Chromatography is a laboratory technique used to separate mixtures by distributing components between two phases, one stationary and one mobile. The main types are gas chromatography which uses a gas mobile phase, and liquid chromatography which uses a liquid mobile phase. Both work by separating analytes based on how they interact differently with the stationary and mobile phases as they travel through a column. Common applications include analyzing organic compounds, environmental pollutants, and biotechnology samples.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures. It works by carrying a vaporized sample with an inert gas through a column coated with a stationary liquid or solid phase. Differences in how components partition between the mobile and stationary phases allows separation over time. In the early 1900s, Mikhail Semenovich Tsvett discovered chromatography as a separation method. Modern gas chromatography utilizes either packed columns filled with adsorbent or capillary columns coated on the inner wall to separate mixtures based on differences in compounds' retention times.
Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another material called the stationary phase.
This document compares gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). GC uses a gas mobile phase and separates compounds based on volatility, while HPLC uses a liquid mobile phase under high pressure and separates compounds based on interactions with the stationary phase. Some key differences discussed are that GC uses simpler, less expensive equipment than HPLC but can only analyze more volatile compounds, whereas HPLC can analyze a wider range of compounds including thermolabile ones. Both techniques have different instrumentation requirements and a variety of detectors can be used for analysis.
Gas chromatography is an analytical technique used to separate and analyze volatile compounds. It works by distributing the sample between a stationary phase and a mobile gas phase. Key components of a gas chromatography system include the carrier gas, injector, column, and detector. The column allows separation of compounds based on differences in partitioning between the stationary and mobile phases. Detectors then provide a quantitative measurement of separated components. Common applications of gas chromatography include analysis of pharmaceuticals, foods, flavors, fragrances, and petrochemicals.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate gaseous or volatile substances. It works by passing a gas carrying the sample components through a column containing an adsorbent material. The components interact differently with the adsorbent based on properties like boiling point, and exit the column at different rates, allowing for separation. Key components of a gas chromatograph include the injection port, column, temperature control system, and detectors used to analyze the separated components as they exit the column. Common detectors include the flame ionization detector and electron capture detector.
Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) is a technique where gaseous samples are separated into components through partition between a gaseous mobile phase (such as helium or nitrogen) and a liquid stationary phase held in a column. The mobile phase transports sample vapors through the column without chemical interaction. Components are separated due to differences in how they partition between the mobile and stationary phases. A detector then generates a signal proportional to solute concentration to produce a chromatogram. Factors like particle size, carrier gas flow rate, column properties, and temperature affect the separation. GLC allows both qualitative and quantitative analysis of many organic compounds.
GC workshop at the National Symposium for Advances in Pharmaceutical Analysis (APAT 2013). St Peter's Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hanamkonda, Warangal, AP, India.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures. It works by carrying a vaporized sample with an inert gas through a column coated with a stationary liquid or solid phase. Differences in how components partition between the mobile and stationary phases allows separation over time. In the early 1900s, Mikhail Semenovich Tsvett discovered chromatography as a separation method. Modern gas chromatography utilizes either packed columns filled with adsorbent or capillary columns coated on the inner wall to separate mixtures based on differences in compounds' retention times.
Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another material called the stationary phase.
This document compares gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). GC uses a gas mobile phase and separates compounds based on volatility, while HPLC uses a liquid mobile phase under high pressure and separates compounds based on interactions with the stationary phase. Some key differences discussed are that GC uses simpler, less expensive equipment than HPLC but can only analyze more volatile compounds, whereas HPLC can analyze a wider range of compounds including thermolabile ones. Both techniques have different instrumentation requirements and a variety of detectors can be used for analysis.
Gas chromatography is an analytical technique used to separate and analyze volatile compounds. It works by distributing the sample between a stationary phase and a mobile gas phase. Key components of a gas chromatography system include the carrier gas, injector, column, and detector. The column allows separation of compounds based on differences in partitioning between the stationary and mobile phases. Detectors then provide a quantitative measurement of separated components. Common applications of gas chromatography include analysis of pharmaceuticals, foods, flavors, fragrances, and petrochemicals.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate gaseous or volatile substances. It works by passing a gas carrying the sample components through a column containing an adsorbent material. The components interact differently with the adsorbent based on properties like boiling point, and exit the column at different rates, allowing for separation. Key components of a gas chromatograph include the injection port, column, temperature control system, and detectors used to analyze the separated components as they exit the column. Common detectors include the flame ionization detector and electron capture detector.
Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) is a technique where gaseous samples are separated into components through partition between a gaseous mobile phase (such as helium or nitrogen) and a liquid stationary phase held in a column. The mobile phase transports sample vapors through the column without chemical interaction. Components are separated due to differences in how they partition between the mobile and stationary phases. A detector then generates a signal proportional to solute concentration to produce a chromatogram. Factors like particle size, carrier gas flow rate, column properties, and temperature affect the separation. GLC allows both qualitative and quantitative analysis of many organic compounds.
GC workshop at the National Symposium for Advances in Pharmaceutical Analysis (APAT 2013). St Peter's Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hanamkonda, Warangal, AP, India.
Instrumentation of column and gas chromatographySadaqat Ali
This document provides an overview of column chromatography and gas chromatography instrumentation. Column chromatography separates components based on their differing rates of movement through a stationary phase packed in a column. Gas chromatography uses a mobile gas phase to carry vaporized sample components through a column coated with a liquid or solid stationary phase. Both techniques use instrumentation that includes columns, carrier gas systems, temperature control, sample injection ports, and detectors to separate and analyze sample components as they elute from the columns.
Gas chromatography is a separation technique that uses the differences in how compounds partition between a mobile gas phase and a stationary liquid phase. It works by injecting a sample mixture into a column, where each component interacts differently with the stationary phase and moves through the column at different rates, allowing separation. Key components are the carrier gas, injection port, column, oven, and detector. Factors like temperature, carrier gas flow rate, and column length affect separation by impacting how long each component is retained in the column.
H.p.l.c. High performance liquid chromatographyAvdheshKumar20
This document discusses high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It begins by defining HPLC and explaining that it uses high pressure to forcibly pump the mobile phase, allowing for high performance and speed separations of mixtures into individual components. The document then discusses the basic components of an HPLC system including the solvent reservoir, pump, injector, column, detectors, and recorder. It explains the functions of these components and provides examples. It also discusses different types of HPLC including normal phase, reverse phase, size exclusion, and ion exchange. The document provides several examples and applications of HPLC.
This document discusses gas chromatography and its various components. It describes four common detectors: flame ionization detector, thermal conductivity detector, electron capture detector, and nitrogen phosphorus detector. It also mentions advantages and disadvantages of gas chromatography.
Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analysing compounds that can be vaporised without decomposition.
This document provides an overview of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). It defines SFC as a form of normal phase chromatography that uses supercritical fluids like carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. The key advantages of SFC are that it can be used to analyze thermally labile compounds at lower temperatures than gas chromatography, and it has higher diffusion coefficients and lower viscosity than liquid chromatography. The document discusses the instrumentation, principles, advantages, disadvantages and applications of SFC.
This document provides information about gas chromatography (GC). It begins with an introduction to chromatography and defines GC. It then discusses the basic principles and components of GC, including the mobile and stationary phases, mechanisms of separation, and instrumentation such as the carrier gas supply, injector, column, temperature control, and various detectors. It provides details on different types of columns and stationary phases. It also discusses techniques like split and splitless injection. Finally, it covers applications and considerations for GC. In summary, the document is an overview of gas chromatography that defines it, explains its basic principles and components, and discusses various aspects of the technique.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze compounds that can be vaporized. It works by partitioning samples between a gas mobile phase and liquid stationary phase in a column. The separation depends on how the compounds partition between the phases. Key components of a GC system include the carrier gas, sample introduction system, column for separation, and detection system such as FID or TCD. Common applications include analysis of aromatics, hydrocarbons, flavors, and other volatile organic compounds.
This document discusses gas chromatography. It begins by defining chromatography and describing different chromatography techniques. It then focuses on gas chromatography, explaining that the mobile phase is a carrier gas and the stationary phase is a liquid or polymer coating inside a column. Key components of a gas chromatograph are described, including the carrier gas, injector, column, temperature control, stationary phases, and detectors. The document discusses how gas chromatography can be used for qualitative analysis of compounds and lists some advantages and disadvantages. It concludes by mentioning gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a modern approach.
