Running head APPLIED RESEARCH PROJECT .docx

Running head: APPLIED RESEARCH PROJECT
1
APPLIED RESEARCH PROJECT
6
Module 7 Assignment 7.1
Applied Research Project
Survey Design Quantitative Methods
Karen Crump
National Louis University
Dr. Cherie Meador
Introduction

By evaluating the development and learning programs,
employers can ensure their development and learning initiatives
can be put in line with their overall development and learning
strategies and business objectives (Harlow, Burkholder and
Morrow, 2002). An efficient evaluation process for learning or
development in organizations needs the firm to understand their
learning needs, whether or not these align with the established
strategy of growth and learning as well as how the program
supports the entire plan. There are various quantitative
techniques which employers can use to evaluate learning and
development in corporations. These include testimonials to
quantitative research approaches, development metrics
testimonies, and post-training questionnaires. Education
contributes to strategic values that are aligned with the
objectives of a business, thus evaluating the process is a crucial
activity in corporations (Harlow, Burkholder and Morrow,
2002). This work will analyze a quantitative survey design that
can be used to collect and analyze data in a corporation’s
learning and development (L&D) program. The validity and
reliability of the model will also be provided.
Quantitative Survey techniques
An example of a quantitative research technique that can be
used in corporations to evaluate L&D programs is the survey
research method. This approach involves a process where the
researcher poses some set of predetermined questions a sample
of individuals and an entire group of persons. This research
method is particularly useful in cases where a researcher is
interested in explaining or describing features of groups or a
considerable group. This method may also be employed as a
way of obtaining general information on a particular population
of interest which in turn helps one prepare for in-depth and
more focused research that makes use of highly time-intensive
methods including interviews and field research. In such a
scenario, a survey is central in a researcher bid to identify
specific locations and specific individuals from which
additional data can be obtained or collected (Creswell &

Creswell, 2017). Just like other methods of data collection,
survey research is better suited and positioned to provide
answers to some kinds of research questions in comparison to
other research methods (Creswell & Creswell, 2017).
The Design of Quantitative Survey Method: Questionnaires
Quantitative survey design like Post-training questionnaire is
aimed at understanding and discovering the thoughts of people,
their action, and their feelings concerning a specific work. The
polls are supplied to a large sample of people which major on
the number of replies as opposed to acquiring an understanding
of emotional details that is the primary goal of qualitative
studies. The standard format for quantitative research surveys is
for different respondents to be queried similar probes which
ensure objective analysis of data (Dörnyei, 2007). Data is
typically provided in a numerical presentation which allows for
examination in a computable technique through various
statistical approaches. The surveys can be tailored to veer off in
cases where respondents answer in specific ways, which
subsequently means they can be asked different questions.
Before designing a quantitative survey or questionnaires, the
researcher must decide the nature of the study; that is whether it
will be experimental or descriptive. Notably, this dictates how
one will; gather, interpret, and analyze the results. Many rules
govern a descriptive study. Some of these rules include
measurement of a subject once intending to determine the
relationship between the different variables. The second rule is
ensuring a valid and correct estimation of a relationship
between different variables; thus, the study makes use of a
sample population of hundreds or thousands. Experimental
design includes purposefully chosen subjects measured before
and after a particular examination intended to establish the
relationship between different variables
The questionnaires in quantitative research surveys tend to
favor closed-ended questions. These questions provide the
respondent with a list of answers where they will generally be
allowed to give lengthy open-ended responses (Dörnyei, 2007).

This ensures that the quantitative process is efficient as
compared to the use of qualitative style open questions.
Quantitative surveys allow for the addition of further categories
in the record of likely replies to different inquiries where
suitable. As such, this permits respondents to obtain their exact
reactions documented and used in the evaluation of outcomes.
When it comes to surveys, there is a much variety defined in
terms of time and terms of administration. There are two types
of studies classified in terms of time. They are cross-sectional
surveys and longitudinal surveys. The type of surveys
administered at just one point is referred to as cross-sectional
surveys. They offer detailed insights and details of the nature of
things for different respondents at the time of administration of
the same (Creswell & Clark, 2017).
The various types of longitudinal surveys include panel, trend
as cohort surveys. These longitudinal surveys have a collective
strength of allowing a researcher to make multiple observations
over a time, which allows for the capturing of disparities and
changes in different phenomenon (Creswell & Clark, 2017).
Delivery of Surveys can also be done door to door, and people
can be asked to fill them out where they can be picked after
they are completed. Whatever the delivery mechanism is
chosen, there is a need to keep in mind the merits and demerits
of the various options mentioned. Understanding the pros and
cons of these options allows a researcher to choose the
necessary method of conducting the surveys (Creswell &
Creswell, 2017). For one to design and conduct a quantitative
investigation, there should be a consideration of getting input
from a survey expert. Employing a survey expert allows for an
appropriate account of various issues related to designing
suitable samples that use reliable and valid measures (Creswell
& Creswell, 2017). Also, a survey expert allows for protest
conduction before launching a survey study. Notably, this is
because most surveys are customized studies designed to
provide answers to specific research questions. Other inquiries
can be termed as an omnibus, where questions about a particular

