This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It then defines the cell and describes the basic components of eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus. Specific organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, lysosomes, mitochondria, and vacuoles are explained. The structure and functions of the cell membrane, its lipids and proteins, are also detailed.
Includes all the basic concepts about cell - morphology, prokaryotic vs eukaryotic, cell organelles and its functions, methods of division and commonly encountered anomalies.
Includes all the basic concepts about cell - morphology, prokaryotic vs eukaryotic, cell organelles and its functions, methods of division and commonly encountered anomalies.
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2ICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
Structure and functions of endoplasmic reticulumICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 57 slides,describes following heads
• DISCOVERY
• INTRODUCTION
• BIOGENESIS OF ER
• ISOLATION OF MICROSOMES FROM E R
• STRUCTURE
• COMPONENTS OF ER
CISTERNAE
VESICLES
TUBULES
• MAIN FUNCTION OF ER
• TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
• FUNCTIONS OF SER
• ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
• FUNCTIONS OF RER
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• QUESTIONS
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “ Structure and Function of Lysosome”includes 43 slides with following sub- heads.
DEFINITION
INTRODUCTION/ STRUCTURE OF LYSOSOME
DISCOVERY OF LYSOSOME
DISTRIBUTION/LOCATION OF LYSOSOME
ORIGIN/ SYNTHESIS OF LYSOSOME
SHAPE AND SIZE OF LYSOSOME
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LYSOSOME
LYSOSOMES ARE KNOWN AS SUICIDE BAGS
HOW THE CELL IS PROTECTED FROM LYSOSOME RUPTURE
COMMON FUNCTION OF LYSOSOME
TYPES OF LYSOSOME
DISORDERS IN HUMAN RELATED WITH LYSOSOME
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
Animal cells are eukaryotic cells or cells with a membrane-bound nucleus.
DNA in animal cells is housed within the nucleus.
In addition to having nucleus animal cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles.
Organelles have a wide range of responsibilities that include everything from producing hormones and enzymes to providing energy for animal cells.
All living things are made up of cells that make up their body structure. Some of these living things are single-celled and other organisms are made up of more than one cell.
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2ICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
Structure and functions of endoplasmic reticulumICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 57 slides,describes following heads
• DISCOVERY
• INTRODUCTION
• BIOGENESIS OF ER
• ISOLATION OF MICROSOMES FROM E R
• STRUCTURE
• COMPONENTS OF ER
CISTERNAE
VESICLES
TUBULES
• MAIN FUNCTION OF ER
• TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
• FUNCTIONS OF SER
• ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
• FUNCTIONS OF RER
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• QUESTIONS
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “ Structure and Function of Lysosome”includes 43 slides with following sub- heads.
DEFINITION
INTRODUCTION/ STRUCTURE OF LYSOSOME
DISCOVERY OF LYSOSOME
DISTRIBUTION/LOCATION OF LYSOSOME
ORIGIN/ SYNTHESIS OF LYSOSOME
SHAPE AND SIZE OF LYSOSOME
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LYSOSOME
LYSOSOMES ARE KNOWN AS SUICIDE BAGS
HOW THE CELL IS PROTECTED FROM LYSOSOME RUPTURE
COMMON FUNCTION OF LYSOSOME
TYPES OF LYSOSOME
DISORDERS IN HUMAN RELATED WITH LYSOSOME
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
Animal cells are eukaryotic cells or cells with a membrane-bound nucleus.
DNA in animal cells is housed within the nucleus.
In addition to having nucleus animal cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles.
Organelles have a wide range of responsibilities that include everything from producing hormones and enzymes to providing energy for animal cells.
All living things are made up of cells that make up their body structure. Some of these living things are single-celled and other organisms are made up of more than one cell.
Cell is basic structural and functional unit of all living organism. Cell is enclosed in a compartment containing aqueous fluid called as Cytosol which is surrounded by a cell membrane called Plasma membrane
Introduction
Structure of Plasma Membranes
Functions of Plasma Membranes
Cytoplasm: Cytosol, Organelles
Functions of Cytoplasm
Ribosome, Functions of Ribosomes
2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and its Functions
b. Smooth ER and its Functions
3. Golgi complex and its Functions
4.Lysosomes and its Functions
5. Peroxisomes and its Functions
6. Proteasomes and its Functions
7.Mitochondria and its Functions
8. Cytoskeletal
a. Microfilaments and its Functions
b. Intermediate filaments and its Functions
c. Microtubules and its Functions
9. Centrosome and its Functions
10. Cilia and Flagella and its Functions
11. Nucleus and its Functions
a. Nuclear Membrane and its Functions
b. Nucleoplasm and its Functions
c. Chromosomes and its Functions
d. Nucleolus and its Functions
The cell is the smallest structural, functional, and biological unit of all living organisms. It can capable of biosynthesis, replication and energy transformation.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
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Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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1. UNIT I: STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF THE CELL
Mw. Muki (Msc NMH,BSc N,DHPEd, RN)
Assistant Lecturer
1
2. THEMES TO BE COVERED
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells
Parts of the cell (Mosaic Model)
Plasma membrane structure and
permeability
Membrane proteins and their function
Cytoplasm, organelles and their
function
The nucleus, structure and function
2
3. Definition of cell
Cell is the basic unit of structure and
reproduction for all organism.
There two types of cells that are
Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
3
4. TOPIC I: EUKARYOTIC &
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Cells over millions of years, have developed
two basic structures
Prokaryotic cells are cells that have no
nucleus ( also called Prokaryotes)
These include unicellular organisms such as
Bacteria
They are generally very small cells
They are the earliest forms of life and still the
most abundant which evolved about 4 billion
years ago.
4
Some species are highly evolved pathogens
5.
Eukaryotic cells are cells having a nucleus
( also spelled Eucaryotes)
– Eukaryotic cells are seen in animals, Plants,
Fungi and Protists
– Some of the Eucaryotes are unicellular while
the majority are multi-cellular
– Eucaryotes evolved later about 1 billion years
ago.
– The sizes of Eucaryotes vary from the tiny
size of yeast to the size of an elephant and
dinosaurs.
We are concerned with the study of eukaryotic
cells which make up the human body
5
6. EUKARYOTIC CELL
STRUCTURES
Eukaryotic
cells are organized into
different compartments.
All compartments are bounded by
membranes.
For simplicity, we divide the cell into
three main compartments: 1. cell
membrane, 2. cytoplasm and the 3.
nucleus.
6
7. Cytoplasm
is a central metabolic
compartment, bounded by the cell
membrane.
Other compartments inside cytoplasm are
called organelles
Compartmentation allows specialized
functions to be carried out in different
locations of the cell.
7
17. 1. THE CYTOPLASM
Generally,
the cytoplasm:
is the site of protein synthesis and many
metabolic processes.
Contains many ribosomes, particles on
which proteins are synthesized
Contains many enzymes for metabolism
in general
Is a compartment in which foodstuffs
enter and from which wastes leave cell
17
18. Cytoplasm contains fiber of the cytoskeletal
system, which organize cytoplasmic structure
Contains many different organelles
18
19. The
Endomembrane system is involved in
moving materials into different
compartments. It is a set of interconnected
compartments made of the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER), Golgi body, Lysosomes,
cell membrane. The cell membrane is
treated separately in this lecture.
19
20. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Rough ER : synthesizes proteins for export
or movement to different cell compartments
(but not to cytoplasm).
20
21. Signal hypothesis
Certain mRNAs encode proteins
designated for export. These carry a
peptide signal at growing end, causes
growing protein to move to ER
("docking"), insert peptide into
membrane, and translocate growing
polypeptide chain across ER membrane.
When protein synthesis is complete,
polypeptide folds up inside ER, not in
cytoplasm.
21
22.
Smooth ER (sER): synthesizes lipids,
detoxifies drugs and poisons should
be in bigger amounts in the liver).
22
23. GOLGI BODY
Functions as intracellular "post office"
for sorting new proteins made on rER.
