Diploma in Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, kalamb-walchandnagar
Sub- Power plant engineering
Unit-Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generation.
By- Prof. Kokare Amol Yashwant
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for the generation of electrical energy
is known as Diesel power station or Diesel power plant
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for the generation of electrical energy
is known as Diesel power station or Diesel power plant
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Introduction
Need of Cogeneration
Principle and Advantages of Cogeneration
Technical Options for Cogeneration
Gas turbine Cogeneration Systems
Reciprocating Engine Cogeneration Systems
Classification of Cogeneration Systems
Topping Cycle
Bottoming Cycle
Factors Influencing Cogeneration Choice
Important Technical Parameters for Cogeneration
Typical Cogeneration Performance Parameters
Relative Merits of Cogeneration Systems
Case Study
The presentation gives a basic idea of cooling towers in big industries including the Power Plants. The performance of cooling towers and the commonenly used terms with reference to the cooling towers are also discussed at length. Care to be taken while in freezing temperatures in the European countries is also discussed.
A short presentation about the different components of a steam power plant. It first tells us what's a steam power plant and then explains how electricity is generated by them.
Cogeneration is a system that produces heat and electricity simultaneously in a single plant, powered by just one primary energy source, thereby guaranteeing a better energy yield than would be possible to achieve from two separate production sources.
”Waste heat recovery” is the process of “heat integration”, that is, reusing heat energy that would otherwise be disposed of or simply released into the atmosphere. By recovering waste heat, plants can reduce energy costs and CO2 emissions, while simultaneously increasing energy efficiency.
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Introduction
Need of Cogeneration
Principle and Advantages of Cogeneration
Technical Options for Cogeneration
Gas turbine Cogeneration Systems
Reciprocating Engine Cogeneration Systems
Classification of Cogeneration Systems
Topping Cycle
Bottoming Cycle
Factors Influencing Cogeneration Choice
Important Technical Parameters for Cogeneration
Typical Cogeneration Performance Parameters
Relative Merits of Cogeneration Systems
Case Study
The presentation gives a basic idea of cooling towers in big industries including the Power Plants. The performance of cooling towers and the commonenly used terms with reference to the cooling towers are also discussed at length. Care to be taken while in freezing temperatures in the European countries is also discussed.
A short presentation about the different components of a steam power plant. It first tells us what's a steam power plant and then explains how electricity is generated by them.
Cogeneration is a system that produces heat and electricity simultaneously in a single plant, powered by just one primary energy source, thereby guaranteeing a better energy yield than would be possible to achieve from two separate production sources.
”Waste heat recovery” is the process of “heat integration”, that is, reusing heat energy that would otherwise be disposed of or simply released into the atmosphere. By recovering waste heat, plants can reduce energy costs and CO2 emissions, while simultaneously increasing energy efficiency.
Classification, Advantages and applications, Commercially viable
waste heat recovery devices, Saving potential.
Waste heat is heat, which is generated in a process by way of fuel combustion or chemical
reaction, and then “dumped” into the environment even though it could still be reused for some
useful and economic purpose. The essential quality of heat is not the amount but rather its
“value”. The strategy of how to recover this heat depends in part on the temperature of the waste
heat gases and the economics involved.
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY TO INCREASE BOILER EFFICIENCY USING BAGASSE AS FUEL IAEME Publication
Many industrial heating processes generate waste energy in textile industry; especially exhaust gas from the boiler at the same time reducing global warming. Waste heat found in the
exhaust gas can be used to preheat the incoming gas. This is one of the basic methods for recovery of waste heat. Therefore, this article will present a study the way to recovery heat waste from boiler exhaust gas by mean of shell and tube heat exchanger.
Heat Pump, their types, Classification of airconditioning system, ventilation: its purpose and types, Tunnel and Mine ventilation, All air, All water and Air-water airconditioning system
Design &Analysis of Waste Heat Recovery System for Domestic RefrigeratorIJMER
Heat is energy, so energy saving is one of the key matters from view point of fuel consumption
and for the protection of global environment. So it is necessary that a significant and concrete effort should
be made for conserving energy through waste heat recovery too. The main objective of this paper is to study
“Waste Heat recovery system for domestic refrigerator”. An attempt has been made to utilize waste heat
from condenser of refrigerator. This heat can be used for number of domestic and industrial purposes. In
minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, this system is much useful for domestic purpose. It
is valuable alternative approach to improve overall efficiency and reuse the waste heat. The study has
shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable.
