This document provides an overview of educational research tools and methods. It discusses different types of sampling techniques including random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling. It also covers various data collection instruments such as interviews, questionnaires, tests, scales, and observations. Key aspects of research validity and reliability are defined. The document concludes with an outline of the stages involved in developing an educational research proposal.

2. Welcome Second Bimester

6. Sample A sample is a portion of the population. “ Is a subgroup of the target population.” Population Is a group of individuals who have the same characteristics. Identify

11. Source: Adapted from Kerlinger, 1972, p. 714 Excerpt from a Random Numbers Table 52 13 44 91 39 85 22 33 04 29 52 06 31 52 65 63 88 78 21 35 28 22 91 84 44 38 76 99 38 67 60 95 67 68 17 18 84 47 44 04 67 22 89 78 44 84 66 15 71 50 78 48 65 74 21 24 02 23 65 94 42 47 97 81 10 99 40 15 63 77 89 10 03 70 75 49 90 92 62 00 47 90 78 63 31 06 46 39 27 93 81 79 100 94 43 39

13. The individuals selected are proportional to their representation Population N= 9,0000 Boys N= 6,000 Girls N= 3,000 Random Sampling .66 of population .33 of population 200 100 Sample =300 By: Creswell J. W. (2008)

17. New York Some schools Native Spanish students Cluster Sampling

53. Start to plan the research proposal

54. Project or Proposal 8. Theoretical background or literature review 9. Methodology (The design) Sampling, Instruments, methods and techniques 10. Working calendar 11. Resources (budget) 12. References