topic are added to an existing survey (Creswell & Creswell,
2017).
Data Collection, Validity, and Reliability of Quantitative
Survey
These questionnaires can be supplied to employees in a
corporation to collect data about how the programs of L&D in
the organization improve their performance and productivity in
the company. Employing survey methods in the collection of
data confer a researcher with many benefits. The most notable
advantage of the survey method is its reliability. The reliability
of survey research method lies in the fact that the phrasing of
questions is standardized, which allows for consistency
(Dörnyei, 2007). Other qualitative methods of research do not
offer this consistency. Assuming well-constructed questions and
design of the questionnaire is an excellent strength of survey
design, which provides great potential for producing reliable
results (Creswell & Creswell, 2017). The validity, on the other
hand, can be a significant impediment with surveys. The
standardization of survey question limits one from asking
questions that are not general (Creswell & Clark, 2017). In
essence, survey results are not as valid as results obtained
through qualitative ways where results are obtained using data
collection methods that provide for in-depth and comprehensive
analysis and examination of the subject under study.
References
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design:
Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. Sage
publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and

conducting mixed methods research. Sage publications.
Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics:
Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methodologies (pp. 95-
123). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Harlow, L. L., Burkholder, G. J., & Morrow, J. A. (2002).
Evaluating attitudes, skill, and performance in a learning-
enhanced quantitative methods course: A structural modeling
approach. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(3), 413-430.
Running head: APPLIED RESEARCH PROJECT 1
APPLIED RESEARCH PAPER
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Applied Research Project:
Interview Questions Qualitative Method
Karen Crump
Dr. Cherie Meador

Applied Research Project: Interview Questions Qualitative
Method
Data collection is the drive of many institutions, including
corporations. Although people collect information for different
purposes, data collection has the potential of influencing the
making of informed decisions and provide answers to the most
challenging questions and unexplainable phenomenon. Data can
be collected using either qualitative or quantitative
methodologies. Under the method of qualitative data collection,
there are additional methods used in gathering information. In
the case of the Learning and Development in Corporations
paper, the best plan that would achieve satisfactory results
would be the case study.
The case study method was best used in the project because it
would aid in understanding the questions of why and how
learning and development can be affected in the corporations.
Learning and development are subsequent of the HR department
that aims at boosting the corporation’s productivity by
improving the performances of the employees on both personal
and group levels. The department is also responsible for honing
the skills of the employees and impacting them with additional
knowledge. Case studies are used mostly in examining real-life
situations since they incorporate a lot of details (Baxter & Jack,
2008). In reviewing the real-life situations, case studies aim at
utilizing the findings in solving the problem in question. In this
case, the issue would involve how and why learning and
development should be included in corporations.
Additionally, using that case study method would be ideal
because it uses several different research methods. The
principal techniques for collecting data in qualitative research
include the use of individual or personal interviews, focusing on
the groups, evaluating archived material, and making
observations. In the case of the project, making use of the case
study method may aid in the generation of new ideas. While
speaking to or making observations, the researcher is in a

