Nucleic acid based therapeutic drug delivery systemtadisriteja9
Nucleic acid based Drug delivery system is one of the trending research area, which i have taken and made as Powerpoint for easy and quick learning purpose
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
Nucleic acid based therapeutic drug delivery systemtadisriteja9
Nucleic acid based Drug delivery system is one of the trending research area, which i have taken and made as Powerpoint for easy and quick learning purpose
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
Penetration Enhancers in Transdermal Drug Delivery SystemSimranDhiman12
Penetration Enhancers in Transdermal Drug Delivery System
Permeation enhancers are substances that reduce the skin barrier's ability to make skin more permeable and allow drug molecules to cross the skin at a faster rate
advantages and disadvantages
types of penetration enhancers
techniques
physical and chemical enhancers
Introduction and classification, anatomy of skin and factors affecting absorption, Formulation ,preparation, packaging, labeling and storage of ointments, Formulation, preparation, packaging, labeling and storage of jellies, creams, pastes.
This slide share includes the introduction about smedds, difference between emulsion and smedd and sedds and smedds, composition and its formulation aspects.
Formulation Development and In Vitro Evaluation of Microsponge Drug Delivery ...YogeshIJTSRD
A Microsponge Delivery System MDS is patented, highly cross linked, porous, polymeric microspheres that can entrap wide range of actives and then release them onto the skin over a time and in response to trigger. It is a unique technology for the controlled release of topical agents and consists of microporous beads, typically 10 25 microns in diameter, loaded with active agent. In this study, Ketoconazole microsponges were prepared by using quasi emulsion solvent diffusion method. The microsponges thus prepared, were evaluated for production yield, loading efficiency, particle size analysis, in vitro release study of microsponges, and stability. Hence, the present work concluded that MDS has a great potential in topical delivery of drugs like Ketoconazole, with added advantage of reduction in irritation profile due to the controlled release and possible enhancement in the activity due to amorphization of the drug. Vilas S. Bhagat | Sanjay R. Arote "Formulation Development and In-Vitro Evaluation of Microsponge Drug Delivery System of Antifungal Drug" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39870.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/39870/formulation-development-and-invitro-evaluation-of-microsponge-drug-delivery-system-of-antifungal-drug/vilas-s-bhagat
Semisolid dosage forms: Definitions, classification, mechanisms and factors influencing dermal penetration of drugs. Preparation of ointments, pastes, creams and gels. Excipients used in semi solid dosage forms. Evaluation of semi solid dosages forms
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. The aim of drug administration via skin can be either
the local therapy or the transdermal drug delivery of
the systemic circulation.
Transdermal system delivers medications through the
skin direct into the blood stream.
One long standing approach to increase the range of
drugs that can effectively delivered via this route has
been to use penetration enhancers: chemicals that
interact with skin constituents to promote drug flux.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 2
4. Weight of skin: 8 pounds
Surface Area: 20,000 sq. cm.
Three layers:
Epidermis (Stratum corneum):dead keratinized
cells, density 1.55,
palms& soles : 100 micrometer.
Other portions: 10 micrometer in dry state & 40 to
50 micrometer in hydrated state.
Dermis: consists of proteins in a matrix of muco
polysaccharide, blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves,
hair follicles, sebaceous & sweat glands.
Subcutaneous layer
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 4
5. It involves passive diffusion of substance through skin.
Transcorneal penetration:
Intra cellular penetration.
Inter cellular penetration.
Transappendegeal Penetration.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 5
6. Solubility in stratum corneum
Diffusion through stratum corneum
Partitioning
Diffusion through viable skin tissue
Condition of skin
Effect of moisture
Effect of vehicles
Effect of concentration of medicament
Effect of surfactant
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 6
7. Skin penetration enhancement technique have been
developed to improve bioavailability & increase the range of
drugs for which topical & transdermal delivery.
Penetration enhancers penetrates through skin to decrease
the barrier resistance.
Alternatively, physical mechanism such as iontophoresis &
phonophoresis can be used for certain cases of drugs.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 7
8. Chemical enhancers or penetration enhancers or absorption
promoters are the agents that interact with skin constituents
to promote the drug flux.