Waste heat is heat, which is generated in a process by way of fuel combustion or chemical reaction, and then “dumped” into the environment even though it could still be reused for some useful and economic purpose. The essential quality of heat is not the amount but rather its “value”. The strategy of how to recover this heat depends in part on the temperature of the waste heat gases and the economics involved. Heat Losses – Quality
Depending upon the type of process, waste heat can be rejected at virtually any temperature from that of chilled cooling water to high temperature waste gases from an industrial furnace or kiln.
Usually higher the temperature, higher the quality and more cost effective is the heat recovery. In any study of waste heat recovery, it is absolutely necessary that there should be some use for the recovered heat. Typical examples of use would be preheating of combustion air, space heating, or pre-heating boiler feed water or process water.
With high temperature heat recovery, a cascade system of waste heat recovery may be practiced to ensure that the maximum amount of heat is recovered at the highest potential. An example of this technique of waste heat recovery would be where the high temperature stage was used for air pre-heating and the low temperature stage used for process feed water heating or steam raising.
Heat Losses – Quantity
In any heat recovery situation it is essential to know the amount of heat recoverable and also how it can be used. An example of the availability of waste heat is given below:
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Benefits of 'waste heat recovery' can be broadly classified in two categories:
Direct Benefits:
Recovery of waste heat has a direct effect on the efficiency of the process. This is reflected by reduction in the utility consumption & costs, and process cost.
Indirect Benefits:
Reduction in pollution: A number of toxic combustible wastes such as carbon monoxide gas, sour gas, carbon black off gases, oil sludge, Acrylonitrile and other plastic chemicals etc, releasing to atmosphere if/when burnt in the incinerators serves dual purpose i.e. recovers heat and reduces the environmental pollution levels.
Reduction in equipment sizes: Waste heat recovery reduces the fuel consumption, which leads to reduction in the flue gas produced. This results in reduction in equipment sizes of
all flue gas handling equipments such as fans, stacks, ducts, burners, etc.
Reduction in auxiliary energy consumption: Reduction in equipment sizes gives
additional benefits in the form of reduction in auxiliary energy consumption like electricity for fans, pumps etc..
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System :Understanding the process Understanding the process is essential for development of Waste Heat Recovery system. This can be accomplished by reviewing the process flow sheets, layout diagrams, piping isometrics, electrical and instrumentation cable ducting etc. Detail review of these document
Sub. Mechanical Engineering Measurement.Ch. no. 3 pressure and temperature me...Amol Kokare
Sub. Mechanical Engineering Measurement.
Ch. no. 3 pressure and temperature measurement
Babasaheb Phadatre Polytechnic, Kalamb.
Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Prepared By-
Prof. Kokare Amol Yashwant Sir
Subject: Mechanical Engineering Measurement. (I-Scheme III Sem. Diploma in Mechanical Engg.)
Ch. no. 2. displacement, force & torque measurement.
Department of Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, Kalamb-Walchandnagar.
Prepared by Prof. Amol Yashwant Kokare Sir
How to improve your body language
Prof. Kokare A.Y. from Phadtare knowledge city
WOrk as Training and placement officer and Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering Department.
Environmental Studies ppt for EST,
Ch. No. 7 Environmental Protection,
By Prof. Kokare A.Y.
Lecturer at Babasaheb phadtare polytechnic, Kalamb-Walchandnagar.
Environmental Studies ppt for EST,
Ch. No. 6 Social Issues and Environment,
By Prof. Kokare A.Y.
Lecturer at Babasaheb phadtare polytechnic, Kalamb-Walchandnagar.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
Waste heat recovery, co geration and tri-generation
1. Unit No. 4 Waste Heat Recovery,
Cogeneration and Tri-generation
Department of Mechanical Engineering Prof. Kokare A.Y.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, Kalamb-Walchandnagar
Subject- Power Plant Engineering
2. Unit No. 4
Waste Heat Recovery,
Cogeneration and Tri-generation
Course Outcome (CO):
Measure waste heat recovery in a
typical thermal power plants.
3. Waste Heat Recovery
• Introduction
A waste heat recovery unit (WHRU) isan energy recovery heat exchanger that
transfers heat from process outputs at high temperature to another part of the
process for some purpose, usually increased efficiency. The WHRU is a tool
involved in cogeneration. Waste heat may be extracted from sources such as hot
flue gases from a diesel generator, steam from cooling towers, or even waste
water from cooling processes such as in steel cooling.