position to generate ideas considering a case study involves the
presence of several people who think differently and have
different opinions. Case studies may also provide the researcher
with facts considering the information is collected on the
contemporary time.
In comparison to other alternative methods, the case study
methodology is less expensive, and thus, it is cost-saving. Since
the methods that can be used in the learning and development
setting may include interviews, conducting processes like these
may cost close to nothing. More often than not, the employees
will offer a free interview session. Case studies do not have to
be conducted in person either. The researches of Learning
development are not mandated to appear physical. Technology
has come to our aid, and the researchers can make use of
applications like skype to offer open-ended questions to the
employees while at places like conference centers. Also, the
problems can be posted through the mail or in groups like those
of the WhatsApp application.
Incorporating the method of case study in the project of
Learning and Development in Corporations can be done by
offering unstructured interviews. Unstructured interviews
include the use of open-ended questions. When an interviewee
is asked an open question, he/she is allowed to respond with
some in-depth information. Also, open-ended questions allow
the interviewee to choose their own words that are free from
influence. Since the case includes learning and development,
the researcher can pose questions that may touch the needs of
the employees in regards to education (Yin, 2017). Through the
open-ended questions asked to the employees in the
Corporations, researchers may derive an understanding of the
employee's needs and help, through the employee’s responses,
calculate additional methods that can boost the learning and
development process. Another way of incorporating the case
study in the learning and development case is making use of
experimental tasks. By providing the employees with the
memory test, it is easy to come to conclusions of the how.

According to Schasfma (2015), testing memory potentially
affects the behaviors of an individual. The human mind is
triggered into remembering when a question is posed since case
studies can also aid in positively impacting the employees.
Although making use of the case study as a desirable
methodology towards enacting positive learning outcomes in
corporations, there are limitations to using the study in the
project. For starters, the accuracy of the data may not be
accurate because of the possible existence of bias that may
unconsciously happen. The research may also take a long time
to analyze. Since collecting accurate information is crucial,
researchers may often find themselves ensuring accuracy by
continually verifying the provided information. Corporations
harbor different types of characters. A researcher can come
across difficult and unwilling people who may be adamant in
participating.
Data analysis is an essential process that can influence. Thus,
the importance of collecting accurate data cannot be emphasized
enough. Data is meant to be accurate or as close as possible to
the truth, dependable, and reliable. Despite the provisions of the
accuracy of data, sometimes the data collected may be
compromised by the methodology put to use. However, many
researchers strive to provide consumers with the most accurate
data.
References
Baxter, P. & Jack, S. Qualitative Case Study Methodology:
Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers. The
Qualitative Report Volume 13
Schaafsma, S. M., Pfaff, D. W., Spunt, R. P., & Adolphs, R.
(2015). Deconstructing and reconstructing the theory of mind.
Trends in cognitive sciences, 19(2), 65-72.
Yin, R. K. (2017). Case study research and applications: Design
and methods. Sage publications.
1

Running Head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
3
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Annotated Bibliography
Learning and Development in Corporations
Karen Crump
Dr. Cherie Meador
Dodson, M. N., Kitburi, K., & Berge, Z. L. (2015). Possibilities
for MOOCs in corporate training and development. Performance
Improvement, 54(10), 14-21.
The article discusses the possibilities of having MOOC in the
corporate world. The chances are very eminent, and they cannot
be overrated at all. MOOC is an acronym for a massive open
online course. The report offers a discussion on how MOOCs
gained popularity, especially with the working class. Then who

was considered it a good option because of how it impacted on
their personal development. The MOOC was considered the best
and most reliable option for people who are looking to add up to
their skills while at the same time working. The article also
engages in the opportunities that the MOOCs offer to the
organizations. Although the approach is considered a disrupter
to the higher learning process, it has various advantages for the
corporations. Top among these benefits is that it allows the
provider to tailor their services to meet the expectations of
clients who are employees in the organizations. The essential
thing in any corporation is to work towards ensuring the
customers benefit from their services. The MOOCs are not only
beneficial to the employees but also the organizations. This is
because they can offer a platform for training to conduct as a
requirement for the organization.
Additionally, the article provides information about how
MOOCs can provide new marketing channels for the
organization. The material is an essential source in the
discussion of how learning and development can be
incorporated into the organization. It is a useful source in the
study that provides an understanding of how the event can be
undertaken in corporations. Besides, it ensures there is a
complete comprehension of the improvement necessary in the
corporations.
Wang, M., Ran, W., Liao, J., & Yang, S. J. (2010). A
Performance-Oriented Approach to E-Learning Learning in the
Workplace. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 167-
179.
The article analyzes the various ways in which e-learning
platforms, especially applications, fail to meet the needs of the
learners and ultimately fail to serve the organizations quest for
success. The opportunities available in the e-learning are very
robust, and they tend to be effective in fostering a conducive
learning environment. The article provides an approach that can
be considered by organizations in a bid to implement new ways

