This document summarizes key aspects of Sigmund Freud's theory of personality and introduces some neo-Freudian perspectives. Freud saw personality as resulting from the interplay between the id, ego, and superego. He proposed psychosexual stages of development and defense mechanisms like repression. Critics argued Freud's ideas lacked evidence and were sexist. Neo-Freudians like Jung, Horney, and Adler built on Freud's work but emphasized social factors and striving for growth over sexuality. Jung introduced concepts like archetypes and the collective unconscious. Horney stressed cultural influences and basic anxiety. Adler focused on inferiority complexes and superiority complexes.

1. Personality
Chapter 11

2. Ice Breaker!
Extravert or Introvert?
Go to http://helloquizzy.okcupid.com/tests/the-introvert-extrovert-test1
Extraverts
tend to be gregarious, assertive, and interested in seeking out
excitement
Introverts
tend to be more reserved, less outgoing, and less sociable. They
are not necessarily loners but they tend to have smaller circles of
friends and are less likely to thrive on making new social
contacts. Introverts are less likely to seek stimulation from others
because their own thoughts and imagination are stimulating
enough.

3. Interesting Trivia
Extraverts
•tend to wear more decorative clothing, whereas
introverts prefer practical, comfortable clothes.
•are likely to prefer more upbeat, conventional, and
energetic music than introverts
•extraverts decorate their offices more, keep their doors
open, keep extra chairs nearby, and are more likely to
put dishes of candy on their desks.
Introverts
•decorate less and tend to arrange their workspace to
discourage social interaction
•introverted states in the United States are
Maryland, New Hampshire, Alaska, Washington, and
Vermont.
•often take pleasure in solitary activities such as
reading, writing, drawing, and using computers

4. Personality
Consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and
behaving unique to each individual.
Personality Theory
an attempt to describe how people are
different, how they are similar, and why every
individual is unique.
There are four basic theories: Psychoanalytic
Trait
Social Cognitive
Humanistic

5. Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud is considered on e of the most influential
figures of the twentieth century.
•Born in 1856 in Czech Republic, but spent the majority of his life
in Vienna
•He was the first investigator of a new drug that had anesthetic &
mood-altering properties —cocaine. Freud hoped to use this drug
for medical purposes, however he discover this drug was
addictive.
•In 1886 he married and later had six children, one of which, Anna
became an important psychoanalytic theorist.
•Influenced by Joseph Breuer, a highly respected physician, he
discovered that hypnotism can help patients to speak freely about
forgotten memories of traumatic events emerged.
•Together Breuer and Freud published Studies on Hysteria, this is
considered the beginning of psychoanalysis (focused on the
unconscious mental processes, the instincts of aggression and
sexuality, and the affects of early childhood on personality.)

6. Sigmund Freud
•Published several books, which where later banned by Hitler during
World War II--during this war Freud moved his family to London for
safety..
“Interpretation of Dreams” –after this book Freud started
gaining international recognition and developed a following.
Freud said that interpreting dreams ―is the royal road to a
knowledge of the unconscious activates of the mind.‖
―The Psychopathology of everyday life‖ –this book
described how unconscious thoughts, feelings and wishes are
often acts of forgetting.
“Civilization and Its Discontent” –theme of this book is that
human nature and civilization are in basic conflict, a conflict
that cannot be resolved.
•Freud also appeared on the cover of Time magazine four times.
•Freud for years asserted that sexuality was the fundamental human
motive, but later added aggression as a second powerful human
instinct.
•Asked the question ―What do women want?‖

7. Freud’s Theory of Personality
Freud saw personality and behavior as the result of constant
interplay between conflicting psychological forces.
Freud compared personality to an iceberg, with the bulk of it made up
by the unconscious. “Freudian slips” are inadvertent slips of the
tongue that Freud thought were determined by unconscious motives.
Psychological forces operate at 3
different levels of awareness:
Unconscious: not directly
aware of these submerged
Conscious: all Preconscious: contains
thoughts, feelings, wishes.
info that you’re not currently
thoughts, feelings and
And drives but the
sensations that you’re aware of but can easily
unconscious exerts an
aware of at this particular bring to conscious
enormous influence on your
moment. awareness.
conscious thouhts and
feelings.

