The present paper reports on an experiment to improve the productivity of solar still using nano-particles.Solar distillation is a relatively simple treatment of brackish or impure water. In this solar energy is used to evaporate water then this vapour is condensed as pure water. This process removes salts and other impurities. Latest trend to improve the efficiency of the solar still is use of nano-particles like metal oxides. These particles increase surface area of absorption to solar radiation. In this work the Al2O3 nanoparticles
mixed black paint is used to enhance the productivity of solar still. The solar radiations are transmitted through the glass cover and captured by a black painted inner bottom surface of the solar still. Water absorbs the heat and is converted into vapour within the chamber of the solar still.Single slop solar
still is used from past decades but in this study effect of nano-particles on productivity of solar still is
analyzed. Experimental work is performed for the single slope solar still (SS-SS) under climatic conditions
of Jaipur. The use of the nano-particles mixed with black paint increases the temperature of the solar still
basin. The productivity and efficiency of solar still at water depth 0.01 m with nano-particles are 3.48 litre
and 38.65% respectively which are maximum values compared to water depths 0.02 m and 0.03 m. Results
of the study gives 38.09% increment in productivity and 12.18% increment in thermal efficiency when
nano-particles of size 50 nm to 100 nm mixed black paint used at water depth .01 m. To check the
significance of difference in productivity of solar still with and without nano-particle mixed black paint, a
paired t-Test is performed which is conforms that the productivity enhancement due to nano-particle mixed
black paint is significant at 95% confidence interval.
solar water heating system - types and mechanismlee shin
solar is one of the trending technology getting into use which reduces the utility bills and bring more beneficial factor through its eco friendly method
Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
A solar dryer is an application of solar energy, used immensely in the food and agriculture industry. Though the sun is still used as the direct source for drying food items and clothes in certain parts of the world. An indirect source of solar power can also be used for the same purpose in the form of a solar dryer.
solar water heating system - types and mechanismlee shin
solar is one of the trending technology getting into use which reduces the utility bills and bring more beneficial factor through its eco friendly method
Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
A solar dryer is an application of solar energy, used immensely in the food and agriculture industry. Though the sun is still used as the direct source for drying food items and clothes in certain parts of the world. An indirect source of solar power can also be used for the same purpose in the form of a solar dryer.
There are many types of solar still, including large scale concentrated solar stills and condensation traps (better known as moisture traps amongst survivalists). In a solar still, impure water is contained outside the collector, where it is evaporated by sunlight shining through clear plastic or glass. The pure water vapor condenses on the cool inside surface and drips down, where it is collected and removed.
Distillation replicates the way nature makes rain. The sun's energy heats water to the point of evaporation. As the water evaporates, water vapor rises, condensing into water again as it cools and can then be collected. This process leaves behind impurities, such as salts and heavy metals, and eliminates microbiological organisms. The end result is pure distilled water.
Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generationAmol Kokare
Diploma in Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, kalamb-walchandnagar
Sub- Power plant engineering
Unit-Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generation.
By- Prof. Kokare Amol Yashwant
There are many types of solar still, including large scale concentrated solar stills and condensation traps (better known as moisture traps amongst survivalists). In a solar still, impure water is contained outside the collector, where it is evaporated by sunlight shining through clear plastic or glass. The pure water vapor condenses on the cool inside surface and drips down, where it is collected and removed.
Distillation replicates the way nature makes rain. The sun's energy heats water to the point of evaporation. As the water evaporates, water vapor rises, condensing into water again as it cools and can then be collected. This process leaves behind impurities, such as salts and heavy metals, and eliminates microbiological organisms. The end result is pure distilled water.
Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generationAmol Kokare
Diploma in Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, kalamb-walchandnagar
Sub- Power plant engineering
Unit-Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generation.
By- Prof. Kokare Amol Yashwant
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON STEPPED SOLAR STILLIAEME Publication
In the present work, an attempt has been made to study the performance of a solar still. Many thermal models were developed by researchers to predict the performance of solar still. Thermal models developed by Dunkle and by Tsilingiris to predict the performance of the still is considered for the present study. A stepped solar still is fabricated for experimental study in the premises of SHIATS Allahabad (U.P.) India. It is observed that the daily productivity of more than 5 kg is obtained by still area of 1 m2. It is further observed that the daily productivity predicted by Tsilingiris model is closer than the Dunkle model.
In the present work an attempt has been made to improve the heat transfer rate from basin liner to the water. Fins are used in the basin of the still to increase the heat transfer rate. Performance of a finned basin still is compared with that of a conventional still. It is observed that the productivity of the still increases with increasing the numbers of fins. When number of fins increase thrice, productivity increases by 25% as compared with the conventional still. Daily productivity increases with increasing number of fins in the basin.
purification of water using solar stillMohamed Ahmed
Distillation is one of many processes that can be used for water purification. This requires an energy input as heat, electricity and solar radiation can be the source of energy. When Solar energy is used for this purpose, it is known as Solar water Distillation. Solar Distillation is an attractive process to produce portable water using free of cost solar energy. This energy is used directly for evaporating water inside a device usually termed a “Solar Still”. Solar stills are used in cases where rain, piped, or well water is impractical, such as in remote homes or during power outages. Different versions of a still are used to desalinate seawater, in desert survival kits and for home water Purification. For people concerned about the quality of their municipally-supplied drinking water and unhappy with other methods of additional purification available to them, solar distillation of tap water or brackish groundwater can be a pleasant, energy efficient option. Solar Distillation is an attractive alternative because of its simple technology, non-requirement of highly skilled labour for maintenance work and low energy consumption.