Many agent have studied & evaluated for enhancement
properties.
Yet their inclusion in skin formulation is limited due to
unknown mechanism & toxicity.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 8
9. Non toxic, non irritating, non allergic.
Ideally work rapidly.
Pharmacologically inert.
Its duration of action should be predictable & reproducible.
Should work unidirectionally.
When removed from skin barrier properties should return
both rapidly & fully.
Cosmetically acceptable.
Compatible with both excipients & drug.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 9
10. 1. By increasing the diffusion coefficient of the drug.
2. By increasing the effective concentration of the drug in the
vehicle.
3. By improving partitioning between the formulation and the
stratum corneum.
4. By decreasing the skin thickness.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 10
11. 1. Surfactants :
a) Ionic: SLS, Na laureate, etc.
b) Non ionic : Tween 80, Polysorbates, etc.
2. Bile Salts & Derivatives :
E.g.. Na glyacolate, Na deoxycholate
3. Fatty Acid & Derivatives :
E.g.. Oleic acid, Caprylic acid, etc.
4. Chelating Agents :
E.g.. EDTA, Citric acid, etc.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 11
12. 5. Sulphoxide :
E.g.. DMSO, DMA, DMF, etc.
6. Polyols :
E.g. : PG, PEG, Glycerol, etc.
7. Monohydric Alcohols :
E.g. : Ethanol, 2- Propanol, etc.
8. Miscellaneous :
E.g. : a) Urea & its derivatives
b) Terpenes & Terpenoids
c) Phospholipids
d) Water
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 12
14. The water content of human stratum corneum is
typically around 15-20% of tissue dry weight.
Soaking the skin in water, exposing the membrane to
high humidities or, occluding allow the stratum
corneum to reach water contents in equilibrium with
underlying epidermal skin cells.
Water content increases to 400%
In general, increased tissue hydration appears to
increase transdermal delivery of both hydrophilic &
lipophilic permeants
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 14
15. Water present in stratum corneum is in two form, bound
& free,
Free form act as solvent for polar permeants to diffuse.
MOA:
- free water act as solvent & alter solubility of permeants
& so its partitioning. .
- The corneocytes take up water and swell, such swelling
of cells would impact upon the lipid structure between
the corneocytes causing some disruption to the bilayer
packing.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 15
16. Dimethyl sulphoxide(DMSO), aprotic solvent which form
hydrogen bond with itself rather than with water.
used in many areas of pharmaceutical sciences as a
‘‘universal solvent’’.
Promotes both hydrophilic & hydrophobic permeants.
Effect is concentration dependent(> 60% needed for
optimum action).
At high concentration – erythema & whales, may
denature proteins.
Metabolite dimethyl sulfide produces foul odor on
breath.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 16
17. To avoid above side effects researchers have
investigated chemically related materials – DMAC &
DMF
MOA:
- denature protein, changes the keratin confirmation
from α - helical to β – sheet.
- interacts with the head groups of some bilayer
lipids to distort to the packing geometry.
- also may facilitate drug partitioning from formulation
to this universal solvent.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 17
18. 4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 18
First chemically design molecule as penetration enhancer.
Promote flux both hydrophilic & lipophilic permeants.
Highly lipophilic with Log o/w =6.2.
Effective at low concentration(0.1 – 5%).
Soluble in & compatible with most organic solvents.
Enhances permeation of steroids, antiviral & antibiotics.
MOA:
- Interact with the lipid domains of the stratum corneum.
- Partition into the lipid bilayer to disrupt their packing
arrangement.
19. Mostly used member : 2- Pyrrolidone(2P) & N- Methyl -2-
Pyrrolidone(NMP).
NMP & 2P are miscible with most organic solvents.
Used for numerous molecules including hydrophilic (e.g.
mannitol, & 5-FU) and lipophilic ( hydrocortisone and
progesterone) permeants.
Greater effect on hydrophilic drugs.
MOA:
- may act by altering the solvent nature of the membrane and
pyrrolidones have been used to generate ‘reservoirs’ within
skin membranes.
- Such a reservoir effect offers potential for sustained release
of a permeant.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 19
20. Oleic acid & other long chain fatty acid are used.
Effective at low concentration(<10%)
Used both for hydrophilic & lipophilic drugs.