8. Structure of Personality
According to Freud, there are three basic structures of personality—the
id, the ego, and the superego.
Id
The completely
unconscious, irrational component of
personality that seeks immediate
satisfaction of instinctual urges and
deices, ruled by the pleasure
principle.
Ego
The partly conscious rational component of
personality that regulates thoughts and
behavior and is most in touch with the demands
of the external world.
Superego
The partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic
component of personality that is formed through the
internalization of parental and societal rules.

9. Structure of Personality
The Id is derived from two conflicting instinctual drives: the
life instinct and the death instinct.
Eros Thanatos
The life instinct The death instinct
It consists of biological urges that perpetuate It is destructive energy that is
the existence of the individual and the reflected in
species—hunger, thirst, physical aggressive, reckless, and life-
comfort, and most important, sexuality(called threatening behaviors, including
the libido). self-destructive actions.
The pleasure principle is the motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort;
the most fundamental human motive and guiding principle of the id.
The ego operates on the reality principle, the capacity to
accommodate external demands by postponing gratification
until the appropriate time or circumstances exist.

10. Ego Defense Mechanism
In psychoanalytic theory, largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or
perceptions that act to reduce anxiety.
Freud believed everyone experiences an
ongoing daily battle among id, the moral
authority of the superego, and the external
restrictions.
 When the id or superego threaten to
overwhelm the ego, anxiety results.
If instinctual id impulses overpower the ego, a
person may act impulsively and perhaps
destructively.
If superego demands overwhelm the ego, an
individual may suffer from guild, self-reproach, or
even suicide impulses for failing to live up to the
superegos moral standards.

11. Major Ego Defense Mechanisms
Types Definitions
arguing against an anxiety provoking stimuli by stating it
Denial
doesn't exist
Reaction Thinking or behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of
formation unacceptable urges or impulses.
Projection placing unacceptable impulses in yourself onto someone else
Rationalization supplying a logical or rational reason as opposed to the real
reason
Regression returning to a previous stage of development
Form of unconscious repentance that involves neutralizing or
Undoing atoning for an unacceptable action or thought with a second
action or thought
pushing into the unconscious
Suppression
By resorting to these unconscious self-deceptions, the ego can maintain an
integrated sense of self while at the same time, searching for a more
acceptable and realistic solution to a conflict between the id and superego.

12. Ego Defense Mechanisms
Repression: provoking thoughts, feelings, and memories from
conscious awareness. Anxiety-producing thoughts, feelings, or impulses
are pushed out of conscious awareness into the unconscious.
Examples: traumatic events, past failures, embarrassments, disappointments, the names of
disliked people, episodes of physical pain or illness, and unacceptable urges.
If you encountered a situation that is very similar to one you’ve repressed, bits and pieces of
memories of the previous situation may begin to resurface.
Displacement: is an ego defense mechanism that involves
unconsciously shifting the target of an emotional urge to a substitute
target that is less threatening or dangerous.
Displacement occurs when emotional impulses are redirected to a substitute object or person.
It is usually something less threatening or dangerous than the original source of the conflict
Sublimation: involves displacing sexual urges toward ―an aim other
than, and remote from, that of sexual gratification.‖
Sublimation channels sexual urges into productive, socially acceptable, nonsexual
activities.

13. Psychosexual Stages
Freud says that there are five psychosexual stages of development.
The foundations for personality are established during:
The first five years of life oral, anal, phallic
Late childhood latency
Adolescents genital
Each stage represents a different focus of the id’s sexual energies.
Psychosexual stages are age-related, developmental periods in which sexual impulses
are focused on different bodily zones and are expressed through activities associated
with these areas.
During the Oral stage the focus is the mouth experienced by eating and exploring
objects with his mouth, the Anal stage involves pleasurable sensations by elimination
via toilet. In Phallic the genitals are the primary focus of sexual curiosity. During
Latency, sexual impulse become repressed and the child develops relationships with
same-sex peers, while in the Genital stage the adolescent seeks to create sexual
heterosexual relationships
At each psychosexual stage, infants or young children are faced with a
developmental conflict that must be successfully resolved in order to move to
next stage.
Parental attitudes and timing of specific child rearing events, such as weaning or toilet
training leave a lasting impression on personality. Either because of unmet needs or
overindulgences, the child may remain within a stage – fixation.