The use of solar thermal energy in seawater desalination applications has so far been restricted to small-scale systems in rural areas. The reason for this has mainly been explained by the relatively low productivity rate compared to the high capital cost. However, the coming shortage in fossil fuel supply and the growing need for fresh water in order to support increasing water and irrigation needs, have motivated further development of water desalination and purification by renewable energies.
this is about the application of nanotechnology in agriculture. that how we can secure the growth of plants and crops and make our crops better. in this ppt the use of nano-particles has discussed to avoid different pests and diseases by ruining the crops.
Thermal Performance Evaluation of a Direct Absorption Flat Plate Solar Collec...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Due to the growing demand of energy and lesser availability of fossil fuels there is a shift in our
energy concern towards renewable energy sources. There is no doubt that from all the available sources, solar
energy is the best option with its minimum environmental impact. Now a days different types of solar collectors
are widely used to harvest solar energy. It has been found that performance of the solar collector depends upon
the characteristics of the working fluid which is used to harvest solar energy in solar collector. In the present
work the effect of Al2O3-H2O based nanofluids on the direct absorption type solar collector has been
investigated experimentally. Nanofluids are the new class of the fluids with their improved properties over the
host/conventional fluids. The volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles used is 0.005% and 0.05%. Efficiency of
the collector is calculated for different mass flow rates (60, 80, 100 ml/hr) of Al2O3-H2O based nanofluids. From
the results obtained by performing experiments, it has been found that collector efficiency increases about to 3-
4% when Al2O3-H2O nanofluids are used as compared to simple water. Comparison of the collector efficiency
for different mass flow rate and different concentrations are done. ASHRAE [4] standards were followed while
performing all the experiments.
Keywords: Nanofluids, ASHRAE, Volume fraction, Efficiency, Collectors etc.
Thermal Performance Evaluation of Wax Type Solar Distillation SystemIOSRJMCE
The alternative energy sources are new option in front of world to overcome energy crisis and pollution related issues. The solar energy, wind energy and bio mass are three major sources and out of these three energy sources solar energy is the easiest source to extract useful energy because the wind energy can be useful particularly in coastal area where there is high wind velocity and energy extraction bio mass needs either chemical conversion or thermo chemical conversion process. The objective of present work is to developed solar distillation system consists of wax as phase change material to improve the thermal performance.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A SOLAR STILL USING LAURIC ACID AS A ENERGY S...IAEME Publication
The solar still is a simple device used for obtaining fresh water for small scale demand. Due to intermittent nature of solar energy, solar still s are not continuous in nature. To make them operative for non-sunshine hours energy storage
mediums are used. In the present work an attempt has been made to utilize the energy storage capacity of Lauric acid to enhance the performance of solar still. Experiments were carried out on single basin double slope solar still in the premises of SHIATS, Allahabad in the month of February. It is observed that the nocturnal distillate output is increased by more than 17% when Lauricacid is used as energy storage medium.
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL ASSISTED SOLAR STILLIAEME Publication
A Solar still is a simple device, which is used to produce drinking water using energy of sun. Its low productivity is of great concern. Lauric acid is used as energy storage medium in the solar still to produce drinking water in the off sunshine hours. To examine the effects of use of PCM in the solar still for same total daily solar intensity on energy and exergy efficiency, experiments were carried out on two similar double slope solar still at Allahabad (250 28ꞌN, 810 54ꞌE) U.P. India. PCM is used in one of the still for the purpose of comparison with conventional still. It is observed that the exergy efficiency increases by 40% when lauric acid is used as energy storage medium in the solar still.
Enhancing Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency of Solar Panel by Water CoolingIJAPEJOURNAL
Photovoltaic solar cell generates electricity by receiving solar irradiance. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) cell is adversely affected by the significant increase of cell operating temperature during absorption of solar radiation. This undesirable effect can be partially avoided by cooling the back side of the photovoltaic panel using water absorption sponge which was fixed on of PV panel and maintain wet condition by circulation of drop by drop water. The objective of the present work is to reduce the temperature of the solar cell in order to increase its electrical efficiency. Experiments were performed with and without water cooling. A linear trend between the efficiency and temperature was found. Without cooling, the temperature of the panel was high and solar cells were achieved an efficiency of 8–9%. However, when the panel was operated under water cooling condition, the temperature dropped maximally by 40C leading to an increase in efficiency of solar cells by 12%.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SOLAR STILL COUPLED TO AN EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTO...IAEME Publication
Solar distillation is a promising method for the supply of freshwater to rural communities. Worldwide passive solar still is used for solar distillation plants due to its simplicity in construction and operation, low cost and however the yield is low. Various active methods have been developed to overcome this issue. These developments create additional costs for the system. The main objective of this project is to effectively utilize the solar water heater for solar still productivity enhancement, which works as a hybrid system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
CFD Analysis of Single Basin Double Slope Solar Stilljournal ijrtem
Abstract : This paper deals with thethermal and CFD analysis of single basin double slope solar still. The modeling of still is done in solid works software and CFD analysis in ANSYS. CFD analysis for different months of solar irradiance was carried out. Maximum production rate and temperature distribution in the still was analyzed. Keywords: Double slope solar still, CFD analysis, solar irradiance, desalination system.