Vesicles containing protein pinch off from
ER, fuse with cis face of Golgi. Inside
Golgi, oligosaccharide chains on proteins
are modified. Vesicles pinch off from
trans face of Golgi, carry proteins to
several possible destinations: export (out
of cell), Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Cell
membrane, etc.
23
24. LYSOSOMES
Compartments where old proteins,
foreign materials, many wastes are
broken
Contain ~40 hydrolytic enzymes: lipases,
proteases, nucleases, etc. Break down
organic polymers of all types.
"Suicide bags" if opened up on cell itself
= apoptosis .
Lysosomes are used in Phagocytosis, a
process in which foreign materials are
brought into the cell and "chewed up".
24
25. VACUOLES
Large membrane compartments
Plant cells have especially large vacuole
called the central vacuole , can occupy
most of the volume of a plant cell.
Storage site of pigments, wastes, water,
poisons, and more
25
26. 2. THE NUCLEUS
Location for DNA & RNA synthesis and
protein assembly
Contains chromatin s which are DNAprotein complexes . Chromatin can
condense into chromosomes during cell
division
Site of RNA synthesis . 80% of RNA are
ribosomal RNA. Remaining 20% leaves
nucleus as t-RNA & m-RNA, which direct
protein synthesis
26
27.
Contains nucleolus, an assembly plant for
ribosomes. Ribosomal proteins are made
in cytoplasm, must be transported back
into nucleus. Ribosomal RNA is made in
nucleus. These two elements are
integrated inside nucleolus to create
ribosomal subunits. These are then
exported out of nucleus through nuclear
pores.
27
28.
Bounded by nuclear membrane. The
nuclear membrane is a double layered
structure. It Contains many nuclear pores,
which allow material to move in and out of
nucleus
28
29.
Nuclear Pores have octagonal "doors"
made of protein; open and close on either
side depending on specific signals. Pore
has diameter of about 10 nanometers (10
x 10-9 m), smaller than diameter of a
complete ribosome. Pore can open up to
as much as 26 nm in response to certain
signals. Some signals allow motion in but
not out, other signals control reverse
transport.
29
30.
Mitochondria are organelles involved in
energy transformations and are separate
from the endomembrane system
"Energy organelles" have unique
properties:
30
31.
are enclosed by double membrane system
contain DNA and ribosomes (70S, not 80S
like cytoplasmic ribosomes)
make some of their own proteins
from their own genes
divide by binary fission (but not
autonomous, cannot grow or sustain life
outside of cell)
31
32.
Mitochondria = centers for respiratory
catabolism. Oxygen combined with chemicals to
break down foods, generate cell energy. Contain
outer and inner compartments, with many
membranous cristae that "criss-cross" the
internal space.
Found in virtually every eukaryotic cell.
Are small structures similar to bacteria in some
size.
32
33. 3. The cell membrane
Structure
Function
33
34.
The cells have a flexible outer surface
called cell membrane.
Separates the cell’s internal environment
from the external environment
Regulates the flow of material in and out
of the cell maintaining the appropriate
environment for normal cellular activity.
Communication among and between cells
and the external environment.
34
38. 3.1.3 Glycolipids
Description
Are about 5% of
membrane lipids.
Appear only on
surface of the
membrane
facing the
exrtacellular
fluid.
Are target of
attack by
bacteria38
and
certain toxins
39. Glycolipids continued
Descriptio n
Found in large
quantities in brain
tissue
Contain sugar,
sphingosine, and a
fatty acid
No phosphoric acid
present
Bound to cell
poisons e.g
cholera, tetanus
toxins. 39
43. 3.2.1 Membrane protein functions
1.
1.
Receptors
Carriers
1.
Channel
proteins
Docking sites for
specific substances
For specific solutes
across membranes
Have pores, act as
pumps and gates to
selectively move
specific substances
through the cell
membrane.
43
45. Reference
Tortora G.J & Derrickson B. (2006)
Principles of Anatomy and
Physiology (11th ed.) John Wiley &
Sons Inc. NY. Chap 3.
Apps D.K et all (1992) Biochemistry
(5th ed),Bailliere Tindall, Londan
45