Waste heat is heat, which is generated in a process by way of fuel combustion
or chemical reaction, and then “dumped” into the environment even though it
could still be reused for some useful and economic purpose. The essential
quality of heat is not the amount but rather its “value”. The strategy of how
to recover this heat depends in part on the temperature of the waste
• Waste heat found in the exhaust gas of various processes or even from the exhaust
stream of a conditioning unit can be used to preheat the incoming gas. This is one
of the basic methods for recovery of waste heat. Many steel making plants use this
process as an economic method to increase the production of the plant with lower
fuel demand.
4. Classification of WHRS on Temperature
Range Bases
High Temperature Heat Recovery
The following Table 8.2 gives temperatures of waste gases from industrial process equipment in the high temperature
range.All of these results from direct fuel fired processes.
Medium Temperature Heat Recovery
The following Table 8.3 gives the temperatures of waste gases from process equipment in the medium temperature range.
Most of the waste heat in this temperature range comes from the exhaust of directly fired processunits.
Low Temperature Heat Recovery
The following Table 8.4 lists some heat sources in the low temperature range. In this range it is usually not practical to
extract work from the source, though steam production may not be completely excluded if there is a need for low-
pressure steam. Low temperature waste heat may be useful in a supplementary way for preheating purposes.
5. Classification of WHRS on Temperature
Range Bases
Low Temperature Heat Recovery
The following Table 8.4 lists some heat sources
in the low temperature range. In this range it is
usually not practical to extract work from the
source, though steam production may not be
completely excluded if there is a need for low-
pressure steam. Low temperature waste heat
may be useful in a supplementary way for
preheating purposes.
6. Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
• Direct Benefits:
Recovery of waste heat has a direct effect on the efficiency of
the process. This is reflected by reduction in the utility
consumption & costs, and process cost.
• Indirect Benefits:
1. Reduction in pollution: A number of toxic combustible wastes such
as carbon monoxide gas, sour gas, carbon black off gases, oil sludge,
Acrylonitrile and other plastic chemicals etc., releasing to atmosphere
if/when burnt in the incinerators serves dual purpose i.e. recovers
heat and reduces the environmental pollution levels.
2. Reduction in equipment sizes: Waste heat recovery reduces the fuel
consumption, which leads to reduction in the flue gas produced. This
results in reduction in equipment sizes of all flue gas handling
equipment's such as fans, stacks, ducts, burners, etc.
7. Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
3. To reduce operating costs: By recycling and reusing the waste
heat energy, there will be less consumption of fuel. reduce the
operating cost of industry.
4. To make huge savings and earn high profit: By switching to the
most energy-efficient technology available, companies can make
huge savings and significantly reduce environmental impact. In
other words, industry will gain higher profit.
5. Increased demand: In the "World Energy Outlook" report the
International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts world energy demand
to increase by 45% over the next 20 years.
6. To challenge and face higher energy prices: Day by day, prices
of fossil fuels and other sources of energy are increasing.
Therefore, if energy is not saved and conserved by adopting
various technologies including the waste heat recovery method.
8. • There are many different commercial recovery units for the
transferring of energy from hot medium space to lower
one:
• Recuperators: This name is given to different types of
heat exchanger that the exhaust gases are passed through,
consisting of metal tubes that carry the inlet gas and thus
preheating the gas before entering the process. The heat
wheel is an example which operates on the same principle
as a solar air conditioning unit.
• Regenerators: This is an industrial unit that reuses the
same stream after processing. In this type of heat
recovery, the heat is regenerated and reused in the
process.
Classification of WHRS on basis of
Type of Equipment's
9. • Heat pipe exchanger: They have the ability to transfer
heat hundred times more than copper. Heat pipes are
mainly known in renewable energy technology as being
used in evacuated tube collectors. The heat pipe is mainly
used in space, process or air heating, in waste heat from a
process is being transferred to the surrounding due to its
transfer mechanism.
• Thermal Wheel or rotary heat exchanger: consists of a
circular honeycomb matrix of heat absorbing material,
which is slowly rotated within the supply and exhaust air
streams of an air handling system.