Experimental Study of A Vacuumed Solar Still SystemIJAPEJOURNAL
This experimental study presents a thermal design of a passive solar water distillation system with vacuum. The designed model consists of a glass cover, basin water equipped with reflecting mirror and insulation, and controlled vacuum pump to create vacuum inside the still to decrease the saturation temperature of water and in order to increase the yield. Feed water in the basin is heated by solar energy, and the evaporated water is condensed by inner glass cover. The temperatures at different locations in the system, the received amount of solar radiation, and the distilled water produced were determined. The highest temperature developed inside the distilling device was 51˚ C at ambient temperature of 24˚ C, the daily water production was 1.2 L/m2.day, and the efficiency of the solar still was 15%.
An Experimental Study on a New Design of Double Slope Solar Still with Extern...IOSR Journals
The world demand for potable water is increasing steadily with growing population. Desalination using solar energy is suitable for potable water production from brackish and seawater. In this paper, we presents design, fabrication and testing of double slope solar still with external flatted and internal parabolic reflectors and also optimization of external flat reflector tilt angle for Egyptian climatic conditions. The external flat reflector tilted at (30°, 45°, 60° and 75°) on the horizontal plane. The depth of water inside basin still is 1cm. Experimental results were compared with conventional double slope solar still. Optimum tilt angle is found to be 60° with a maximum daily productivity of 9.89 lit/m2.
ON MODEL OF MANUFACTURING OF A BAND-PASS FILTER TO INCREASE INTEGRATION RATE ...antjjournal
In this paper we introduce an approach to increase integration rate of field-effect heterotransistors in the
framework of band-pass filter. In the framework of the approach we consider a heterostructure with special configuration. Several specific areas of the heterostructure should be doped by diffusion or ion implantation. Annealing of dopant and/or radiation defects should be optimized.
A MODEL OF MANUFACTURING OF A MOSFETFILTER WITH ACCOUNT MISMATCH-INDUCED STRE...antjjournal
In the present time several actual problems of the solid state electronics (such as increasing of
performance, reliability and density of elements of integrated circuits: diodes, field-effect and bipolar
transistors) are intensively solving. To increase the performance of these devices it is attracted an interest
determination of materials with higher values of charge carriers mobility. One way to decrease dimensions
of elements of integrated circuits is manufacturing them in thin film heterostructures. In this paper we
introduce an approach to increase density of field-effect transistors in the framework of a metal-oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistor filter. In the framework of the approach we consider manufacturing of
the above filter in a heterostructure with specific configuration. Several appropriate areas of the
considered heterostructure should be doped by diffusion or by ion implantation. After the doping the
considered dopant and radiation defects should be annealed in the framework oh the recently considered
optimized scheme. We also consider an approach to decrease value of mismatch-induced stress in the
considered heterostructure. The decreasing of the mismatch-induced stress could be decreased by
radiation processing of appropriate areas of heterostructure. We introduce an analytical approach to
analyze mass and heat transport in heterostructures during manufacturing of integrated circuits with
account mismatch-induced stress.
On Optimization of Manufacturing of Field-Effect Heterotransistors Frame-work...antjjournal
We consider an approach for increasing density of field-effect heterotransistors in a single-stage multi-path operational amplifier. At the same time one can obtain decreasing of dimensions of the above transistors. Dimensions of the elements could be decreased by manufacturing of these elements in a heterostructure with specific structure. The manufacturing is doing by doping of required areas of the heterostructure by diffusion or ion implantation with future optimization of annealing of dopant and/or radiation defects.
Performance Enhancement of Single Slope Solar Still Using Nano-Particles Mixe...antjjournal
ABSTRACT
The present paper reports on an experiment to improve the productivity of solar still using nano-particles. Solar distillation is a relatively simple treatment of brackish or impure water. In this solar energy is used to evaporate water then this vapour is condensed as pure water. This process removes salts and other impurities. Latest trend to improve the efficiency of the solar still is use of nano-particles like metal oxides. These particles increase surface area of absorption to solar radiation. In this work the Al2O3 nanoparticles mixed black paint is used to enhance the productivity of solar still. The solar radiations are transmitted through the glass cover and captured by a black painted inner bottom surface of the solar still. Water absorbs the heat and is converted into vapour within the chamber of the solar still.Single slop solar still is used from past decades but in this study effect of nano-particles on productivity of solar still is analyzed. Experimental work is performed for the single slope solar still (SS-SS) under climatic conditions of Jaipur. The use of the nano-particles mixed with black paint increases the temperature of the solar still basin. The productivity and efficiency of solar still at water depth 0.01 m with nano-particles are 3.48 litre and 38.65% respectively which are maximum values compared to water depths 0.02 m and 0.03 m. Results of the study gives 38.09% increment in productivity and 12.18% increment in thermal efficiency when nano-particles of size 50 nm to 100 nm mixed black paint used at water depth .01 m. To check the significance of difference in productivity of solar still with and without nano-particle mixed black paint, a paired t-Test is performed which is conforms that the productivity enhancement due to nano-particle mixed black paint is significant at 95% confidence interval.