and programs that help to complement the existing e-learning
systems. The report offers a solution to the current problem by
analyzing the needs of the organizations and their employees
and developing strategies to deal with the same (Wang, Ran,
Liao, & Yang, 2010). The article provides an understanding that
e-learning in the organizational context should offer an
opportunity for individual development, learning needs, connect
learning, and social interaction. The chances are given to
improve the skills that are relevant in modern contemporary
society.
The process should also provide an opportunity for individuals
to improve their work performance. Performance index plays an
essential role in improving the output of the organization if
utilized effectively by the person. To be able to achieve a
reliable online platform, the article offers a more performance-
oriented approach. The performance indicators are used to
clarify organizational goals, make sense of work context, and
requests on work performance. The article suggests that the
learning process should be improved to enhance development at
an organizational point and an individual perspective. The piece
engages the discussion of how successful a simple system can
work in a corporate setting. Corporate governance is an
essential aspect that is plausible tenable for the success of the
business. The article provides an engaging e-learning system as
the best option for improving the various shortcomings of the
organization development process. The material is reliable for
the discussion of learning and development in corporations.
Evans, P., Smale, A., Björkman, I., & Pucik, V. (2016).
Leadership development challenges and dilemmas in
multinational corporations. In Leadership in Organizations (pp.
227- 245). Routledge.
The article focuses on leadership development in the
corporation's perspective and how different organizations
incorporate programs to improve the performance of their
employees. A well-established corporation must be led by
capable leaders who want the organization to achieve the best of

the entity. The chapter identifies the various skill requirements
that are required by organizations to associate with the
leadership transition. The discussion is because of how learning
and development of leadership skills affect the change. The
author argues that leadership involves a set of skills that vary
from one person to another. Although in specific individuals, it
might occur naturally, for others, it is essential to learn the
skills or continuously develop existing ones. Therefore, the
learning of skills can occur inside the organization or beyond
with the most impactful occurring inside the organization.
Thus, the individuals need to develop the ability through
learning programs that reduce the challenges involved in the
leadership transition. Leaders are supposed to be decision-
makers who can lead the organization through an elaborative
structure that is effective in making the company to achieve its
objective. Leadership skills vary from one management position
to the other. Therefore, continuous learning can help in
developing competencies at each stage. Some international
organizations and corporations have included the leadership
development of their workforce as a performance criterion to
make managers more accountable. This planning widely
practiced in developed countries where organizations have
established transparent systems that help in running the
organization. The source is reliable in understanding the
discussion of learning and development in corporations.
Pérez-Nordtvedt, L., Mukherjee, D., & Kedia, B. L. (2015).
Cross-Border Learning, Technological Turbulence, and Firm
Performance. MIR: Management International Review, 23-51.
The article introduces a perspective of learning that is
developed from international business affiliates. The report
provides an understanding of the relationship between
effectiveness and efficiency achieved from cross-border
knowledge. The article argues that this perspective has a direct
impact on the performance of the organization. The report
provides arguments that may offer solutions to the firm's need
for positive performance. The report also points out that the

results associated with positive learning promote the
development of the organization (Pérez-Nordtvedt, Mukherjee,
& Kedia, 2015). Therefore, learning in an organization should
consider the growth of the individual's efficiency and
effectiveness. Education can also include the integration of
technology in the organization that offers an opportunity for
learning to the employees. The effectiveness of learning
becomes a focus on the development of the organization and the
activities it is involved in conducting. Therefore, the article is a
reliable source in offering an understanding of how
development impacts on learning in the corporations. It
provides information on how the two are related and how they
impact the organization
McDonald, R. (2015). Leveraging Change by Learning to Work
with the Wisdom in the Room: Educating for Responsibility as a
Collaborative Learning Model. Journal of Business Ethics, 511-
518.
The article is essential in the discussion of learning and how it
impacts on organizational development. The article discusses
how the teaching of different characters required by the
organization. The organization engages a debate where the
characteristics of the individuals solely depend on the learning
and personal development that takes place. The article offers in
the majority of teaching takes place in the organization. This
approach is necessary and useful when elaborating the objective
of an entity. This occurs because of ethics, and social
responsibility does a rather poor job in the performance
(McDonald, 2015). The deliverables, as mentioned above, ought
to be considered to ensure the performance within any
organization is excellent. The organization embraces the
change because of the development that occurs in the
organization. The burden of learning helps in the individual
progress and how it impacts on the organization. The
perspectives to consider is how knowledge can influence the
event of an organization. The organization can, therefore, affect