• Economizer: In case of process boilers, waste heat in the
exhaust gas is passed along a recuperators that carries the
inlet fluid for the boiler and thus decreases thermal energy
intake of the inlet fluid
10. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE HEAT
1. High grade heat above 300°C:
The high grade waste heat carried away by flue gases can be
recovered with the help of properly designed heat transfer
equipment. The use of high grade waste heat is the result of
technical necessity rather than economical reasons.
Source: High grade waste heat is in the form of flue gases
and can be readily recovered through heat transfer
equipment's.
2. Low grade heat below 300°C:
Low grade waste heat is usually in the form of process steam
and drain waters.
Source: Low grade heat is in the form of process steam and
rain water, commonly found in many o industrial plants like
food processing chemical industries.
11. Sr.
No
Source of Waste
Heat
Quality
1. Heat in flue gases. High grade. The higher the temperature, the greater the
potential value for heat energy.
2. Heat in vapour
streams
High grade. The higher the temperature, the greater the
potential value for heat energy. When these vapour
streams are condensed, latent heat is also recoverable.
3. Convective and
radiant heat lost
Law grade if recovered, it may be used for space heating or
air preheating
4. Heat losses in cooling
water
Low grade If recovered, these heat losses offer useful gains
when heat is exchanged with incoming fresh water
5. Heat losses in
providing chilled
water . or in the
disposal of chilled
water
High grade, if it can be utilized to reduced demand for
refrigeration Low grade, if refrigeration unit is used as a
form of heat pump
12. Heat Recovery Methods 1. Recuperator
• Recuperators is a special purpose counter-flow
energy recovery heat exchanger positioned within
the supply and exhaust air streams of an air
handling system, or in the exhaust gases of an
industrial process, in order to recover the waste
heat. Generally, they are used to extract heat from
the exhaust and use it to preheat air entering the
combustion system.
• In a recuperator, heat exchange takes place between
the flue gases and the air through metallic or
ceramic walls. Duct or tubes carry the air for
combustion to be pre-heated, the other side contains
the waste heat stream. A recuperator for recovering
waste heat from flue gases is shown in Figure. The
inner tube carries the hot exhaust gases while the
external annulus carries the combustion air from
the atmosphere to the air inlets of the furnace
burners.
14. Principle of Working: . "Waste heat recovery boilers are those boilers,
which either uses waste heat in the gases coming out of diesel engine
or gas turbines at high temperature or uses the waste fuel in the
incinerators. Incinerator is an apparatus for burning waste fuel at high
temperatures.
Use of waste heat recovery better is the most convenient and widely
used 1 low installation cost 2. Compact in se 3. No operating problems
Waste Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
15. LATENT HEAT RECOVERY METHOD
1. Waste heat recovery boilers especially designed for
capturing latent heat: They are found in any size.
2. Working fluids having less boiling point temperature than
water: Latent heat recovery from low temperature streams
for example, refrigerants, brine solutions) is possible by the
use of working fluids having boiling point less than water.
ADVANTAGES OF SENSIBLE HEAT RECOVERY
Advantages of sensible heat recovered are,
1. Sensible heat recovered from the waste flue gases can be
used either for winter air conditioning or preheating the air,
which is required for combustion of fuel.
2. Sensible heat recovered from the hot gases leaving the
metal furnaces can be used for heating the steel scraps.
16. ADVANTAGES OF WASTE HEAT RECOVERY FOR INDUSTRIAL
SECTOR
1. Waste heat recovery increases to the overall efficiency of
the industrial process.
2. Waste heat recovery reduces fuel consumption and so
decreases both the cost of fuel and energy consumption.
3. Waste heat recovery reduces harmful emissions
containing carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen etc.
4. Waste heat recovery helps to reduce the equipment size.
Due to reduced size of equipment, fuel consumption
reduces. It also reduces the requirements for handling the
fuel, pumps, filters, fan etc.
17. BENEFITS OR ADVANTAGES OR USES OF WASTE HEAT
RECOVERED
Direct Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery,
1. To heat the air, which is used for the purpose of
combustion.
2. To heat the air, which is used in winter air conditioning.
3. In case of metal furnaces used for melting steel scrap,
waste heat can be used for heating the air up to 300°C,
4. Waste heat of low temperature range (0 to 120°C) can be
used for the production of bio-fuels by growing algae farms
or can be used in green houses or in eco-industrial parts.
5. High grade waste heat (more than 650°C) can be used for
generation of electricity or mechanical work.
18. APPLICATIONS OF WASTE HEAT RECOVERED
Common applications of waste heat recovered are:
1. Pre-heating combustion air for boilers, ovens and
furnaces.
2. Pre-heating fresh air used to ventilate the building.
3. Hot water generation including pre-heating boiler feed
water.
4. Direct steam generation for process or power generation.
5. Space heating 6. Drying.
Special applications of waste heat recovered are:
1. Animal shelters. 2. Aqua-cultural uses.
3. Green houses. 4. Agricultural uses.
5. Process heating
19. ANIMAL SHELTERS
• The growth rate of some animals is strongly influenced by
atmospheric temperature.
• Proper control of temperature using waste heat can
increase the productivity as well as it can decrease the fuel
consumed to create artificial temperature.
This is particularly more effective for farms of small
animals. For example: Poultry farm.
20. AQUA CULTURAL USES
An artificial pond, where temperature is controlled with the help of
waste heat recovered from the exhaust steam of thermal power plant
• It is observed that the fish yield increases to 1000 kg per acre per
year as compared to 50 to 300 kg per acre per year in a pond with
phosphorous fertilizer.
• In addition to temperature dissolved oxygen and nutritional
adequacy are the other factors Lake or pond responsible for their
growth rate.
21. GREEN HOUSES
A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse) is a building, in which, plants
are grown. The waste heat can be used to produce green house
climate, where air temperature and relative humidity required for
different vegetables can be controlled. The favorable conditions for
the vegetables like tomatoes, onions and egg plants are 20 to 75oC
during day time and 15 to 70°C during night time, which can be
controlled easily by means of green house climates.
22. PROCESS HEATING:
Some of the applications of process heating in industries
are listed below.
1. Preheating of air required for combustion in boiler
furnace.
2. Reheating of fresh air for hot air driers.
3. Waste heat recovered from furnace can be used as heat
source for oven,
4. Waste heat recovered from the flue gases can be used
for preheating of boiler feed water in economizer.
5. Drying, curing and baking ovens.
6. Heating, ventilating and air conditioning system.
23. Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
• A thermal wheel, also known as a rotary heat exchanger, or rotary air-to-air enthalpy
wheel, or heat recovery wheel, is a type of energy recovery heat exchanger positioned
within the supply and exhaust air streams of an air-handling system or in the exhaust gases
of an industrial process, in order to recover the heat energy. Other variants
include enthalpy wheels and desiccant wheels. A cooling-specific thermal wheelis
sometimes referred to as a Kyoto wheel.
25. COGENERATION
.Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) may be defined
as, "the sequential generation of two different forms of useful energy
from a single primary energy source, typically mechanical energy and
thermal energy
26. NEED FOR COGENERATION
A cogeneration plant produces both, electrical power and process
heat simultaneous
1. Process heat.
There are several industries such as paper mills textile mills, chemical
industry, processing units sugar factories rice mills oil production and
refining, heating or and so on, where saturated steam at the desired
temperature is required for heating, drying etc. For constant
temperature heating (or drying).
2. Electrical power: Apart from the process heat the factory also
needs power to drive various machines, for lighting and other
purposes. Therefore, two separate units were required for generating
steam of two qualities.
But, having two separate units for process heat and power is
wasteful. Therefore, the idea of cogeneration came into existence.
Dnyan, Kala, Krida and Krishi Prathisthan’s
27. Principle and Advantages of Cogeneration
• Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is defined as the sequential
generation of two different forms of useful energy from a single primary energy
source, typically mechanical energy and thermal energy. Mechanical energy may be
used either to drive an alternator for producing electricity, or rotating equipment such as
motor, compressor, pump or fan for delivering various services. Thermal energy can be
used either for direct process applications or for indirectly producing steam, hot water,
hot air for dryer or chilled water for process cooling.
• Cogeneration provides a wide range of technologies for application in various domains of
• economic activities. The overall efficiency of energy use in cogeneration mode can be
up to 85 per cent and above in some cases.
• Along with the saving of fossil fuels, cogeneration also allows to reduce the emission of
greenhouse gases (particularly CO2 emission). The production of electricity being on-site,
the burden on the utility network is reduced and the transmission line losses
eliminated. Cogeneration makes sense from both macro and micro perspectives.
• At the macro level, it allows a part of the financial burden of the national power utility to
be shared by the private sector; in addition, indigenous energy sources are conserved.