KEYWORDS
Solar still, Distillation, Nano-particles, Productivity, TDS, P
Synthesis, Evaluation, Modeling and Simulation of Nano-Pore NAA Zeolite Membr...antjjournal
ABSTRACT
Zeolite membranes have uniform and molecular-sized pores that separate molecules based on the differences in the molecules’ adsorption and diffusion properties. Strong electrostatic interaction between ionic sites and water molecules (due to its highly polar nature) makes the zeolite NaA membrane very hydrophilic. Zeolite NaA membranes are thus well suited for the separation of liquid-phase mixtures by
pervaporation. In this study, experiments were conducted with various Ethanol–water mixtures (1–20 wt. %) at 25 °C. Total flux for Ethanol–water mixtures was found to vary from 0.331 to 0.229 kg/m2 .h with increasing Ethanol concentration from 1 to 20 wt.%. Ionic sites of the NaA zeolite matrix play a very important role in water transport through the membrane. These sites act both as water sorption and transport sites. Surface diffusion of water occurs in an activated fashion through these sites. The precise Nano-porous structure of the zeolite cage helps in a partial molecular sieving of the large solvent
molecules leading to high separation factors. A comparison between experimental flux and calculated flux using Stephan Maxwell (S.M.) correlation was made and a linear trend was found to exist for water flux through the membrane with Ethanol concentration. A comprehensive model also was proposed for the Ethanol/water pervaporation (PV) by Finite Element Method (FEM). The 2D model was masterfully capable of predicting water concentration distribution within both the membrane and the feed side of the pervaporation membrane module.
KEYWORDS
Nano pores; Pervaporation; Ethanol separation; Zeolite NaA membrane; FEM simulation
On Optimization of Manufacturing of Field-Effect Heterotransistors Frame-work...antjjournal
We consider an approach for increasing density of field-effect heterotransistors in a single-stage multi-path operational amplifier. At the same time one can obtain decreasing of dimensions of the above transistors.
Dimensions of the elements could be decreased by manufacturing of these elements in a heterostructure with specific structure. The manufacturing is doing by doping of required areas of the heterostructure by
diffusion or ion implantation with future optimization of annealing of dopant and/or radiation defects.
On Optimization of Manufacturing of Field-Effect Heterotransistors Frame-work...antjjournal
We consider an approach for increasing density of field-effect heterotransistors in a single-stage multi-path
operational amplifier. At the same time one can obtain decreasing of dimensions of the above transistors.
Dimensions of the elements could be decreased by manufacturing of these elements in a heterostructure
with specific structure. The manufacturing is doing by doping of required areas of the heterostructure by
diffusion or ion implantation with future optimization of annealing of dopant and/or radiation defects.
REVIEW OF NANO TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY AND THE ROLE OF R &...antjjournal
The development of technology in the world, especially nanotechnology has also penetrated into the textile
sector. The application of nanotechnology to textiles has given its own advantages compared to
conventional textile technology. Nano technology has provided several advantages, such as: textiles with
multiple functions, better quality, cheaper and environmentally friendly. Through the application of
nanotechnology, types of textiles can be produced for many different uses, ranging from textiles to
aerospace, aeronautic, automotive, sportwear, fire fighting, to defense and security such as parachutes,
bulletproof clothes, and others. Thus for the Indonesian textile industry, in order to be able to compete with
the textile industry from outside, it is also necessary to adjust to the development of global technology. The
role of R&D institutions and universities is very strategic to develop nanotechnology where the industry is
unable to do so given the shortage of human resources and research facilities.
REVIEW OF NANO TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY AND THE ROLE OF R &...antjjournal
The development of technology in the world, especially nanotechnology has also penetrated into the textile
sector. The application of nanotechnology to textiles has given its own advantages compared to
conventional textile technology. Nano technology has provided several advantages, such as: textiles with
multiple functions, better quality, cheaper and environmentally friendly. Through the application of
nanotechnology, types of textiles can be produced for many different uses, ranging from textiles to
aerospace, aeronautic, automotive, sportwear, fire fighting, to defense and security such as parachutes,
bulletproof clothes, and others. Thus for the Indonesian textile industry, in order to be able to compete with
the textile industry from outside, it is also necessary to adjust to the development of global technology. The
role of R&D institutions and universities is very strategic to develop nanotechnology where the industry is
unable to do so given the shortage of human resources and research facilities.
A NOVEL PRECURSOR IN PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NICKEL OXIDE (NIO) A...antjjournal
Synthesis of Nickel Oxide (NiO) nanoparticles and cobalt oxide (CO3O4) materials synthesis by aqueous chemical growth (ACG) Techniques. Oxide based material having a wide band gap, and suitable for optical devices,Optoelectronic devices, UV photodetector, and Light emitting diode LEDs. The analysis
and characterizationof Nickel Oxide (NiO) and cobalt oxide (CO3O4) nanoparticles by(1) X-ray diffraction (XRD), (2) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and (3) Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy.
WORK FUNCTION ESTIMATION OF BISMUTH DOPED ZNO THIN FILMantjjournal
In this paper we report bismuth (Bi) doped ZnO based heterojunction devices. The p-type Bi doped ZnO thin films have been deposited on n and p type silicon substrate using sol-gel spin coating method. The ptype nature of the deposited Bi doped ZnO thin films have been analyzed by hot point probe method. The electrical properties of the fabricated devices have been obtained from I-V characteristic measured using
semiconductor parameter analyzer. Finally, the work function of Bi doped ZnO has been estimated from the electrical parameter obtained from I-V calculations.
ON OPTIMIZATION OF MANUFACTURING OF FIELD EFFECT HETEROTRANSISTORS FRAMEWORK ...antjjournal
We consider an approach for increasing density of field-effect heterotransistors in a single-stage multi-path
operational amplifier. At the same time one can obtain decreasing of dimensions of the above transistors.
