EDUCATIVE

1. 1
Cellular Biology
Chapter 1

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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
 Prokaryotes
 Nucleus (single, circular chromosome)
 Cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsiae
 Eukaryotes
 Complex cellular organization
 Membrane-bound organelles
 Well-defined nucleus
 Higher animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa

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Cellular Functions
 Movement
 Conductivity
 Metabolic absorption
 Secretion
 Excretion
 Respiration
 Communication

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Eukaryotic Cell
 Nucleus
 Nuclear envelope- Membrane around nucleus
 Nucleolus- organelles involved in cell division
 DNA- chemical blueprints of life
 DNA replication- semi conservative method, repair with nuclear
enzymes in some cancers sometime defective repair enzymes, and
transcription – making mRNA and tRNA and r RNA from DNA
gene templates
 Histone proteins – bind to outside of DNA double helix and
protect DNA as well as control what genes are expressed at
what time.
 Cell division – mitosis – Prophase – metaphase – anaphase
– telophase – interphase. Cell cycle

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Eukaryotic Cell
 Nucleus

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Eukaryotic Cell
 Cytoplasm
 Cytoplasmic matrix
 Cytosol
 Function
 Cytoplasmic organelles

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Eukaryotic Cell
 Cytoplasm

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Eukaryotic Organelles
 Ribosomes - organelles
 rRNA made from DNA and 2 protein subunits
 Free ribosomes – independent from reticulum
 Attached ribosomes associated with ER
 Endoplasmic reticulum – ER membrane
complex inside cell
 Site of protein synthesis
 Smooth vs. rough endoplasmic reticulum

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Eukaryotic Organelles
 Ribosomes involved with
protein synthesis. Line up
tRNA + aa, rRNA and
mRNA with enzymes that
attach aa’s into long
polypetide strands
 Endoplasmic reticulum –site
where ribosomes produce
proteins

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Eukaryotic Organelles
 Golgi complex – final processing site for
proteins, especially those destined to be
secreted from the cell.
 Flattened, smooth membranes
 Secretory vesicles
 Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are
packaged in the Golgi complex
 Cisternae

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Eukaryotic Organelles
 Golgi complex

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Eukaryotic Organelles
 Golgi complex – usually
associate with ER and outer
cell membranes. Site of
final processing of proteins
to be secreted out of cell

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Eukaryotic Organelles
 Lysosomes membrane bounded structures
 Originate from the Golgi and contain lytic enzymes
 Catalyze and breakdown proteins, lipids, nucleic acids,
and carbohydrates
 Role in autodigestion
 Some vitamins can destabilize lysosome membranes
(retin A anti wrinkle cream) and cortisone stabilizes
membranes preventing cellular breakdown (part of anti-
inflamitory action
 Peroxisomes
 Contain oxidative enzymes
 Break substances down into harmless products

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Eukaryotic Organelles
 Mitochondria
 Surrounded by a double lipid–bilayer membrane
 Participates in oxidative phosphorylation
 Increased inner membrane surface area provided
by cristae
 Location where enzymes of the Krebs cycle are
located and where ATP is produced in the
Electro transport chain reactions

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Eukaryotic Organelles
 Mitochondria

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Eukaryotic Organelles
 Vaults
 Cytoplasmic
ribonucleoproteins, shaped
like octagonal barrels
 Cellular trucks

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Eukaryotic Organelles
 Cytoskeleton
 “Bones and muscles” of the cell
 Maintains the cell’s shape and internal
organization
 Permits movement of substances within the cell
and movement of external projections
 Microtubules
 Centrioles
 Microfilaments

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Eukaryotic Organelles
 Cytoskeleton

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Plasma Membrane
 Controls the composition of a space or
compartment they enclose
 Structure
 Caveolae
 Lipids
 Amphipathic lipids
 Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
 Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol
 Carbohydrates

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Plasma Membrane

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Plasma Membrane
 Proteins
 Integral, peripheral, transmembrane
 Functions
 Receptors
 Transport
 Enzymes
 Surface markers
 Adhesion molecules

