim are Mapusa by road. The beach is projected on both the sides by
promontories. The beach is in arcuate shape, the area included with survey of India toposheet No
48/E/14 which is bounded by latitudes 15º35ˈN 15º38ˈN and longitude 78º43ˈE. The Chapora river
and its tributaries drain the entire region that is the Vagator beach. It flows from North-East to
South-West direction. The drainage pattern is structurally controlled; the Chapora River has its
source in the Ramghat hills of Belgaum district in Karnataka then it flows through the Thilari ghat
and enters Goa. Its length in Goa is about 31 km and the mouth of the river bank, mud bank and
mangroves swamps are common.
In laboratory techniques heavy mineral separation are based mass separation in a liquid
with specific gravity and magnetic separation using hand magnet and Frantz isodynamic separator
at different volts. X-ray analysis was carried out by using RIGAKU ALTIMA IV copper target on the
basis of Bragg’s law. The non magnetic sand grains was observed under optical microscope to
identify diagnostic properties of minerals.
The heavy mineral shoot comprises of opaque (magnetite and illmenite) and transparent heavy
minerals like hornblende, epidote, garnet, rutile, zircon, enstatite and minor amounts of tourmaline.
The light minerals are mainly quartz and feldspars. The magnetite concentration ranges between 2.01
to 56.86% and Ilmenite between 2.83 to 41.04% and non mangnetics between 1.18 to 44.81%. X ray
diffraction studies and SEM (Scanning electron microscope) studies were employed to study the
mineralogical composition of beach sands of Vagator and detailed investigations are dealt in the
paper.
Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. Different types of ores are characterized by distinct geological environment and tectonic settings.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Deep sea mining is a new frontier for mining engineers. Sea floor holds the potential mineral that are vital for development which is not even explored, the advancement of technology in the time will enable to access reliable infrastructure and methods to extract sea floor without compromising the sustainability and eco friendly.
Mineral Resources
1. Use and over exploitation
2. Minerals and their ores extraction
3. Mine Safety
4. Case Study
5. Environmental Problems
The environmental damage caused by mining activities are as follows:
1. Devegetation and defacing of landscape
2. Subsidence of land
3. Groundwater contamination
4. Surface water pollution
5. Air pollution
6. Occupational health hazard
Heavy Mineral Studies of Beach Sands of Vagathor, North Goa, IndiaIJMER
Vagator beach is situated 22 km away from panjim on the northern side Bardez taluk
approachable via Candolim are Mapusa by road. The beach is projected on both the sides by
promontories. The beach is in arcuate shape, the area included with survey of India toposheet No
48/E/14 which is bounded by latitudes 15º35ˈN 15º38ˈN and longitude 78º43ˈE. The Chapora river
and its tributaries drain the entire region that is the Vagator beach. It flows from North-East to
South-West direction. The drainage pattern is structurally controlled; the Chapora River has its
source in the Ramghat hills of Belgaum district in Karnataka then it flows through the Thilari ghat
and enters Goa. Its length in Goa is about 31 km and the mouth of the river bank, mud bank and
mangroves swamps are common.
In laboratory techniques heavy mineral separation are based mass separation in a liquid
with specific gravity and magnetic separation using hand magnet and Frantz isodynamic separator
at different volts. X-ray analysis was carried out by using RIGAKU ALTIMA IV copper target on the
basis of Bragg’s law. The non magnetic sand grains was observed under optical microscope to
identify diagnostic properties of minerals.
The heavy mineral shoot comprises of opaque (magnetite and illmenite) and transparent heavy
minerals like hornblende, epidote, garnet, rutile, zircon, enstatite and minor amounts of tourmaline.
The light minerals are mainly quartz and feldspars. The magnetite concentration ranges between 2.01
to 56.86% and Ilmenite between 2.83 to 41.04% and non mangnetics between 1.18 to 44.81%. X ray
diffraction studies and SEM (Scanning electron microscope) studies were employed to study the
mineralogical composition of beach sands of Vagator and detailed investigations are dealt in the
paper.
Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. Different types of ores are characterized by distinct geological environment and tectonic settings.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
1. Govt.Holkar ScineceCollege Indore
Department of geology 2022-23
INTERNSHIP REPORT
SUMITTED TO –MR.VISHNU GADGIL SIR
HOD DEPERTMENT OF GEOLOGY
NAME- LOKESH SAHU
CLASS- BSC 3 YEAR
SEC -M9
INROLLMENT-DS2011508 GUIDENSE - MR.SIYARAM MISHRA SIR
FILED LOCATION –SAGAR CEMENT JEERAWAD
MANAWAR(M.P)
2. ABSTRACT
AN INTERNSHIP WITH THE SAGAR CEMENT LIMITED JEERAWAD MANAWAR
DHAR MADHYA PRADESH
by- LOKESH SAHU
This Report summarizes my experiences as a Student of Geology with the Sagar
cement limited
Manawar. In partial fulfillment of the requirements of bachelor of geology /
earth Science degree student , I completed over 2 year as student of geology .
