This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and outlines its general subdivisions, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The plasma membrane is described as a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that controls what enters and exits the cell. The nucleus contains DNA and is the cell's regulatory center. Other structures like mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, and vesicles are described as specialized organelles that carry out important functions and transport materials within the cell.
power point presentation on the topic cellular level of organization from unit first of subject human anatomy and physiology I for first year B.PHARM it is useful for the student to study easily and find out the material easily for their study it is also useful for techers
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
power point presentation on the topic cellular level of organization from unit first of subject human anatomy and physiology I for first year B.PHARM it is useful for the student to study easily and find out the material easily for their study it is also useful for techers
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
2. Definition of a cell:
basic structural and functional unit of life
the smallest units that display the
characteristics of life, i.e. reproduction,
metabolism, response to stimuli
3. General Subdivisions of a Cell
• Plasma Membrane = selectively permeable
boundary between the cell and the
environment
• Nucleus = regulatory center of the cell
• Cytoplasm = everything between the plasma
membrane and the nucleus (fluid + organelles)
4. Plasma Membrane
1. Structure = phospholipd bilayer with proteins
embedded in, and attached to, the inner
(intracellular) and outer (extracellular) surfaces
2. Function
a. Selectively permeable barrier: controls what
enters and leaves the cell
b. Phospholipids are liquid at body temperature, so
proteins float around in the membrane
-functions as a Fluid Mosaic
6. Plasma Membrane (2)
2. Function – continued
c. Main responsibility: ensure the composition of
extracellular fluid is not the same as the
composition of the intracellular fluid
d. Water-soluble substances (salts, nutrients) cross
membrane with aid of protein channels, which are
selective about what can pass through
e. Lipids can pass directly through bilayer by
diffusion (the random walk of molecules)
f. Attachment site of cytoskeleton, the internal
support of the cell
7. Plasma Membrane (3)
3. Glycocalyx = protein and carbohydrate coat
covering the extracellular surface of the
plasma membrane
a. Allows attachment to other cells
b. Allows the cell to interact with the environment
c. Gives each person’s cell a distinctive surface;
allows your body to recognize foreign tissues
as different from your own (i.e., blood type,
transplant rejection)
9. General Subdivisions of a Cell
• Plasma Membrane = selectively permeable
boundary between the cell and the
environment
• Nucleus = regulatory center of the cell
• Cytoplasm = everything between the plasma
membrane and the nuclear compartment
11. Nucleus
1. Nuclear Envelope (membrane)
a. Phospholipid bilayer with nuclear pores
b. Controls what enters/leaves the nucleus
-- things only go in or out by passing through
protein channels, which are selective
c. Encloses all the chromosomes
12. Nucleus
2. Chromatin = all the chromosomes, which are
long strands of the molecule DNA
-- DNA regulates all cell activities, yet never
leaves the nucleus; how is this possible?
produces RNA, short messenger molecules
that exit through nuclear pores
RNA carries instructions out into the cytoplasm
13. Nucleus
3. Nucleolus – site of ribosome synthesis
a. compartment in the nucleus where ribsomes
are assembled
b. ribosomes are then moved out into cytoplasm
through nuclear pores
c. ribosomes and RNA work together outside
the nucleus, to build all the proteins in the cell
15. Ribosomes
Ribosomes = site of protein synthesis
--assembled in the nucleolus
--exported into the cytoplasm
a. Free – unbound in the fluid cytoplasm, produce
proteins for use in the cell
b. Bound – attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER),
produce proteins for export, or for the plasma
membrane
16. Cytoplasm + Organelles
1. Fluid portion = “cytoplasm”
a. Water with dissolved salts, nutrients and
enzymes (= proteins that do a particular job)
b. Site of many metabolic reactions
2. Cytoskeleton = network of protein fibers
extending throughout the fluid cytoplasm
a. Support and structure for the cell
b. Very dynamic, always remodeling itself
c. Critical for cells to divide and copy themselves
18. Organelles
1. Separate compartments within the cytoplasm
formed by membranes
2. Mitochondrion = “thread granule”, major source
of cell’s energy
a. energy is taken from sugar, stored in molecule
called ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
b. requires oxygen to make this exchange
(aerobic metabolism)
c. contained within double membrane
20. Organelles (2)
3. The Cytomembrane System = system of tubes
and chambers formed by membranes
a. extensively distributed throughout the fluid
cytoplasm
b. involved in synthesis, modification,
processing & packaging of cellular lipids
and proteins
22. Cytomembrane System
1. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) = “within the
cytoplasm network”, a system of tubes and sacs
formed by membranes (an enclosed space)
a) Rough = with bound ribosomes
--modifies proteins produced by the ribosomes
b) Smooth = without bound ribosomes
-doesn’t modify proteins
-functions in lipid synthesis, drug
detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism
23. Cytomembrane System (2)
2. Golgi Apparatus = series of flattened sacs formed by
membranes, functions in final protein processing prior
to use by the cell
a. proteins get shuttled from the ER to one end
of the Golgi
b. in each sac, different modifications are made
(proteins get individually tailored)
c. proteins get sorted and shipped off to their
destination (like the post office of the cell)
24. Cytomembrane System (2)
3. Vesicles = small membrane-bound structures
that transport proteins and lipids around the cell
a. little transporters that shuttle their
contents from one organelle to another
b. when they contact the appropriate organelle,
they fuse with its outer membrane and dump
their contents inside
c. same for plasma membrane, allowing the
export of materials from the cell (exocytosis)
26. Cytomembrane System (2)
4. Lysosome = membrane-bound vesicle that
contains digestive enzymes or toxic chemicals
a. merges with vesicles containing food
particles, invading bacteria
b. harsh chemicals and enzymes degrade the
food or bacteria, without harming rest of cell