This document provides an overview of different chromatographic techniques classified based on their mechanism of separation, physical state, shape of the chromatographic bed, and physical or chemical methods. It describes key techniques including adsorption chromatography, partition chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, thin layer chromatography, paper chromatography, normal phase chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. The document serves to introduce common chromatographic concepts and provide examples of different techniques.
A presentation on column efficiency parameters in chromatography.. A part of gas chromatography in pharmacutical analysis..will be helpful for all mphrm students
A presentation on column efficiency parameters in chromatography.. A part of gas chromatography in pharmacutical analysis..will be helpful for all mphrm students
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
Hyphenated technique is a combination or coupling of two analytical techniques with the help of proper interface.
In this presentation Hyphenated techniques-LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS, HPTLC-MS has been discussed
• Chromatography is a method of separation in which the components to be separated are distributed between two phases, one of these is called a stationary phase and the other is a mobile phase which moves on stationary phase in a definite direction
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
Hyphenated technique is a combination or coupling of two analytical techniques with the help of proper interface.
In this presentation Hyphenated techniques-LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS, HPTLC-MS has been discussed
• Chromatography is a method of separation in which the components to be separated are distributed between two phases, one of these is called a stationary phase and the other is a mobile phase which moves on stationary phase in a definite direction
This slide explains about the type of Chromatographic Technique, mainly about HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) with its uses and medical application, Normal–phase chromatography, Reversed-phase chromatography (RPC), Size-exclusion chromatography, and Ion-exchange chromatography.
Chromatography is an important biophysical technique that enables the separation, identification, and purification of the components of a mixture for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
The Russian botanist Mikhail Tswett coined the term chromatography in 1906.
The first analytical use of chromatography was described by James and Martin in 1952, for the use of gas chromatography for the analysis of fatty acid mixtures.
A wide range of chromatographic procedures makes use of differences in size, binding affinities, charge, and other properties to separate materials.
It is a powerful separation tool that is used in all branches of science and is often the only means of separating components from complex mixtures.
hromatography is based on the principle where molecules in mixture applied onto the surface or into the solid, and fluid stationary phase (stable phase) is separating from each other while moving with the aid of a mobile phase.
The factors effective on this separation process include molecular characteristics related to adsorption (liquid-solid), partition (liquid-solid), and affinity or differences among their molecular weights.
Because of these differences, some components of the mixture stay longer in the stationary phase, and they move slowly in the chromatography system, while others pass rapidly into the mobile phase, and leave the system faster.
Three components thus form the basis of the chromatography technique.
1. Stationary phase: This phase is always composed of a “solid” phase or “a layer of a liquid adsorbed on the surface solid support”.
2. Mobile phase: This phase is always composed of “liquid” or a “gaseous component.”
3. Separated molecules
Types of Chromatography
Substances can be separated on the basis of a variety of methods and the presence of characteristics such as size and shape, total charge, hydrophobic groups present on the surface, and binding capacity with the stationary phase.
This leads to different types of chromatography techniques, each with their own instrumentation and working principle.
For instance, four separation techniques based on molecular characteristics and interaction type use mechanisms of ion exchange, surface adsorption, partition, and size exclusion.
Other chromatography techniques are based on the stationary bed, including column, thin layer, and paper chromatography.
Applications of Chromatography
Pharmaceutical sector
To identify and analyze samples for the presence of trace elements or chemicals.
Separation of compounds based on their molecular weight and element composition.
Detects the unknown compounds and purity of mixture.
In drug development.
Chemical industry
In testing water samples and also checks air quality.
HPLC and GC are very much used for detecting various contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in pesticides and oils.
In various life sciences applications.
In forensic pathology and crime scene testing like analyzing blood and hair samples.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
3. CONTENTS
Introduction
Common steps in Chromatography
Chromatographic terms
Based on Mechanism of Separation
Adsorption Chromatography
Partition Chromatography
Based on physical state
Gas-liquid Chromatography
Gas-solid Chromatography
Liquid-solid Chromatography
Liquid-liquid Chromatography
Based on shape of chromatographic bed
Planar Chromatography
Column Chromatography
Based on physical or chemical method
Column chromatography
Size exclusion Chromatography
Size exclusion Chromatography
Extraction Chromatography
Normal Phase Chromatography
Reverse Phase Chromatography,
Ion – exchange chromatography
Thin layer Chromatography
Paper chromatography
Super critical fluid Chromatography
HPLC
Affinity Chromatography
4. INTRODUCTION
In 1906, Mikhail Tswett, the Russian botanist discover chromatography.
Chromatography is a separation technique in which a sample is equilibrated
between a mobile and a stationary phase.
Chromatography, a group of methods for separating very small quantities of
complex mixtures, with very high resolution, is one of the most important
techniques in environmental analysis.
Widely used technique for separation, isolation and identification of
compounds. Such as organic matter such as amino acids, starch, pigments
for vitamins and plants, etc.
5. THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS OF SEPARATION,
INVOLVE IN THE FOLLOWING STEPS:
• Adsorption or retention of a substance.
• Separation of the adsorbed substances by the mobile phase.
• Recovery of the separated substance by continuous flow of mobile phase.
This method is known as elution.
• Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the eluted substances.
6. CHROMATOGRAPHIC TERMS
The analyte is the substance to be separated during chromatography.
A chromatogram is the visual output of the chromatograph.
The eluate is the mobile phase leaving the column.
The eluant is the solvent that carries the analyte.
The detector refers to the instrument used for quantitative detection of
analytes after separation.
7. BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
Based on mechanism of separation
Based on physical state
Based on shape of chromatographic bed
Based on physical or chemical method
8. BASED ON MECHANISM OF SEPARATION
Adsorption Chromatography
Partition Chromatography
9. Adsorption Chromatography
• Adsorption Chromatography is process of separation of
components in a mixture introduced into chromatography system
based on the relative difference in adsorption of components of
stationary phase present in chromatographic column.
• Adsorption Chromatography is one of the oldest type of
chromatography.
• The equilibration by the mobile & stationary phase accounts for
the separation of different solutes.
• It utilizes a mobile liquid or gaseous phase that is adsorbed onto
the surface of a stationary solid phase.
10. Partition Chromatography
• Chromatography in which separation is based mainly on differences
between the solubility of the sample components in the stationary phase
or on differences between the solubility of the components in the mobile
and stationary phases.
• This form of chromatography is based on a thin film formed on the
surface of a solid support by a liquid stationary phase.
• Solute equilibrates between the mobile phase and stationary liquid.
11. BASED ON PHYSICAL STATE
Gas-liquid Chromatography
Gas-solid Chromatography
Liquid-solid Chromatography
Liquid-liquid Chromatography
12. Gas- Liquid Chromatography
• Mobile phase is an unreactive gas such as nitrogen(the carrier
gas)
• The stationary phase comprises of a small amount of liquid held
on a finely divided inert solid support.
• Gas- liquid chromatography is very sensitive and can be used to
detect small quantities of substances.
• It is often used in forensics.
Stationary phase used
Dimethyl Poly Siloxane(350oC)
• Hydrocarbons, Polynuclear aromatics
Poly(phenyl methyl) Siloxane(250oC)
• Steroids, Pesticides, Glycols
13. Gas- Solid Chromatography
• Gas chromatography employs an inert gas as the mobile
phase.
• The mobile phase is a gas, often nitrogen, but sometimes
helium, hydrogen or occasionally another gas. It is called
the “carrier gas” .
• Common solids are charcoal, a synthetic zeolite called
“molecular sieve”, or a combination of the two.
• Separation depends on the relative partial pressures of the
sample components above the stationary phase.
• Gas solid chromatography is relatively rare, but it is used to
separate atmospheric gases.
14. Liquid- Solid Chromatography
• Mobile phase is liquid
• Preferred mobile phase is non-polar or slightly polar.
• Liquid chromatography can be carried out either in a column
or a plane.
• The porous adsorbent is polar and separation is based on the
properties of classes of compounds-e.g., amines(alkaline)
from alcohols(neutral) and esters(neutral) from acids.
• Popular adsorbents are Silica and Alumina
15. Liquid- liquid Chromatography
• The first liquid-liquid system was reported by A. J. P. Martin
who used water supported on silica gel as the stationary phase
and n-heptane as the mobile phase.
• Mobile phase is a liquid(usually solvent or a simple binary
solvent mixture) and the stationary phase is also a liquid(which
must be immiscible and insoluble in the liquid mobile phase).
• The system is inherently unstable, as the stationary phase will
always have some solubility in mobile phase
16. BASED ON SHAPE OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC BED
• Planner Chromatography
• Paper Chromatography
• Thin layer Chromatography
• Column Chromatography
• Packed column Chromatography
• Open tubular column Chromatography
17. Planner Chromatography
• Stationary phase is present on a plane.
• Plane can be a paper, serving as such or impregnated by a
substance as the stationary bed(paper chromatography) or a
layer of solid particles spread on a support such as a glass
plate(Thin layer chromatography).
• Different compounds in the sample mixture travel different
distances according to how strongly they interact with the
stationary phase as compared to the mobile phase.
18. Column Chromatography
• Stationary bed is within a tube.
• The particles of the solid stationary phase or the support coated
with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of
the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the
inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile
phase in the middle part of the tube(open tubular Column).
• Differences in rates of movement through the medium are
calculated to different retention times of the sample.
19. BASED ON PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL METHOD
Column chromatography, Size exclusion Chromatography,
Size exclusion Chromatography, Extraction Chromatography,
Normal Phase Chromatography, Reverse Phase Chromatography,
Ion – exchange chromatography, Thin layer Chromatography,
Paper chromatography, Super critical fluid Chromatography,
HPLC, Affinity Chromatography
20. Ion Exchange Chromatography
• In this type of chromatography, the use of a resin (the stationary solid
phase) is used to covalently attach anions or cations onto it.