Dimensions of the elements could be decreased by manufacturing of these elements in a heterostructure
with specific structure. The manufacturing is doing by doping of required areas of the heterostructure by
diffusion or ion implantation with future optimization of annealing of dopant and/or radiation defects.
ON OPTIMIZATION OF MANUFACTURING OF FIELD EFFECT HETEROTRANSISTORS FRAMEWORK ...antjjournal
We consider an approach for increasing density of field-effect heterotransistors in a single-stage multi-path operational amplifier. At the same time one can obtain decreasing of
dimensions of the above transistors.Dimensions of the elements could be decreased by manufacturing of these elements in a heterostructure with specific structure. The manufacturing is doing by doping of required areas of the heterostructure by diffusion or ion implantation with future optimization of annealing of dopant and/or radiation defects.
AN APPROACH TO OPTIMIZE MANUFACTURE OF AN ACTIVE QUADRATURE SIGNAL GENERATOR ...antjjournal
In this paper we introduce an approach to increase density of field-effect transistors framework an active
quadrature signal generator. Framework the approach we consider manufacturing the generator in heterostructure
with specific configuration. Several required areas of the heterostructure should be doped by diffusion
or ion implantation. After that dopant and radiation defects should by annealed framework optimized
scheme. We also consider an approach to decrease value of mismatch-induced stress in the considered
heterostructure. We introduce an analytical approach to analyze mass and heat transport in heterostructures
during manufacturing of integrated circuits with account mismatch-induced stress.
SYNTHESIS, EVALUATION, MODELING AND SIMULATION OF NANO-PORE NAA ZEOLITE MEMBR...antjjournal
Zeolite membranes have uniform and molecular-sized pores that separate molecules based on the
differences in the molecules’ adsorption and diffusion properties. Strong electrostatic interaction between
ionic sites and water molecules (due to its highly polar nature) makes the zeolite NaA membrane very
hydrophilic. Zeolite NaA membranes are thus well suited for the separation of liquid-phase mixtures by
pervaporation. In this study, experiments were conducted with various Ethanol–water mixtures (1–20 wt.
%) at 25 °C. Total flux for Ethanol–water mixtures was found to vary from 0.331 to 0.229 kg/m2
.h with
increasing Ethanol concentration from 1 to 20 wt.%. Ionic sites of the NaA zeolite matrix play a very
important role in water transport through the membrane. These sites act both as water sorption and
transport sites. Surface diffusion of water occurs in an activated fashion through these sites. The precise
Nano-porous structure of the zeolite cage helps in a partial molecular sieving of the large solvent
molecules leading to high separation factors. A comparison between experimental flux and calculated flux
using Stephan Maxwell (S.M.) correlation was made and a linear trend was found to exist for water flux
through the membrane with Ethanol concentration. A comprehensive model also was proposed for the
Ethanol/water pervaporation (PV) by Finite Element Method (FEM). The 2D model was masterfully
capable of predicting water concentration distribution within both the membrane and the feed side of the
pervaporation membrane module.
ON APPROACH TO INCREASE DENSITY OF FIELD- EFFECT TRANSISTORS IN AN INVERTER C...antjjournal
In this paper we consider an approach to decrease dimensions of field-effect transistors framework invertors with increasing of their density. Framework the approach it is necessary to manufacture a
heterostructure, which consist of two layers. One of them includes into itself several sections. After manufacturing of the heterostructure these sections should be doped by diffusion or by ion implantation with future optimized annealing of dopant and/or radiation defects. To prognosis the technological process we consider an analytical approach, which gives a possibility to take into account variation of physical parameters in space and time. At the same time the approach gives a possibility to take into
account nonlinearity of mass and heat transport and to analyze the above transport without crosslinking solutions on interfaces between materials of heterostructure.
Advanced Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal (ANTJ) antjjournal
Advanced Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal (ANTJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Nanoscience and Technology. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Nanoscience and Technology.
Advanced Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal (ANTJ) antjjournal
Advanced Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal (ANTJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses
the impacts and challenges of Nanoscience and Technology. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make
a fundamental contribution for the development of Nanoscience and Technology.
Advanced Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal (ANTJ) antjjournal
Advanced Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal (ANTJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Nanoscience and Technology. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Nanoscience and Technology
In the present work micromachining of PMMA was carried out using KrF excimer laser. Excimer laser pulse with a wavelength of 248 nm was generated with a coherent COMPexPro 110 excimer laser system.
A micro-hole of Ø150 μm was machined on PMMA substrate during the experimentation. The PMMA substrate was mounted on the translation stage. The PMMA substrates were ex-posed to different number of pulses (1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100) at repetition rate of 2, 5 and 10 Hz respectively by keeping the pulse energy unchanged at 200 mJ. In the present experimentation, the effect of pulse repetition rate and
number of pulses on ablation depth has been investigated. The experimental results for micromachining
demonstrate ablation process as a photo-chemical mechanism. The results of the experimentation have
revealed that, ablation depth is directly proportional to pulse number & pulse repetition rate has no significant effects on the ablation depth.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF SINGLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL USING NANOPARTICLES MIXED BLACK PAINT
1. Advanced Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal (ANTJ), Vol.1, No. 1, June 2015
55
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF
SINGLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL USING NANO-
PARTICLES MIXED BLACK PAINT
Manoj Kumar Sain, Godhraj Kumawat
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan, Jaipur
ABSTRACT
The present paper reports on an experiment to improve the productivity of solar still using nano-particles.