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography. It describes the basic chromatographic process of partitioning between a mobile and stationary phase. Key aspects covered include common types of chromatography, how chromatography works using partition coefficients, criteria for analyzing compounds via gas chromatography, and separation techniques. Applications of gas chromatography such as qualitative and quantitative analysis are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography (GC). It describes the basic components and principles of how GC works, including the carrier gas, injection port, separation column in an oven, and detector. It explains that GC separates volatile organic compounds based on how they partition between the mobile gas phase and stationary liquid phase. The document also outlines different types of columns, sample preparation procedures, common detectors like the flame ionization detector, and applications of GC in fields like environmental analysis and refineries.
HPLC and GC are both chromatography techniques used to separate mixtures. HPLC uses high pressure liquid mobile phases to move compounds through a densely packed solid stationary phase column, allowing for separation of fluid mixtures. GC uses an inert gas mobile phase to move vaporized or gaseous compounds through a liquid or polymer stationary phase, making it well-suited for analyzing purity. The major differences between the two techniques are that HPLC uses liquid mobile and solid stationary phases, while GC uses gas mobile and liquid stationary phases, and GC includes a temperature-controlled oven during the separation process.
Introduction to Chromatography, History, Working Principle and Its types. Introduction to High Performance Liquid Chromatography,Its Working parts and Applications
Gas chromatography head points:
Invention of Chromatography
original chromatography Experiment
Common types of chromatography
Paper and Thin layer chromatography
How does chromatography work?
Theoretical Plate
gas chromatography
schematic of GC
carrier gas-supply
Injection port
sample Injection system
split/spitless Injection
sample valves
GC columns
open tubular columns
Temperature Control
Solid Support Materials
Particle size of Supports
The stationary Phase
Detection systems
Characteristics of the Ideal Detector
Flame Ionization Detectors
Thermal Conductivity Detector
Electron-capture Detectors
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HPLC is a form of liquid chromatography used to separate compounds dissolved in solution based on how they partition between a stationary and mobile phase. The key components of an HPLC system are a pump, injector, column, and detector. Method development involves selecting parameters like the mobile phase, column type, detection method, and chromatography conditions to optimize separation of the sample components. HPLC offers advantages like high sensitivity, rapid analysis times, and use for both analytical qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Gas chromatography is a technique that separates volatile organic compounds using a carrier gas and a column with a stationary phase. The basic system includes an injection port, separation column in an oven, and detector. Samples are vaporized and carried by the gas through the column where compounds separate based on interactions with the stationary phase and exit the column at different rates, known as elution. The detector measures the compounds and generates a chromatogram to identify and quantify the separated components. Common detectors include the flame ionization detector. Gas chromatography has various applications like analysis of biological samples.
1. Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures by partitioning components between a stationary and mobile liquid or gas phase.
2. It works by forcing a gaseous or volatile sample mixture through a column containing a solid or liquid stationary phase, which interacts differently with each component. This causes the components to elute from the column at different times.
3. Gas chromatography is useful for separating volatile organic compounds and finds applications in fields like drug analysis and purity testing due to its high resolution, sensitivity, speed, and ability to perform both qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Gas Chromatography is an analytical techniques, used for the separation of volatile substances on the basis of their partition coefficient . In this slide you will find out different instrumentation of gas chromatography, its advantages, disadvantages and moreover its applications.
Chromatography is a laboratory technique used to separate mixtures by distributing components between two phases. In chromatography, the mobile phase carries the sample through a stationary phase, causing the components to separate. There are two main types of chromatography: gas chromatography, which uses a gas mobile phase, and liquid chromatography, which uses a liquid mobile phase. Chromatography techniques include adsorption, partition, ion exchange, size exclusion, and affinity chromatography.
This document discusses chromatography and gas chromatography. It defines chromatography as a laboratory technique that separates components of a sample based on how they distribute between two phases. Gas chromatography is described as a type of chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas. The key components of a gas chromatography system are described including the gas source, injection system, column, detector, and data system. Various factors that affect gas chromatography are also summarized such as mobile phase selection, temperature programming, column materials, and detector types.
Instrumentation of column and gas chromatographySadaqat Ali
This document provides an overview of column chromatography and gas chromatography instrumentation. