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Cogeneration Concept
Cogeneration, also known as combined heat and power (CHP), is the simultaneous generation of electrical or mechanical power and useful thermal energy from a single process or system. It can achieve overall fuel efficiencies of over 80% by capturing heat that would otherwise be wasted from power generation. Trigeneration refers to the addition of an absorption chiller to produce cooling from the waste heat. Cogeneration technologies include gas turbines, steam turbines, internal combustion engines, microturbines, and fuel cells. Cogeneration can provide economic and environmental benefits through improved efficiency and reduced emissions.
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Cogeneration Concept
- 1. COGENERATION PresentedBy: PRUTHIRAJ SWAIN(12PS21F)
- 2. Definition : Cogeneration is the simultaneous generation in one process of thermal energy and electrical and/or mechanical energy; Useful heat is heat produced in a cogeneration process to satisfy an economically justifiable demand for heating or cooling; The heat produced by cogeneration can be delivered through various mediums, including warm water (e.g., for space heating and hot water systems), steam or hot air (e.g., for commercial and industrial uses). It is also possible to do Trigeneration, the production of electricity, heat and cooling. Trigeneration is an attractive option in situations where all three needs exist, such as in production processes with cooling requirements.
- 3. Cogeneration technologies Combined cycle gas turbine with heat recovery Steam backpressure turbine Steam condensing extraction turbine Gas turbine with heat recovery Internal combustion engine Micro turbines Sterling engines Steam engines Fuel cells ORC
- 4. Other classifications: Topping cycle Bottoming cycle Cogeneration units: Micro-cogeneration means below 50 kWe; Small-scale cogeneration means below 1 MWe. Power to heat ratio (P/H): the ratio between electricity from cogeneration and useful heat when operating in full cogeneration mode
- 5. Efficiency coefficient forheat generation only Fuel type Overall efficiency Solid fuels Hard coal/coke 0.88 Peat 0.86 Wood fuels 0.86 Oil, LPG 0.89 Biofuels 0.89 Natural gas 0.9 Biogas 0.7
- 6. Efficiency coefficient forelectricity generation only Fuel type Overall efficiency Solid fuels Hard coal/coke 0.442 Peat 0.390 Wood fuels 0.330 Oil, LPG 0.442 Biofuels 0.442 Natural gas 0.525 Biogas 0.420
- 7. Alternatives for heatand electricity supply Condensing power plant Electricity CHP Electricity Heat energy Heat energy Boiler house
- 8. Where can CHPbe Economically Attractive? Data Centers Nursing Homes Colleges & Universities Office Buildings Ethanol/ Biofuel Process Large Multi-Family Plants Apartments Food Processing Plants Refrigerated Warehouses Hospitals Restaurants Hotels Supermarkets Ice Arenas Theatres Chemicals, Pulp & Paper, Greenhouses Fabricated Metals, Plastics Wastewater Treatment Facilities
- 9. Why is Therean Opportunity? Rising Concerns Over – Blackouts/Brownouts – Power Supply Constraints – Marked Increases in Electricity & Fuel Prices Selected Power Outage Costs
- 10. Generators Two Types of Generators Induction Synchronous • Requires Grid Power • Self Excited (Does Source to Operate Not Need Grid to Operate) • When Grid Goes Down, CHP System • CHP System can Goes Down Continue to Operate thru Grid • Less Complicated & Outages Less Costly to • More Complicated & Interconnect Costly to • Preferred by Utilities Interconnect (Safety) • Preferred by Customers
- 11. CHP Recycles theWaste Heat from Power Generation achieving efficiencies of over 80%.
- 12. CHP and separategeneration Fuel input Output Fuel input Separate generation CHP Power station Electricity Electricity 81 35% 43% 35 100 Useful heat 53 Heat Boiler house 50% 50 95% Total 134 Total 100 134 − 100 Primary energy savings = = 25% 134
- 13. Benefits of CHP HighEfficiency, On-Site Generation Means : Improved Reliability.(Avoiding business disruptions) 50% less CO2 emissions.(Monetizing Environmental benefits) Up to 80% energy efficient.(Reducing Fuel use) Removes requirement for back-up diesels (Conserve Natural Resources) Can uplift Green Star ratings by 1-2 stars. Usually cost-effective. Support Grid Infrastructure Fewer T&D Constraints Defer Costly Grid Upgrades Price Stability Facilitates Deployment of New Clean Energy Technologies
- 14. Environmental benefits 250 200 150 W 100 O h C 2 k / 50 O mo h n C 2e a g y s r t f , i 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2015 2018 2020 CO2 emissions reduced by 75%-90% (44-54 thousand Tonnes/year) Overall efficiency in CHP mode – 89%
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- 16. Environmental Benefits ofCHP (NOx)
- 17. Conclusion: The mainreasons for higher specific energy consumption in Indian Industries are obsolete technology, lower capacity utilization and poor operating and maintenance practices. EC has received increased attention in India since the mid seventies but its impact is felt at a low face due to inhibiting attitudes, insufficient technical know-how, market distortions, high cost of efficient end use devices, capital shortage etc. There is a need to design interventions in terms of policies and institutions which addresses these issues and create incentives for energy conservation.
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Editor's Notes
- #3 economically justifiable demand is a demand that does not exceed the needs for heat or cooling and which would otherwise be satisfied at market conditions by energy generation processes other than cogeneration.