Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures into individual components and analyze, identify, and purify substances. It works by distributing components between a stationary and mobile phase as they travel through a chromatographic system. The visual output, or chromatogram, shows different patterns corresponding to different mixture components based on their retention times and concentrations. Common stationary phases include adsorbents like liquids or solids, while mobile phases are usually solvents or supercritical fluids that carry analytes through the system.

1. CHROMATOGRAPHY Nur Eliya Jasmi Nur Amalina Mohd Noor Nur Hamizah Salim Nur Azirah Norzaini Tan

2. What is CHROMATOGRAPHY ? colour to write

3. WHAT IS CHROMATOGRAPHY ? A technique for separating mixtures into their components in order to analyze , identify , and purify the mixture or components.

4. DEFINITION Analyze : To examine the mixture or structure or something especially by separating it into its parts. Purify : To make something pure by removing substances that are not wanted out of another substances that contains it. Identify : To recognize something and to determine the identity of mixture.

5. CHROMATOGRAM The visual output of the chromatograph. Different patterns on the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture

6. CHROMATOGRAM x axis – Retention time y axis – Solute concentration that leaving a chromatographic column. Retention time : Time taken for the analyte to pass through the system under set conditions.

7. PHASE IN CHROMATOGRAPHY ?

8. STATIONARY PHASE ADSORBENT : atoms that accumulate on the surface of the material

9. TYPE OF STATIONARY PHASE

10. MOBILE PHASE ELUENT : solvent that carry the analyte in elution.

11. MOBILE PHASE SUPER CRITICAL FLUID: mobile phase is a fluid above and close to its critical temperature and pressure.

12. COMPARISON OF THE PHASE MOBILE PHASE GAS GAS CROMATOGRAPHY (GC) LIQUID LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (LC) STATIONARY PHASE LIQIUD GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (GLC) SOLID GAS-SOLID CHROMATOGRAPHY (GSC) LIQUID LIQUID-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (LLC) SOLID LIQUID-SOLID CHROMATOGRAPHY (LSC)

13. ANALOGY…

14. R F VALUE It is the distance travelled by the sample or analyte divided by distance travelled by the solvent front in chromatography.

15. EXAMPLE OF R F VALUE

16. MECHANISME OF CHROMATOGRAPHY

17. ADSORPTION Surface phenomenon where interaction takes place only on the surface of one substance.

18. ABSORPTION <> ADSORPTION

19. ABSORPTION <> ADSORPTION

20. ELUTION The process of extracting a substance that is adsorbed to another by washing it with a solvent.

21. ELUTION

22. PARTITION S aq <==> S org

23. PARTITION

24. SUMMARIZE OF CHROMATOGRAPHY

25. IF COLOURLESS ???

26. ULTRAVIOLET DETECTOR

27. ULTRAVIOLET DETECTOR MECHANISM

28. THE END