the learning of new skills that would impact on the ethics and
the responsibility of the individuals. The article is consequently
reliable in understanding the teaching and how it effects on the
development of the corporation. The approaches utilized in
education do affect the output of the corporation, especially
when making specific leadership decision. The article can be
used to demonstrate benefits and challenges attributed to this
aspect of learning concerning the development of ideas and the
entity at large.
.
References
Dodson, M. N., Kitburi, K., & Berge, Z. L. (2015). Possibilities
for MOOCs in corporate training and development.
Performance Improvement, 54(10), 14-21.
Evans, P., Smale, A., Björkman, I., & Pucik, V. (2016).
Leadership development challenges and dilemmas in
multinational corporations. In Leadership in Organizations (pp.
227-245). Routledge.
McDonald, R. (2015). Leveraging Change by Learning to Work
with the Wisdom in the Room: Educating for
Responsibility as a Collaborative Learning Model. Journal of
Business Ethics, 511-518.
Pérez-Nordtvedt, L., Mukherjee, D., & Kedia, B. L. (2015).
Cross-Border Learning, Technological Turbulence, and Firm
Performance. MIR: Management International Review, 23-
51.
Wang, M., Ran, W., Liao, J., & Yang, S. J. (2010). A
Performance-Oriented Approach to E- Learning in the
Workplace. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 167-
179.
Running head: APPLIED RESEARCH PROJECT 1

APPLIED RESEARCH PROJECT 5
Applied Research Project: Research Questions
Karen Crump
Dr. Cherie Meador
Introduction
Learning and development in cooperates aim to ensure that
employees acquire upgraded knowledge and skills in their areas
of operation. The corporate sector is very dynamic. The rapid
innovation by corporate to provide their consumers with quality
products and services makes it the most growing industry in the
globe (Hanaysha, 2016). The evolving nature of the corporate
world means that corporations must go through new burning
issues on their daily operations. This necessitates them to train
their employees for them to gain further expertise to deal with
the daily challenges effectively. While each employee has a
unique weakness, corporate learning and development help them
to acquire new skills to use those weaknesses for the benefit of
the corporations. The problem we are going to investigate in
this paper is the corporate development success.
World Views
The four world views presented by Creswell include post-

positivism, constructivism, transformative, and pragmatism
(Chih-Pei & Chang, 2017). Post-positivist worldview challenges
the traditional assumptions of research and recognizes that we
cannot be positive about our knowledge when studying human’s
behaviors and actions. The constructivism worldview is
generally considered to be a fundamental approach to
qualitative research (Chih-Pei & Chang, 2017). This worldview
assumes that people seek to have a better understanding of the
world they live in. Individuals use their experiences to gain an
understanding of the world. This research leads to numerous
meanings directed towards certain things and objects which
results in the researcher to consider diverse views.
The transformative worldview assumes that research should be
linked to politics to counter social oppression in society.
Pragmatism, on the other hand, arises from situations, actions,
and consequences of those actions rather than conditions. In this
worldview, researchers are more focused o understanding the
problem. Corporate development success is closely related to
the constructivism worldview (Creswell, & Poth, 2017). This is
because employee training and development aims to help them
understand the trends in their organization and industry. In
general, learning and development allow employees to have a
better understanding of what happens around them. Once they
understand what is happening around them, then they can
perform their tasks effectively.
Research Questions
1. What is the intention of learning?
2. What are the factors affecting the intention of learning?
3. What is the importance of employee learning and
development?
4. What motivates employees to take part in learning and
development?
5. What are the characteristics of an ideal learner?
One of the most critical factors of the intention of learning is to
commit the employees to that particular activity. Someone who
intends to take part in the learning and development program