My responsibilities included learning and applying basic stream sedimentology
concept and mineralogy .Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping and
analysis for several major projects.
3. AN INTERNSHIP WITH THE SAGAR CEMENT MANAWAR DHAR .
MADHYA PRADESH
An Internship Report
Submitted to the
Faculty HOLKAR SCIENCE COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR of Sciences ,@HSC.
BY
DEVI AHILAYA VISHWAVIDALAYA
INDORE M.P
4. I would like to thank everyone at THE S.C.LIM Project Office for their
help and patience as I completed my graduate studies. In particular, I
would like to extend thanks to my supervisor at the S.S.LIM as well as
project managers PRAVEENDRA CHOUHAN sir, and VISHNU GADGIL sir
for including me in several fascinating projects. Finally, I would like to
thank SIYARAM sir who spent countless hours training me to become a
great intern student.
Special thanks to my committee, Dr.
Vishnu Gadgil and our core team of 18 members for their support and
interest in my work. Without the thorough education that I received from
taking the HSC Professor courses they taught, I would not have been as
successful in my internship at the S.C.lim
Acknowledgments
5. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1ntroduction
Mineral policy off India 2019
All about limestone
Mining
DECAN TRAP
Filed visit at limestone mine jeerawad
Sagar cement plant jeerawad
Lab visits
Topography
Certification
Fossil parks
Conclusion
6. The world is depended on mineral from needal to
airplane, so the major question is from where the,
The minerals come out so in list of minerals we get
opportunity to explore one off the major mineral
called limestone through our college internship.
We will explore what is limestone its type, uses, and
also discuss limestone identification in field, mining
of limestone and many more.
And also explore Cement plant, and we learn how
cement become, through which processes and try to
understand what ups and downs comes in that
processes
7. Aim
The strategy aims to improve mining regulation and take a
more sustainable approach while addressing people’s
concerns who are touched by the industry.
The goal of the National Mineral Policy 2019 is to create a
more meaningful, implementable, and effective policy that
promotes more openness, better regulation, enforcement, and
balanced society along with economic growth and sustainable
mining practices
Proposes the creation of an overarching inter-ministerial
organisation under the Ministry of Mines to institutionalise
sustainable mining procedures. The group will also advise the
government on royalty rates, dead rent, and other matters.
Ensuring environmental sustainability while raising
performance standards is a significant development and
policy concern for the mining industry.
8. Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO3). The
chief minerals found in limestone
are calcite and aragonite; dolomite is also be present in the
dolomitic limestones
.
varieties of limestone most have been deposited in shallow
water. Limestones (e.g., chalk) are formed from the calcareous
skeletons
of marine organisms.
Precipitated limestones include oolite, which is composed of
ooliths – spherical bodies formed by the precipitation of
carbonate around a nucleus.
9. 2.RAW MATERIAL
2.1.1 -LIMESTONE
Type of Limestone
Bituminous limestone
Carboniferous Limestone
Coquina – A sedimentary rock that is composed mostly of fragments
of shells
Coral rag
Chalk – A soft, white, porous sedimentary rock made of calcium
carbonate
Fossiliferous limestone
Lithographic limestone
Oolite – Sedimentary rock formed from ooids
10. Coralline limestone
Coralline Rock is a type of rock formed by the death of
layers of coralline algae. It is visually quite bright like
the algae, and is often desired as aquarium decoration.
Since it is formed from the dead algae, it contains some
nutrients and calcium carbonate which has allowed it to
be used in some building structures.
Nodular limestone
In sedimentology and geology, a nodule is small, irregularly
rounded knot, mass, or lump of a mineral or mineral
aggregate that typically has a contrasting composition, such
as a pyrite nodule in coal, a chert.
Minerals that typically form nodules include calcite, chert,
apatite (phosphorite), anhydrite, and pyrite Minerals that
typically form nodules include calcite, chert, apatite
(phosphorite), anhydrite, and pyrite
11. Mining is the process of extracting useful
materials from the earth. Some examples of
substances that are mined include coal, gold, or
iron ore. Iron ore is the material from which the
metal iron is produced. The process of mining
dates back to prehistoric times.