Saturated alkyl chain lengths of around C10–C12 attached
to a polar head group yields a potent enhancer.
In unsaturated compounds, the bent cis configuration is
expected to disturb intercellular lipid packing more than
trans.
Used for estradiol, acyclovir, 5 FU, Salicylic acid.
MOA:
- Interacts with & modifies the lipid domains of stratum
corneum discrete lipid domains is induced within stratum
corneum bilayer lipid on exposure to oleic acid.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 20
21. Ethanol is used most commonly in patches.
Used for levonorgestrol, estrdiol, 5 FU, etc.
Its effect is concentration dependent, at high
concentration causes dehydration of biological
membrane & decreases the permeation.
Applied in concentration range from 1 – 10%.
Branched alkanols lower activity
1- Butanol most effective.
1-octanol and 1-propranolol to be effective enhancers
for salicylic acid and nicotinamide.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 21
22. MOA:
- Act as solvent.
- alter solubility property of tissue leads to improvement in
drug partitioning.
- volatile nature of ethanol help in modifying thermodynamic
activity of drug.
- due to evaporation of ethanol drug concentration increases
providing supersaturated state with greater driving force
- Solvent drag may carry permeant into the tissue.
- As volatile solvent may extract lipid fraction from skin.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 22
23. Are made up of alkyl or aryl side chain with polar head
group.
Have potential to damage human skin.
Both anionic & cationic surfactant can be used, but non
ionic surfactant are safe.
Non ionic – minor effect, anionic – pronounced effect.
MOA:
- Solubalise the lipophilic active ingredient & also have
potential to solubalise lipids within the stratum corneum.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 23
24. Used as medicines, flavoring and fragrance agents.
Hydrocarbon terpenes less potent, alcohol/ ketone
containing terpenes moderate and oxide & terpenoid
shows greatest enhancement .
Smaller terpenes are more active than larger.
Non polar(limonene) agents active for lipophilic drugs &
polar(menthol) for hydrophilic drugs.
MOA:
- Modify the solvent nature of the stratum corneum,
improving drug partitioning.
- Alters thermodynamic activity of the permeant.
- Terpenes may also modify drug diffusivity through the
membrane.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 24
25. Hydrating agent, have been used in scaling conditions
such as psoriasis & other skin conditions.
It produces significant stratum corneum hydration,
produces hydrophilic diffusion channels.
Has keratolytic properties, usually when used in
combination with salicylic acid for keratolysis.
Urea itself possesses only marginal penetration
enhancing activity.
Cyclic urea analogues and found them to be as potent
as Azone for promoting indomethacin.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 25
26. Generally employed as vesicles (liposomes) to carry drugs.
In a non-vesicular form as penetration enhancers.
Phosphatidylcholine & hydrogenated soya bean
phospholipids have been reported to enhance penetration
of theophylline & diclofenac respectively.
MOA:
- occlude the skin surface & thus increase tissue hydration.
- phospholipids fuse with stratum corneum lipids.
- this collapse of structure liberates permeant into the
vehicle where drug is poorly soluble and hence
thermodynamic activity could be raised so facilitating drug
4/24/2020
26
27. It is difficult to select rationally a penetration enhancer
for a given permeant.
Penetration enhancers tend to work well with co-
solvents such as PG or ethanol.
Most penetration enhancers have a complex
concentration dependent effect.
Permeation through animal skins & rodent skins are
generally considerably greater than those obtained with
human skin.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 27
28. 1. Act on the stratum corneum intracellular keratin,
denature it or modify its conformation.
2. Affect the desmosomes that maintain cohesion
between corneocytes.
3. Modify the intercellular lipid domains to reduce the
barrier resistance of the bilayer lipids.
4. Alter the solvent nature of the stratum corneum to
modify partitioning of the drug.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 28
29. 1. Modification of thermodynamic activity of the vehicle.
2. Solvent permeating through the membrane could
‘drag’ the permeant with it.
3. Solubalising the permeant in the donor, especially
where solubility is very low so that can reduce
depletion effects and prolong drug permeation.
4/24/2020PENETRATION ENHANCERS 29