will end up being successful. Several factors affect the intention
of learning. These factors can be categorized into three levels,
namely, personal level, activity level, and the contextual level
(Bell et al., 2017).
Learning and development allow employees to learn new skills
and reduce the effects of their weaknesses. Low qualified
employees feel vulnerable in the job market, and it’s this
vulnerability that motivates them to participate in learning
programs. Learning helps them to acquire more knowledge and
skills in their field hence reducing their vulnerability
(Schwartz, 2019). Ideal learners have specific characteristics.
Young people are more likely to be motivated in learning. Low
qualified on the other have more intentions to learn than their
male counterparts.
References
Bell, B. S., Tannenbaum, S. I., Ford, J. K., Noe, R. A., &
Kraiger, K. (2017). 100 years of training and development
research: What we know and where we should go. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 102(3), 305.
Chih-Pei, H. U., & Chang, Y. Y. (2017). John W. Creswell,
Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods
Approaches. Journal of Social and Administrative
Sciences, 4(2), 205-207.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative inquiry and
research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage
publications.
Hanaysha, J. (2016). Examining the effects of employee
empowerment, teamwork, and employee training on
organizational commitment. Procedia-Social and Behavioral
Sciences, 229, 298-306.
Schwartz, G. J. (2019). An Examination of Key Factors That
Influence Employee Learning in the Workplace. The Wiley
Handbook of Global Workplace Learning, 477-500.

Running head: EDUCATION 1
EDUCATION 6
Module 9, Assignment 9.1:
Mock Research Design
Chapters 3, 4, and 5
Karen Crump
Dr. Cherie Meador
Chapter 3:
Research Methodology
The research was conducted mainly using a qualitative research
design. The choice of the qualitative research design was
informed by its ability to provide detailed and in-depth
information, that is already analyzed. Identified materials for
reference during the study in qualitative research design can be
analyzed at more essential details. The comprehensive analysis
made possible through qualitative research design helps
researchers to get deeper insights during the examination of the
details. The low cost of researching the qualitative method also
informed the choice of the plan. In a qualitative research

design, one does not incur the traveling expenses to the
convenience of the respondents (Lune & Berg, 2016). Several
platforms can provide information form use during qualitative
research. The data gathered using this strategy has a predictive
ability. That is, the researcher can observe the trend or the
behavior of the phenomena under study and make a prediction
into the future. Data gathered through qualitative research
design is more reliable because the researchers can compare the
data from different sources and eliminate biases likely to be
conducted in the first study.
Search Strategy
Systematic analysis of popular literature for use in the study
was employed to realize the study objectives. An inclusion and
exclusion criteria were devised, detailing the qualities of the
articles that qualified for use in the study, and those that failed
the standard. In the inclusion criterion, only sources containing
information related to the topic of the study were selected. The
reference materials used in the research were purely academic
sources, with emphasis on the peer-reviewed articles (Reio,
2016). Items not older than five years were selected as credible
for the study. The journals had to complete articles; thus,
articles with abstract only were excluded for use. All materials
used were published in English only. Items that did not meet the
defined criteria were disregarded.
Data Sources
The research is qualitative, and therefore, only secondary
sources were used in this study. The secondary sources included
journals, newspapers; peer-reviewed articles, and periodicals.
Online sources, such as official websites formed part of the data
sources.
Content Analysis
According to the nature of the study, thematic analysis was used
to ascertain that the only credible sources were used. The
process of thematic analysis is also based on the search criteria
identified previously. Thematic analysis is a reliable strategy in
data analysis in qualitative research because it relates the topics

and objectives to the content present in the secondary sources.
Thematic analysis is also useful in analyzing a large volume of
textual information. In the thematic analysis, various methods
can be used to scrutinize the selected sources. For example, a
summative analysis begins by reviewing the content versus the
main themes or topics within the study.
Data Analysis
Data analysis started with a review of the identified articles
from the search strategy developed earlier. Based on thematic
analysis, critical topics from the sources that aligned with the
problem under study were first established. During this process
too, essential points are recorded for later more in-depth
analysis. Critical at this stage is the interpretation and analysis
of statistical information because statistical data helps in
making reliable predictions into the future. Conventions and
particular codes identified in these texts are also recorded for
reference in theorizing the problem under study.
Ethical Considerations
Ethics in research are critical, especially in topics where the
respondents are human beings. Ethics help the researcher to
remain within the professional guidelines. In this research,
critical ethical consideration was on copyrights. The study
avoided the use of materials whose authors had not yet approved
for use. In cases where the required documents were found in
libraries, written requests were sent to the attendants, and visits
were made only on confirmation from the library management.
Consent from different authorizing bodies was sought through
written formal letters. The analysis of the composed of the
printed sources was free of bias, and therefore, the information
in the finding is reliable and credible. In the presentation of the
collected data, data from the identified sources were
paraphrased, and not copied, as this would contravene the
copyrights rules.
Chapter 4:
Findings
From the search strategy and content analysis carried out