The primary methods used to extract minerals
from the ground are:
1 Underground mining.
2 Surface (open pit) mining.
3 Placer mining.
12.
13.
14. 1.2 SAMPLE AFTER CORE DRILLING
SAMPLE COLLECTION AFTER DRILLING
AFTER DRILLING, GEOLOGIST TAKE SAMPLE OF
CORE AND TRYING
TO IDENTIFIES THE QUALITIES AND IMPURITIES
FOR BEST RESULT, THEY SEND THE SAM PEL TO
REGIONAL LAB FOR REPORTS OF THE SAMPEL.
15. The marine Cretaceous sediments derive their name from
the type locality Bagh, situated in the western part of
Narmada valley in Madhya Pradesh.
The sediments of Bagh Group occur intermittently over a
distance of about 345 kms. From near the Gulf of Cambay
(Gujarat) in the west to Barwaha (Madhya Pradesh) in the
east via areas of Jhabua and Dhar districts.
These sediments exposed mainly along the edges of the
Deccan lava flows. In Madhya Pradesh, the best exposures
are being found in the valleys of the Maan river .
Localities of that mine(lat, long, )
Underlying the spread of the Deccan Trap and fringing its
margine, there are many exposures of these rocks in the
Jobat region of Jhabua district.
(Lat. 22o33’, Long. 75o11’), baghni river south of Bagh
(Lat. 22o22’, Long. 74o50’) and the sections of the Hathni
and Ankhar rivers near Ali(Lat. 22o16’, Long. 74o24’)
16. The Deccan Traps flow basalt (65 Ma) is one of the
largest volcanic features on Earth, and crops out
over 500,000 sq. km of the west-central Indian
subcontinent. The trap complex is predominantly
composed of multiple layers of tholeiitic flood
basalt. The thickness varies from more than 2000 m
in the Western Ghats to over 1000 m in eastern part
of the province to less than 100 m in some
The flood basalt province known as the Deccan
Traps is located on the Deccan Plateau in west-
central India and is one of the largest volcanic
provinces in the world.
19. Formation of bagh beds and limestone which includes the upper
Coroline and nodular at bottom with Included fossils.
FIELD PHOTOGRAPH OF FORMATION
coroline
nodular
20. Fossils and various LMST During filed visit and some are from the colle
Names are following.
1 Echonoida
2 brachiopods
3 corals
4 clams
5 Bryozoans
6 crinoid
Nodular
coroline
MARINELIFE
BRACHIPODS
21. Geology of the area After the deposition of Gondwanas and
before the
outpouring of Deccan Trap lava flows, the exposed surfaces
of Gondwana rocks and the older Archean metamorphics
were eroded. On the eroded surfaces of these rocks,
some lacustrine and fluviatile sediment deposited.
These the are Lameta Beds. Marine equivalents of the
Lametas
are the Bagh Beds of Narmada valley. Because Bagh and
Lameta
beds occur immediately below the Deccan
Trap flows, they are known as Infratrappeans
In the Manawar area, the Bagh Beds occur as
inliers in the Deccan Trap, by the denudation of
which these beds are exposed. In the area, Bagh
and Lameta beds show the following sequence:
24. After entering the plant they give us safety
shoes and helmets and jackets of visitors and
also respected sir told us information
regarding safety precautions in the plant.
SaftyTraining by sir
26. A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for
construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to
other materials to bind them together.
cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in
a narrower sense, the binding materials used
in building and civil engineering construction.
History
Cement
cement as we know it was first developed by Joseph Aspdin, an enterprising
19th-century British
The Egyptians used a cement-like material (containing gypsum) to
make the Great Pyramid in 2600 B.C.
Five states produce nearly 50% of all the cement made in America.
They are (in order): California, Texas, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Missouri.
Cement is a caustic. It can burn skin and eyes, just like acid.
27. There are four stages in the manufacture of portland cement:
(1) crushing and grinding the raw materials,
(2) blending the materials in the correct proportions,
(3) burning the prepared mix in a kiln, and
(4) grinding the burned product, known as “clinker,” together with some
5 percent of gypsum (to control the time of set of the cement
28. *THE BASIC COMPONENT OF CEMENT PRODUCTION PROCESS
Raw materials
Composition
Portland cement consists essentially of compounds of lime (calcium oxide,
CaO)
mixed with silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) and alumina (aluminum oxide, Al2O3).
The lime is obtained from a calcareous (lime-containing) raw material, and
the
other oxides are derived from an argillaceous (clayey) material. Additional
raw materials such as silica sand, iron oxide (Fe2O3), and bauxite—containing
hydrated aluminum, Al(OH)3—may be used in smallerquantities to get the
desired composition.