Solar distillation is a relatively simple treatment of brackish or impure water. In this solar energy is used to
evaporate water then this vapour is condensed as pure water. This process removes salts and other
impurities. Latest trend to improve the efficiency of the solar still is use of nano-particles like metal oxides.
These particles increase surface area of absorption to solar radiation. In this work the Al2O3 nano-
particles mixed black paint is used to enhance the productivity of solar still. The solar radiations are
transmitted through the glass cover and captured by a black painted inner bottom surface of the solar still.
Water absorbs the heat and is converted into vapour within the chamber of the solar still.Single slop solar
still is used from past decades but in this study effect of nano-particles on productivity of solar still is
analyzed. Experimental work is performed for the single slope solar still (SS-SS) under climatic conditions
of Jaipur. The use of the nano-particles mixed with black paint increases the temperature of the solar still
basin. The productivity and efficiency of solar still at water depth 0.01 m with nano-particles are 3.48 litre
and 38.65% respectively which are maximum values compared to water depths 0.02 m and 0.03 m. Results
of the study gives 38.09% increment in productivity and 12.18% increment in thermal efficiency when
nano-particles of size 50 nm to 100 nm mixed black paint used at water depth .01 m. To check the
significance of difference in productivity of solar still with and without nano-particle mixed black paint, a
paired t-Test is performed which is conforms that the productivity enhancement due to nano-particle mixed
black paint is significant at 95% confidence interval.
KEYWORDS
Solar still, Distillation, Nano-particles, Productivity, TDS, PPM.
SYMBOLS USED
Symbol Brief description
A Area of basin (m2
)
cp Specific heat of water (kJ/kg o
C)
dT Change in temperature of water in basin for one hour (o
C)
dT' Temperature difference between average temperature of water
2. Advanced Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal (ANTJ), Vol.1, No. 1, June 2015
56
in one hour and initial temperature of water of two continues
observations in one hour (o
C)
Eevap Energy used to evaporate water (MJ)
Ei Energy input, in MJ
Eo Energy output, in MJ
(Esensible)1 Energy for change in temperature of basin water (MJ)
(Esensible)2 Energy for change in temperature of yield production before
it evaporates(MJ)
vaph Latent heat of vaporization of water (kJ/kg)
I Solar radiation on solar still (MJ/m2
)
ITS-90 International Temperature Scale of 1990
M Condensed water mass per day (kg)
Mw Mass of water in basin (kg)
PPM Parts per million
TDS Total dissolved solids
Taverage Average temperature(o
C)
Tw Temperature of basin water (o
C)
η Efficiency
1. INTRODUCTION
In the present scenario, the demand of fresh water is increasing continuously [1]. To meet this
growing demand, ground water has been intensively exploited. Fresh water is required for
drinking, and other domestic purposes [2]. Solar still is a simplest desalination device which uses
solar energy for converting available impure or brackish water into distilled water. It is easy to
fabricate and require no maintenance [3]. The productivity of single basin solar stills is very low
[10], which must be increased with some modifications.
An inverted absorber solar still is a combination of a simple single slope solar still and a curved
reflector under its basin which gives additional heat to basin.. in this way the solar still takes an
advantage of double sided heating of basin i.e. from top as well as bottom which increases the
temperature of basin, which results in increased productivity [4]. Latest trends to improve the
efficiency of the solar still is, use of nano-particles like metal oxides, coupling of other solar
energy devices like solar air heater, solar pond etc, thermal storage tank. Previous study shows
that use of Nano-particles demonstrate better results for solar collecting devices. In domestic
buildings lots of heat is used by occupants it can be very useful for distillation process.
Mathematical modeling of solar still is done by lots of researchers and this can be helpful for
present study [5]. For small or remote communities where there is lack of water but also of
electrical grid the only solution is the use of renewable energies, as solar, wind etc., in connection
either to small capacity conventional desalination units but better to use solar energy with solar
stills. Conventional thermal desalination methods, as Multi-Stage-Flash, Multiple-Effect
Diffusion (MED) [9] and minor Thermal and/or Mechanical Vapor Compression found
application for large capacity installations. Reverse Osmosis, a membrane operating method
which functions by electricity, is used as well in small or large capacity plants. All these methods
3. Advanced Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal (ANTJ), Vol.1, No. 1, June 2015
57
found application worldwide, but especially in places with a total lack of fresh water and more or
less dense population. They are operated by conventional energy sources as fuels[6].
1.1. Objectives of Present Study
Objectives of present study are to show results of single slope solar distillation device which is
used to purify raw water in Indian desert region. Al2O3 nano-particles of size 50 nm to 100 nm
mixed with black paint is used at absorber surface (basin) for increasing the efficiency of solar
still.
2. SOLAR STILL WORKING PRINCIPLE
The main features are the same for all type of solar stills. In the present solar still solar radiations
transmitted through the glass cover and absorbed by nano particles mixed black painted surface at
the basin of the solar still. This energy is used to convert water into vapor within the chamber of
the solar still. The vapor is condensd on the glass cover of the solar still, which is at a lower
temperature because it is in contact with the ambient air and also the convection is takes place at
this layer. The condensed water goes down into a channel from where it is fed to a storage tank
for distilled water.
3. DESIGN OF SINGLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL
Single slop solar still is a commom device which is used from past decades. In this study the
effect of Al2O3 nano-particle on productivity of sinle slope solar still is analyzed. Figure 1 shows
the isometric view of solar still used for study.