earlier, critical themes and findings were established. First, 58
sources containing the relevant information on 'Learning and
Development in Corporations' did not meet the selection
criteria. From the eight sources screened for use, and
thematically analyzed, common theme included the spare time
for learning and exposure programs. These class of working
population in different states lacked time not only to attend
schools but also to concentrate on academic work. Most of the
working category, people were family men and women or
already engaged in emotional affairs that consumed their time.
Family responsibilities and work pressures were identified as
the main challenge that employees could not participate in
further learning.
The analysis also identified that about 43% of the working
population wished to advance their training, but lacked the
opportunity. Upward mobility within corporations was,
therefore, minimal for these members since they lacked the
prerequisite qualifications. The group uninterested in further
learning, identified that schooling was not offering an
immediate reward. Others also said that education was not
necessary for one to achieve success in life. Attitudes
surrounding gender attitudes in society also influenced the
attitudes in society influenced learning and development among
the working class in corporate institutions. Most women in the
working category had already achieved their ends and were not
interested in furthering their education. From the 20% of the
working population uninterested in furthering their education,
women made up 78%. The cost of education affected the
attitude of the working population towards education. Negative
attitudes towards learning from corporate workers are based on
the high fees in the institutions of further education. From the
study, the population appears to apply the cost-benefit analysis
in the decision about taking learning. The sources identified
that about 61% of those who approved higher education sought
to attain job promotions and increase earnings from their work.
Inductions courses and hands-on-training offered by the

corporate institutions were approved as beneficial by 84% of the
population in corporate institutions.
Chapter 5
Conclusion and Recommendation
From the findings, most people are interested in furthering their
education level as a means to growth and development within
the corporate institutions. The results from the research findings
identified that gender-based attitudes are informing the decision
of the working-class regarding learning. The beliefs and reasons
given by the working population can be used for policy
development to allow access to learning for the employed
population (Vnoučková, 2016). The attitudes that furthering in
education does add to the overall improvement in academic
performance can be dispelled through professional and
motivational speakers. The speakers would encourage the
workers to seek knowledge for different benefits. The study
recommends that there is a need for more research on the
subject. Corporate institutions should also provide in-service
training to their employees to improve their products and
promotional chances.
References
Lune, H., & Berg, B. L. (2016). Qualitative research methods
for the social sciences. Pearson Higher Ed.
Reio Jr, T. G. (2016). Nonexperimental Research: Strengths,
weaknesses, and issues of precision. European Journal of
Training and Development, 40(8/9), 676-690.
Vnoučková, L. (2016). Personality attitudes affecting employee
learning and development: prerequisites of behavior leading to
learning and development. Quality Innovation Prosperity, 20(2),
22-38.
Running head: PROJECT 1

PROJECT 2
Module 6 Assignment 6.1: Applied Research Project: Research
Design Proposal Part 1
Karen Crump
Dr. Cherie Meador
Applied Research Project
Introduction
Mother nature in a bid to maintain ecological balance waits for
no one to prepare when it comes to disasters and their
management. Damage resulting from natural disasters can be
detrimental or minimal, depending on the severity of the event.
In the United States, the problem of natural disasters is not a
new phenomenon. Disasters such as the great Galveston storm,
San Francisco earthquake of 1906, Hurricane Maria, and
Hurricane Catrina, among others are some of the significant
calamities instigated by mother nature. The extent of
destruction from these disasters involve both property and
human lives (Lindsay, 2017). Some of the catastrophes are
predictable, while others happen without warning. Despite
substantial investment in technology to detect and predict
natural disasters, unpredictability exists. So, when a natural
disaster occurs, who shoulders the damage? The county, the
state, or the city? Or all of them? In the U.S., the president
approves financial aid for disaster through disaster declaration
provision (Heersink Peterson, & Jenkins, 2017). The local
government also intervenes in rescue and reconstruction efforts.

