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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was an Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. Some of Freud's key contributions included his theories of the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious minds; the hydraulic model of psychological energy; psychosexual development and the Oedipus complex; and defense mechanisms. He proposed that unconscious drives and desires shape conscious thoughts and behavior. Freud also developed theories around the id, ego, and superego; life and death instincts; and the influence of art on the unconscious mind. While influential, many of Freud's theories are no longer considered scientifically valid.

