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Plasma Membrane
 Plasma membrane protein functions

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Proteolytic Cascades
 Caspase-mediated apoptosis
 Blood coagulation cascade
 Matrix metalloproteinase cascade
 Complement cascade

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Membrane Fluidity

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Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
 Extracellular matrix
 Production
 Fibroblasts
 Collagen
 Elastin
 Fibronectin

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Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
 Extracellular matrix

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Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
 Cell junctions
 Desmosomes
 Tight junctions
 Gap junctions
 Gating

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Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
 Junctional complex

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Cellular Communication
 Direct linkup
 Gap junctions
 Hormonal
 Neurohormonal
 Paracrine
 Autocrine
 Neurotransmitters

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Cellular Communication

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Signal Transduction
 Extracellular messengers
 Convey instructions to the cell’s interior
 Transfer, amplify, distribute, and modulate
 Channel regulation
 Second messengers
 Two pathways
 Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
 Ca++

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Signal Transduction

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Cellular Metabolism
 Metabolism
 Chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular
functions
 Anabolism
 Energy using
 Catabolism
 Energy releasing

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Adenosine Triphosphate
 Created from the chemical energy contained
within organic molecules
 Used in synthesis of organic molecules,
muscle contraction, and active transport
 Universal fuel for all cell functions
 The Electron Transport Chain (cytochromes)
are involved with the production of ATP

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Cellular Energy
 Digestion
 Glycolysis - first step in the breakdown of glucose (6
Carbons)
 Occurs in the cytoplasm results in Pyruvate (2x 3Carbons)
 Anaerobic – no need for oxygen like mitochondria
reactions. If no O2 present pyruvate converted to Lactate
 Citric acid cycle
 Also called Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle
(TCA) in the mitochondria
 Oxidative phosphorylation
 Occurs in the mitochondria

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Cellular Energy

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Membrane Transport
 Gradient
 Passive transport
 Diffusion – follows concentration gradients
 Passive mediated transport – no energy needed
 Filtration – just like making coffee
 Osmosis – movement of water across membranes
 Osmolarity vs. osmolality
 Tonicity – describes how living cells react to solutions
 Isotonic (same size), hypertonic (shrinks cell), and hypotonic
(cells will swell when exposed to this kind of solution)

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Membrane Transport

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Membrane Transport

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Membrane Transport
 Active transport
 Active transport pumps require ATP move
charged ions and substances across membranes
 Transport by vesicle formation
 Endocytosis
 Pinocytosis
 Phagocytosis
 Potocytosis

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Active Transport
Ions and charged molecules
As well as large chemicals
Like proteins need to be
Transported across the
Membrane barrier.

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Membrane Transport

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Electrical Impulses
 Resting membrane potential – caused by the
distribution of charged ions like Na & K
 Action potential – the flow of ions when the
membrane is disturbed
 Depolarization
 Threshold potential
 Repolarization
 Refractory period
 Absolute and relative

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Propagation of an Action Potential

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The Cell Cycle
 Mitosis vs. cytokinesis
 Chromatin vs. chromosomes
 Interphase
 G1 phase
 S phase
 G2 phase

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The Cell Cycle

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The Cell Cycle
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase

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Influences on the Cell Cycle
 Cellular division rates
 Growth factors

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Tissue Formation
 Founder cells
 Chemotaxis
 Contact guidance
 Cellular reproduction

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Tissue Formation

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Types of Tissue
 Epithelial tissue
 Simple vs. stratified
 Squamous
 Cuboidal
 Columnar
 Pseudostratified
 Structures
 Cilia and microvilli

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Types of Tissue
 Connective tissue
 Ground substance
 Fibers
 Loose and dense connective tissue
 Elastic and reticular connective
 Cartilage, bone, vascular, and adipose

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Types of Tissue
 Muscle tissue
 Smooth
 Striated (skeletal)
 Cardiac