• At the micro level, the overall energy bill of the users can be reduced, particularly when
there is a simultaneous need for both power and heat at the site, and a rational energy
tariff is practiced in the country
Dnyan, Kala, Krida and Krishi Prathisthan’s
Department of Mechanical Engineering Prof. Kokare A.Y.
28. Dnyan, Kala, Krida and Krishi Prathisthan’s
Department of Mechanical Engineering Prof. Kokare A.Y.
29. Dnyan, Kala, Krida and Krishi Prathisthan’s
Department of Mechanical Engineering Prof. Kokare A.Y.
30. Dnyan, Kala, Krida and Krishi Prathisthan’s
Department of Mechanical Engineering Prof. Kokare A.Y.
31. Classification Of Cogeneration Systems
1. Topping cycle or Topping system or Topping cycle CHP plant.
2. Bottoming cycle or Bottoming or Bottoming cycle CHP plant.
TOPPING CYCLE
topping cycle, the fuel supplied is first used to produce power (i.e.
electricity) and then thermal energy (process heat). The thermal
energy (waste heat) produced is a by-product of the thermodynamic
cycle, which is used to satisfy process heat or other thermal
requirements, such as heating of water and buildings.
In a topping cycle, cogeneration plant generates electrical or
mechanical power first followed by the heat recovery boiler to create
low pressure process steam or to drive a secondary steam turbine.
TYPES OF TOPPING CYCLE COGENERATION SYSTEMS
1. Combined cycle topping system, 2. Gas turbine topping system,
3. Steam turbine topping system, 4 . Heat recovery topping system.
32. Combined Cycle Topping System
It produces mechanical energy. This mechanical energy drives an
electric generator, which generates electrical energy (electricity).
Exhaust gases released by gas turbine Steam contain large amount of
heat. Therefore, exhaust gas can be either used to provide heat to
various domestic and industrial applications or they can be sent to a
heat recovery system (steam generator or boiler) to generate steam,
which may be further used to drive a secondary steam turbine.
33. Gas Turbine Topping System
In Gas turbine CHP Plant, gas turbine is used to drive a synchronous
generator to produce energy (electricity), The exhaust gases leaving
the gas turbine are sent to a heat recovery boiler, where heat
contained by exhaust gases can generate steam or it can be used as
process heat.
Advantages of Gas Turbine Topping Compressor
1. Good fuel efficiency. 2. Simple plant 3. Less civil construction cost,
4. Less impact on environment. 5. High flexibility in operation.
34. Steam Turbine Topping System
Steam turbine CHP plant is used to generate electrical energy
(electricity) using a steam turbine and an electric generator. The
exhaust steam leaving the steam turbine is High pressure steam then
used as low-pressure process steam to heat water for various
purposes.
Advantages of Steam Turbine Topping System:
1. Simple in construction, 2. Easy to operate.
3. Suitable for low quality fuel
35. Bottoming System
In a bottoming cycle, the primary fuel is utilized for generating high
temperature thermal energy. The heat rejected from the process
(waste heat) is used to generate electrical power through a waste
heat recovery boiler and a turbine coupled with electric generator
36. Factors Influencing The Choice Of Type Of
Cogeneration Power Plant
1. Base electrical load matching
2. Electrical Load Matching
3. Base Thermal Load Matching
4. Thermal Load Matching
5. Quality of Thermal Energy Needed
6. Fuels Available
7. System Reliability
8. Local Environmental Regulation
37. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cogeneration Plant (CHP)
1 Cogeneration helps to improve the efficiency of the plant
2. Lower emissions to the environment, particularly
carbon dioxide (CO), the main greenhouse gas.
3. In addition to carbon dioxide (CO), cogeneration
reduces emissions of particulate matter, nitrous oxides,
sulphur dioxide, mercury etc, which would otherwise lead
to increased pollution
4. Cogeneration reduces cost of production and improve
productivity
5. Cogeneration is more economical as compared to
conventional power plant
6. Cogeneration reduces the manufacturing price and
enhances output.
38. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cogeneration Plant (CHP)
7. Cogeneration helps to conserve utilization of water as
well as the cost of water.
8. Cogeneration optimizes the energy supply to all types
of consumers
9. Increased efficiency of energy conversion and use
cogeneration is the most effective and efficient form of
power generation
10. Cogeneration results in large cost savings
11. Cogeneration has increased competitiveness
amongst the energy generation companies and forced
or limit the energy prices,
12. Cogeneration has increased employment
opportunities.
39. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cogeneration Plant (CHP)
13. Enhancing operational efficiency to lower overhead
costs.
14. Reducing energy waste, thereby increasing energy
efficiency, utility grid for energy demands,
15. Being an alternative source of energy generation,
cogeneration reduces the dependency of electric
16. Cogeneration allows companies to replace aging
infrastructure
Disadvantages of Cogeneration Plant (CHP):
1. High capital cost,
2. Moderate efficiency, if it runs at part load instead of
full load.
40. Dnyan, Kala, Krida and Krishi Prathisthan’s
Department of Mechanical Engineering Prof. Kokare A.Y.
41. Dnyan, Kala, Krida and Krishi Prathisthan’s
Department of Mechanical Engineering Prof. Kokare A.Y.
TRI-GENERATION
Trigeneration can be defined as, "the simultaneous process of
cooling, heating and power generation from only one fuel input".
42.
43. Dnyan, Kala, Krida and Krishi Prathisthan’s
Department of Mechanical Engineering Prof. Kokare A.Y.
44. Dnyan, Kala, Krida and Krishi Prathisthan’s
Department of Mechanical Engineering Prof. Kokare A.Y.
45. Dnyan, Kala, Krida and Krishi Prathisthan’s
Department of Mechanical Engineering Prof. Kokare A.Y.
46. Dnyan, Kala, Krida and Krishi Prathisthan’s
Department of Mechanical Engineering Prof. Kokare A.Y.
47. Need of Tri-generation Plant (CCHP)
1. Trigeneration power plant does maximum utilization
of primary fuel.
2. Trigeneration satisfies the need of electricity, process
heat and cooling simultaneously.
3. Instead of using three separate units for generation
of electricity, process heat and cooling, use of a single
trigeneration plant is much economical.
4. In conventional method of power plants, 3 separate
units will require 3 primary fuels or working fluids for
generation of electricity, process heat and cooling,
whereas, a single trigeneration plant uses a single
primary fuel to generate 3 energies (i.e. electricity,
process heat and cooling) simultaneously.
48. Need of Tri-generation Plant (CCHP)
5.Trigeneration gives lower emissions to the
environment, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), which is
the main greenhouse gas.
6. In addition to carbon dioxide (CO), trigeneration also
reduces the emissions of particulate matter, nitrous
oxides, sulphur dioxide, mercury etc., which results in
reduced pollution.
7. Efficiency of trigeneration power plant is 90%,
whereas, efficiencies or conventional power plant and
cogeneration are 35% and 80% respectively.
8. Transmission line losses are reduced to greater
extent.
49. Sr.
No
Comparative
Point
Trigeneration Cogeneration
1. Definition simultaneous process of
cooling, heating and power
from ne fuel
Source.
Cogeneration is sequential
generation of two cooling,
heating from fuel.
2. Alternative
name
Combined Heating, Cooling
and
Power (CCHP).
Combined Heat and Power
(CHP)
3. Forms of
energies
Electricity, Heating and
Cooling.
Electricity and Heating
4. Efficiency 90%. 80%.
5. Absorption
refrigeration
system
Needed Not Needed
50. Advantages of Tri-generation Plant (CCHP)
1. Low payback period
2. Protection against electricity cost and outages
3. Replacing thermal energy
4. Energy efficiency
5. Environmentally sustainable
6. Savings on energy costs
7. Less emissions of greenhouse gases
8. Back-up power to the site
9. Independence from the grid
10. Energy prices are rising
11. Low maintenance cost
12. Sale of electricity
13. Increased power reliability
51. Disadvantages and Application of Tri-generation
DISADVANTAGES OF TRIGENERATION
1. High capital cost. 2. More research work is needed.
3. Intense planning is required for designing tri-generation
systems for projects.
4. Applicability differs with each project.
APPLICATIONS OF TRIGENERATION
1. Data centers. 2. Food processing industries.
3. Manufacturing units. 4. Colleges and universities.
5. Military complexes. 6. Schools, colleges.
7. Office buildings. 8. Shopping centers and
Supermarkets. 9. Manufacturing plants.
10. Refrigerated warehouses, 11. Theatres.
12. Airports. 13. Golf/country clubs.
14. Casinos. 15. Resorts.