The height, length and width of the solar still are shown in Figure 1. The area of basin of still is 1
m2
. Solar still is made by GI sheet and cover of solar still is made by clear glass. All sides of solar
still are insulated with thermocol of thickness 50 mm. Al2O3 nano-particles mixed black paint is
painted on basin to increase the radiation absorption.
Figure 1: Isometric view of solar still
4. Advanced Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal (ANTJ), Vol.1, No. 1, June 2015
58
The solar radiations partially reach to the water surface directly after transmission
through the glass cover, the water surface receives the rest of the radiations after the
reflection from reflector. The water also partially reflects and partially absorbs the total
solar radiations falling on the water surface and the rest are absorbed by the absorber
painted with nano-particles mixed black paint. Most of the solar radiations are used by
water after absorption, which gets heated and vaporization is started. Due to wind some
heat is transferred to the atmosphere through outer layer of glass cover and then
condensation is started. This condensed water is collected through the channel. Figure 2
shows actual view of setup which is used for experimentation.
Figure 2: Final stage photograph of solar still
4. THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR STILL
Efficiency of the solar still is calculated using the input and output energies. Input energy (Ei) is
the solar radiation; solar radiation for location of Jaipur is taken from Indian Metrological
Department.
Output energy (Eo) of the solar still is in three parts.
(i) Distillate output
Distillate output (in terms of energy):
Evap = M × vaph
.................................................................................................(i)
5. Advanced Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal (ANTJ), Vol.1, No. 1, June 2015
59
Where
M is yield production of solar still in kg/h and vaph is latent heat of water.
(ii) (Esensible)1 Energy for change in temperature of basin water.
(Esensible)1 = Mw × cpdT ...................................................................................(ii)
Where,
Mw is water mass in basin remaining after vaporization for one hour.
cp is specific heat of water and cp = 4.187 kJ/kg o
C.
dT is change in temperature of water remain in basin for one hour.
(iii) (Esensible)2 Energy for change in temperature of yield production before it evaporate.
Water is evaporating at different temperatures in the period of one hour between two continuous
observations. So, calculation of energy take temperature difference between average temperature
of water in one hour and initial temperature of water of two continioue observations in one hour.
(Esensible)2 = M × cpdT’....................................................................................(iii)
Where,
dT’ is temperature difference between average temperature of water in one hour and initial
temperature of water of two continioue observations in one hour.
Thermal efficiency is calculated by following equations
Energy input Ei = ∑ I × A .................................................................................(iv)
Energy output Eo = Evap + (Esensible)1 + (Esensible)2 .......................................................(v)
Put the values of Evap, (Esensible)1 and (Esensible)2 from equation (i), (ii) and (iii) in equation (v) then.
Eo = M × vaph + Mw × cpdT + M × cpdT'.............................................(vi)
The value of vaph is taken as
vaph = 2503.3 - 2.398 ×T kJ/kg [22]..................................................(vii)
In above equation T is take as average temperature of basin water.
Energy used to change temperature of water
Esensible = (Esensible)1 + (Esensible)2
Esensible = Mw × cpdT + M × cpdT' ..............................................................(viii)
Output energy Eo = Evap + Esensible ...............................................................................(ix)
Overall efficiency 100%o
i
E
E
η = × ....................................................................................(x)
6. Advanced Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal (ANTJ), Vol.1, No. 1, June 2015
60
Where A = Area of basin = 1.0 m2
M = Mass of water evaporated in one day in kg.
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Parameters which are analyzed in this study are following:
5.1 Full day yield production
In this part of study full day water distillation done by solar still is analyzed which is shown in
Table 1. Loss of heat from solar still is also considered, so that thermal efficiency of solar still can
be improved. Here 0.01 m water depth will be used for analysis because maximum yield
production was observed at 0.01 m depth.
5.2 Effect of water mass
Efficiency of solar still depends on level of raw water or in other way water mass is an important
parameter for solar still efficiency. In this study different depth of water has been taken to find the
change in thermal efficiency. Three different depths of water have been recorded which are 0.01
m, 0.02 m and 0.03 m respectively.
5.3 Effect of Al2O3 nano-particles mixed black paint
Use of nano-particles mixed black paint can improve thermal efficiency of any heat transfer
device [5], because area of heat absorbing surface is increased. Very few studies show application
of nano-particles in solar thermal engineering, so in this study effect of nano-particles mixed
black paint has been analyzed. Al2O3 has been used as material for nano-particles. The size of
nano-particles used is 50 nm to 100 nm.
5.4 Cost analysis
In this work by using nano-particles there is an increase of Rs. 1500 in the cost of solar still. But
increases productivity by 38.09% (0.96 litre per day) so increased cost recovered by the solar still
in 104 days because market price of branded potable water is Rs. 15 per litre. Rs. 0.96 × 15 =
14.4/- per day increased (increased cost recovered by the solar still in 1500/14.4 = 104 days) and
very less cost appear in maintenance
5.5 Summary of results
Experimental work was performed for the single slope solar still (SS-SS) under desert climatic
conditions of Rajasthan (Jaipur). When the water depth was increased from 0.01 m to 0.03 m, it
was observed that the productivity decreased by 6.34%. These results show that the water level
has an intense effect on the productivity of the solar stil.
After the use of Al2O3 nano-particles it was observed that the solar still productivity increased by
38.09%. The use of the nano-particle mixed paint increases the temperature of the solar still
7. Advanced Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal (ANTJ), Vol.1, No. 1, June 2015
61
basin, such an increase in the temperature is because of the increase in the absorption of the solar
radiation at basin of the still.