However, the absence of legal definitions and processes in the
declaration of disaster process opens doors for political
motivations. Before 1950, states handled disaster by themselves
before the introduction of special legislation providing for a
disaster declaration.
Conceptual Framework
The study aim is to review and examine political influences into
presidential disaster declarations. The best way to investigate is
to engage in an extensive literature review, examining disaster
policies with interest in disaster declarations by the president.
The analysis of literature will examine policy history, including
pre-presidential announcements, and how the U.S. government
dealt with disasters occurring before the 1950 Act. The review
of literature also explores the disaster relief Act of 1950 and
how it influenced the management of disaster and sanitized the
delivery of disaster aid. Subsequent Acts such as the 1974 and
1988 contribution to the declaration of disaster are also
essential to consider.
According to the disaster policies, the presidential disaster
declaration refers to an announcement by the president
declaring the occurrence of a disaster. The history of disasters
and how the president invoked a disaster declaration also
features in the study to provide a comprehensive understanding
of the utilization of the policies.
The unit analysis of the research at hand is disasters. As
classified in the SHELDUS database, an event qualifies to be a
disaster if it causes $500,00 worth in damage. The study will
apply exploratory research design and use the information to
answer the study’s questions. The researcher will examine data
available in U.S. government database as well as other
educational databases. Other resources utilized in gathering data
include the American Presidency Project, SHELDUS, FEMA
disaster database, and U.S. election atlas.
The presidential disaster declaration is the only study’s
dependent variable. The research has three independent
variables, namely, presidential re-election year, a swing state,

and political alignments. The researcher then performs analysis
on the effect of political influences on presidential disaster
declarations. The researcher will be interested in disasters that
occurred in the last 20 years from 20 states. The hazards will
comprise of those that received presidential statements and
those that did not. The researcher will use code 0 and 1 to
denote declaration status. The code will also go into use when
indicating what each independent variable examined.
Research problem
The purpose of the study is to investigate and examine the
political influences on presidential disaster declaration. In
1988, ratifications to the presidential disaster declaration
provision saw centralization of authority to declare a disaster.
Known as the Robert Stafford Act of 1988, the powers vested to
the president poses the question of whether a declaration of
disasters may face the influence of political incentives (Lindsay
& McCarthy, 2015). What motivates the president to declare an
event a natural disaster? Reporting disaster due to actual need
or when damage in less than a reasonable threshold is a critical
consideration to understand the underlying motivations. More
important is the question “why some states receive more
financial aid than others regardless of the occurrence of
disasters?”
Purpose/Significance of the Study
As mentioned in the research problem, the purpose of the study
is to investigate if the presidential disaster declaration faces
political influences. How are disaster declarations in the U.S.,
or are there bias in declarations? The study poses the question
whether there are political motivations and influences disaster
declarations in the U.S. The issue arises from the hypothesis
that politically motivated disaster declarations are problematic
because they fail to capture national interests and partisan-
focused (Kriner & Reeves, 2015). Political motivations to
disaster declaration and management compromise the essence of
disaster funds and hinder the realization of genuine disaster
efforts. The study is essential because presidential disaster

declarations give way to release of federal monies.
Research questions
1. What are the motivations behind presidential disaster
declarations?
2. What are the considerations made in assigning value to
disaster declaration?
3. Is there bias in presidential disaster declarations?
4. Is the allocation of resources and financial aid across states
politically motivated?
5. What are the challenges to enforcing fair and equitable
distribution of disaster declaration across states?
References
Heersink B., Peterson, B.D., & Jenkins, J.A. (2017) Disasters
and Elections: Estimating the Net Effect of Damage and Relief
in Historical Perspective. Political Analysis, 25(02). 260- 268.
Kriner, D. L., & Reeves, A. (2015). Presidential Particularism
in Disaster Declarations and Military Base Closures.
Presidential Studies Quarterly,45(4), 679-702.
Lindsay, B. R., & McCarthy, F. X. (2015). Stafford Act
declarations, 1953-2014: Trends and analyses, and implications
for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research
Service.
Lindsay, B.R. (2017) Major Disaster Definition. Washington,
D.C.: Congressional Research Service. 16-21.
600 Module 10 Assignment 10.1: Applied Research Project:
Mock Research Design Visual Presentation
“LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN CORPORATIONS”
Instructions
1. Summarize your applied research project into a concise
visual presentation.

2. Use only 6 slides according to the following outline.
3. Title and Abstract (100 word max)
4. Chapter 1: Introduction, to include background, conceptual
framework, problem statement, research
approach/purpose/significance, research questions
5. Chapter 2: Literature Review, which could be highlights of
your annotated bibliographies
6. Chapter 3: Methods, to include validity and reliability
7. Chapter 4: Data Collection and Findings
8. Chapter 5: Conclusions to include limitations and
recommendations for future research.

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