• Solute ions of the opposite charge in the mobile liquid phase are
attracted to the resin by electrostatic forces.
21. Molecular Exclusion Chromatography
• Also known as gel permeation or gel filtration,
• This type of chromatography lacks an attractive interaction between
the stationary phase and solute.
• The liquid or gaseous phase passes through a porous gel which
separates the molecules according to its size.
• The pores are normally small and exclude the larger solute
molecules, but allows smaller molecules to enter the gel, causing
them to flow through a larger volume.
• This causes the larger molecules to pass through the column at a
faster rate than the smaller ones.
22. Affinity Chromatography
• This is the most selective type of chromatography employed.
• It utilizes the specific interaction between one kind of solute
molecule and a second molecule that is immobilized on a
stationary phase. For example, the immobilized molecule may be
an antibody to some specific protein.
• When solute containing a mixture of proteins are passed by this
molecule, only the specific protein is reacted to this antibody,
binding it to the stationary phase.
• This protein is later extracted by changing the ionic strength or pH.
23. Size Exclusion Chromatography
• A mixture of molecules dissolved in liquid (the mobile phase) is
applied to a chromatography column which contains a solid
support in the form of microscopic spheres, or “beads” (the
stationary phase).
• The mass of beads within the column is often referred to as the
column bed.
• The beads act as “traps” or “sieves” and function to filter small
molecules which become temporarily trapped within the pores.
• Larger molecules are “excluded” from the beads .
• Large sample molecules cannot or can only partially penetrate the
pores, whereas smaller molecules can access most or all pores.
• Thus, large molecules elute first, smaller molecules elute later,
while molecules that can access all the pores elute last from the
column.
• Particles of different sizes will elute(filter) through a stationary
phase at different rates.
24. Thin Layer Chromatography
• The separation depends on the relative affinity of compounds
towards stationary and mobile phase.
• The compounds under the influence of mobile phase (driven by
capillary action) travel over the surface of stationary phase.
• During this movement the compounds with higher affinity to
stationary phase travel slowly while the others travel faster.
• Thus separation of components in the mixture is achieved.
• Once separation occurs individual components are visualized as
spots at respective level of travel on the plate.
• Their nature or character are identified by means of suitable
detection techniques.
25. Paper Chromatography
• Paper chromatography is an analytical method that is used to
separate coloured chemicals or substances, especially pigments.
• This can also be used in secondary or primary colours in ink
experiments.
• This method has been largely replaced by thin layer chromatography,
but is still a powerful teaching tool.
• Double-way paper chromatography, also called two-dimensional
chromatography, involves using two solvents and rotating the paper
90° in between.
• This is useful for separating complex mixtures of compounds having
similar polarity, for example, amino acids.
• If a filter paper is used, it should be of a high quality paper.
• The mobile phase is developing solutions that can travel up to the
stationary phase carrying the sample along with it.
26. Normal Phase Chromatography
• In normal phase chromatography, the stationary phase is polar, and
so the more polar solutes being separated will adhere more to the
stationary adsorbent phase.
• When the solvent or gradient of solvents is passed through the
column, the less polar components will be eluted faster than the more
polar ones.
• The components can then be collected separately, assuming adequate
separation was achieved, in order of increasing polarity.
27. Reverse Phase Chromatography
• In reverse phase chromatography, the polarities of the mobile and
stationary phases are opposite to what they were when performing
normal phase chromatography.
• Instead of choosing a non-polar mobile phase solvent, a polar
solvent and non-polar stationary phase will be chosen.
28. Extraction Chromatography
• An important modification in terms of stationary phase is
introduced by loading the extractant used for solvent extraction
on a hydrophobized inert support and irrigating the support
with aqueous solvent. This is known as extraction
chromatography.
29. High Performance Liquid Chromatography
• High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; formerly referred
to as high-pressure liquid chromatography), is a technique in
analytic chemistry used to separate the components in a mixture, to
identify each component, and to quantify each component.
• It relies on pumps to pass a pressurized liquid solvent containing
the sample mixture through a column filled with a solid adsorbent
material.
• Each component in the sample interacts slightly differently with the
adsorbent material, causing different flow rates for the different
components and leading to the separation of the components as
they flow out the column.
30. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
• Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) is a form of normal phase
chromatography, that is used for the analysis and purification of low to
moderate molecular weight, thermally labile molecules.
• It can also be used for the separation of chiral compounds.
• Principles are similar to those of high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC), however SFC typically utilizes carbon dioxide
as the mobile phase; therefore the entire chromatographic flow path
must be pressurized.
• The supercritical phase represents a state in which liquid and gas
properties converge, supercritical fluid chromatography is sometimes
called "convergence chromatography."