Table 1: Summary of parameters of study
Table 1 shows the results that solar still achieves more than 98.4% (less than 16 PPM) pure water
5.6 Comparison of solar radiation and day time production in graphical form
Comparative study of global solar radiation intensity and day time production are shown in
graphical form in figures 3, 4, 5 and 6 recorded at 0.01 m water depth, 0.02 m water depth, 0.03
m water depth and 0.01 m water depth with nano-particles respectively.
Figure 3: Global solar radiation and production at 0.01 m water depth on 31March 2014 [7]
S.
No.
Study
parameter
Total
quantity of
raw water
(kg)
TDS of sample
water(PPM)
Total
collected
water (kg)
TDS of
collected
water(PPM)
Efficiency
1 Depth = 0.01 m 10 463 2.52 14 26.47%
2 Depth = 0.02 m 20 496 2.4 16 31.62%
3 Depth = 0.03 m 30 520 2.36 15 38.16%
4
Depth = 0.01 m,
nano- particles
use
10 414 3.48 14 38.65%
8. Advanced Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal (ANTJ), Vol.1, No. 1, June 2015
62
Figure 4: Global solar radiation and production at 0.02 m water depth on 01 April 2014 [7]
Figure 5: Global solar radiation and production at 0.03 m water depth on 02 April 2014 [7]
9. Advanced Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal (ANTJ), Vol.1, No. 1, June 2015
63
Figure 6: Global solar radiation and production at 0.01 m water depth (nano-particles mixed black paint) on
06 April 2014 [7]
5.7 Effect of nano-particles on production at different water levels
Comparison of production of distilled water (kg/hour) in graphical form is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7: Effect of nano-particles on production
10. Advanced Nanoscience and Technology: An International Journal (ANTJ), Vol.1, No. 1, June 2015
64
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 Conclusion
From the study it can be concluded that the production and efficiency of solar still at water depth
0.01 m with nano-particles are 3.48 litres and 38.65% respectively. 38.09% increment in
production and 12.18% increment in thermal efficiency was achieved when nano-particles mixed
black paint is used. These results show that the water level and nano-particles mixed black paint
has an intense effect on the distillate output of the solar still. The PPM of raw water is more than
the PPM of distilled water given by the solar still is the proof of quality of distilled water.
6.2 Future scope
Distilled water is very useful for industries and laboratories. It be can use for drinking by adding a
certain percentage of normal water. Solar still is very useful in desert or rural areas where no
connection of electricity is available to run modern RO (Reverse Osmosis) systems. So this work
will be useful for providing this facility in the villages which have not electricity connection.
Ordinary people can setup small solar still on the roof of the building and get distilled water
continuously. This work will also provide growth of the small scale industries which produce
distilled water in India. In the setup small investment is required initially and its maintenance is
very little. The technology involved in the fabrication of solar still is very simple and can be
maintained at the village level itself.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Dr. N. K. Banthiya, Professor and Head, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and
Gramothan, Jaipur for his valuable suggestions and guidance during the work.
REFERENCES
[1] Boubekria, M., and Chakerb A., (2011) “Yield of an Improved Solar Still: Numerical Approach”
Energy Procedia , Vol. 6, pp. 610-617.
[2] Arunkumar, T., Jayaprakash, R., Denkenberger, D.. Ahsan, A., Okundamiya, M.S., and Kumar, S.,
(2011) “An Experimental Study on a Hemispherical Solar Still” Desalination, Vol. 286, pp. 1-7.
[3] Kalidasa, M.K. and Srithar, K., (2011) “Performance Study on Basin Type Double Slope Solar Still
with Different Wick Materials and Minimum mass of Water”. Renewable Energy, Vol. 36, pp. 612-
620.
[4] Dev, R., Wahab, S.A.A., and Tiwari, G. N., (2011) “Performance Study of the Inverted Absorber
Solar Still with Water Depth and Total Dissolved Solid.” Applied Energy, Vol. 88, pp. 252-264
[5] Koilraj, G.M., Senthil Kumar, P., Rajakumar, S. and Syed Yousuf., M. H., (2011) “Effect of Nano-
Fluids in a Vaccum Single Basin Solar Still” International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research
and Studies Vol. I, pp. 171-177
[6] Khaoula, H., Slama, R.B. and Gabsi, S., (2010) “Hybrid Solar Still by Heat Pump Compression.”
Desalination Vol. 250, pp. 444-449.
[7] Indian Metrologocal Department, AWS LAB PUNE
http://www.imdaws.com/ViewRadiationData.aspx (accessed on 9 April 2014)
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[8] Amimul, A., Shafiul Islam, K. M., Teruyuki, F., and Abdul, H.G., (2010) "Experimental Study on
Evaporation, Condensation and Production Of A New Tubular Solar Still." Desalination, Vol. 260,
pp. 172–179.
[9] Huang,,B., Chong, T., Po-HsienWu, Han-YiDai, and Kao, Y., (2015) “Spiral Multiple-Effect
Diffusion Solar Still Coupled with Vacuum-Tube Collector and Heat Pipe” Desalination, Vol. 362,
pp. 74–83
[10] El-Sebaii, A.A., Ramadan, M.R.I., Aboul-Enein, S. M. and El-Naggar, (2015) “Effect of Fin
Configuration Parameters on Single Basin Solar Still Performance” Desalination, Vol. 365, pp. 15-24