14. Freud’s Flaws
Freud's ideas were criticized because of :
Inadequacy of Evidence
Lack of Testability
Sexism

15. Oedipus Complex
This occurs during the phallic stage
It is a child’s unconscious sexual desire for the opposite sex parent, usually
accompanied by hostile feelings towards the same sex parent.
Girls
Boys
Boys have confrontation with their Girls come to a similar conclusion
father for the affections of the except they experience penis envy.
mother, he feels hostile towards the Due to this effect, some girls may
father, but is aware the father is sense feelings of deprivation and loss.
physically more powerful. In essence, girls then blame their
mothers for ―sending them into the
Therefore, boys experience
castration anxiety – fear his father world so insufficiently equipped.‖
This was one of Freud’s most criticized
will punish him by castration.
theories.
Solution = Identification. The girl/boy Imitates and internalizes his or
her mother’s/father’s values, attitudes, and mannerisms. Identifying with
the father creates the limitation that only the father can enjoy the sexual
affections of the mother/father – making incest taboo.
Because of the intense anxiety associated with Oedipus
Complex, sexual urges of boys and girls become repressed – want to
associate with same sex peers.

16. Neo-Freudians
Frauds ideas were always controversial. But by the early
1900s, he had attracted a number of followers, many of whom
went to Vienna to study with him.
Although these early followers developed their own personality
theories, they still recognized the importance of many of Freud's basic
notions, such as the influence of unconscious processes and early
childhood experiences.
Carl Jung
Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious
Karen Horney
Basic Anxiety and ―Womb Envy‖
Alfred Adler
Feelings of Inferiority and Striving for Superiority

17. Carl Jung
Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious
Intrigued by Freud’s ideas, they began corresponding with him. Freud
liked Jung so much he called him his ―adopted son‖ and ―crown
prince.‖
Jung rejected Freud’s belief that human behavior is fueled by the instinctual
drives of sex and aggression—instead he believed people are motivated by a
general psychological energy which pushes them to psychological
growth, self-realization, and psychic wholeness and harmony.
Collective Unconscious Archetypes
•The hypothesized part of the •The inherited mental images of
unconscious mind that is inherited universal human
from previous generations and that instincts, themes, and
contains universally shared preoccupations that are the main
ancestral experiences and ideas. components of collective
•Considered the deepest part of the unconscious.
•Common archetypes: the hero, the
individual psyche
powerful father, the nurturing
mother, the witch, the wise old
man, ext.

18. Carl Jung
Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious
Two important archetypes
anima—the representation of every man’s ―feminine‖ side.
animus—the representation of every woman's
―masculine‖ side.
To achieve psychological harmony, it is important for men to recognize and
accept their feminine aspects and for women to recognize and accept the
masculine side of their nature. Today Jung’s concepts have been criticized as
being unscientific or mystical.
Although Jung’s theory never became as influential as Freud’s, some
of his ideas have gained wide acceptance.
Two types of personality:
introverts—focuses their attention inward
extroverts—turn their attention and energy towards the
outside world
Jung’s emphasis on the drive toward psychological growth and self-realization
anticipated some of the basic ideas of the humanistic perspective on
personality.

19. Karen Horney
Basic Anxiety and ―Womb Envy‖
Trained as a Freudian psychologist
Noticed distinct differences between American and German patients.
Stressed :
•Importance of cultural and social factors in personality development—
matters that Freud had largely ignored.
•Importance of social relationships, especially parent—child relationships
Problems arise from the attempts to deal wit Basic Anxiety. Horney descried
this as ―the feeling a child has of being isolated and helpless in a potentially
hostile world.‖
3 defenses against basic anxiety:
Those who move toward other people have an excessive need for approval
Those who move against others have an excessive need for power over people
Those who move away from other people have an excessive need for independence
Healthy personalities are flexible and balance all three.
Horney disagreed with Freud’s penis envy theory—she believed that men
often suffer from womb envy (envying women's capacity to bear children).

20. Alfred Adler
Feelings of Inferiority and Striving for Superiority
Adler was an Austrian physician who broke with Freud and
developed his own psychoanalytic theory of
personality, which emphasized social factors and self-
realization.
Key Ideas-
inferiority complex: is developed when people are unable to
compensate for specific weaknesses or when their feelings of
inferiority are excessive. People with an inferiority complex are
often unable to strive for mastery and self improvement.
superiority complex: is developed when a person
overcompensates for his or her feelings of inferiority. Behaviors
might include exaggerating one’s accomplishments and
importance in an effort to cover up weaknesses and denying the
reality of one’s limitations.

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