29. Crushing and grinding
All except soft materials are first crushed,
often in two stages, and then ground, usually
in a rotating, cylindrical ball, or tube mills
containing a charge of steel grinding balls.
This grinding is done wet or dry, depending
on the process in use, but for dry grinding
the raw materials first may need to be dried
in cylindrical, rotary dryers.
Blending
A first approximation of the
chemical composition required for a
particular cement is obtained by selective
quarrying and control of the raw material fed
to the crushing and grinding plant.
Burning
The earliest kilns in which cement was burned
in batches were bottle kilns, followed by
chamber kilns and then by continuous shaft
kilns. The shaft kiln in a modernized form is
still used in some countries, but the
dominant means of burning is the rotary
kilien
Sagar cement lim.
30. The temperature at the firing end ranges from about 1,350 to 1,550 °C
(2,460 to 2,820 °F), depending on
Grinding
The clinker and the required amount of gypsum are ground
to a fine powder in horizontal mills similar to those used for
grinding the raw materials. The material may pass straight
through the mill (open-circuit grinding), or coarser material
may be separated from the ground product and returned to
the mill for further grinding (closed-circuit grinding).
Sometimes a small amount of a grinding aid is added to the
feed material. For air-entraining cements (discussed in the
following section) the addition of an air-entraining agent is
similarly made.
Gypsum plasters
Gypsum plasters are used for plastering, the manufacture of plaster boards
and slabs, and in one form of floor-surfacing material.
These gypsum cements are mainly produced by heating natural gypsum
(calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaSO4 · 2H2O) and dehydrating it to give calcium
sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4 · 1/2H2O) or anhydrous (water-free) calcium
sulfate. Gypsum and anhydrite obtained as by-products in chemical
manufacture also are used as raw materials.
31. 1-Fineness -measuring the particle size distribution by the
rate of sedimentation of the cement in kerosene or by
elutriation (separation) in an airstream.
2-Soundness-This property of soundness is tested by
subjecting the set cement to boiling in water or to high-pre
ssure steam. Unsoundness can arise from the presence in the
cement of too much free magnesia or hard-burned free lime.
3-setting time The initial setting time is the interval between
the mixing of the cement with water and the time when the
mix has lost plasticity
4-Strength -The tests that measure the rate at which a
cement develops strength are usually made on
a mortar commonly composed of one part cement to three
parts sand,
Cement testing
Various tests to which cements must conform are laid down in national cement
specifications to control the fineness, soundness, setting time, and strength
of the cement. These tests are described in turn below.
32. Lab and other Department
IT Department
Robotic lab
Physical lab
Mechanical lab (hardness checking)
33. After visit of all part of sagar cement plant we met
with respected GM sir he shared very interesting
knowledge with us ,some guidance and precious
teaching to make India proud.
For succesful internship with full disiciplne we
rewarded with certificate of internship.
34. HOW CAN WE USE OUR REMAINING TIME…THEN I REMEMBER THAT OUR
GADGIL SIR TOLD US ABOUT THE FOSSIL PARK AT MANWAR SO WE DECIDE HOW
CAN WE MISS THAT GREAT CHANCE TO VISITAND ONE MEMBER OF OUR TEAM
ALSO REMEMBERS THAT OUR FOSSIL HERO MR. Vishal Verma IS ALSO LIVING IN
MANWAR SO WE WENT THERE HOUSE AND MEET THEM AND SHARED VALUELVEL
TEACHING AND SO MANY THING ABOUT FOSSIL SAFTY AND HOW CAN WE SAVE
THEM SO WE CAN SAVE THE EARTH.
36. cement, Agent that binds concrete and mortar. Cements
are finely ground powders that, when mixed with water,
set to a hard mass. The cement of 2,000 years ago was a
mixture of ash and lime. Volcanic ash mined near the city
of Puteoli (now Pozzuoli), near Naples, was particularly
rich in essential aluminosilicate minerals, giving rise to
the pozzolana cement of the Roman era.
“May you have fault in life
May you have night like darkness of coal
May you have to do work as hardness of Diamond
May your body feel hotness like lava
But if your dedication is stable like mountain
The days comes true when you rises like a sun of your
darkness”
Great ending of our small learning with great words
by geologist
By-LOKESH
37. Special thank you to `Mr. Siyaram sir
(geologist), Mr. Ravindra Singh Chouhan sir
(geologist), gm sir, and all staff of sagar cement
plant we love your appreciation and your great
cooperation in your learning journey.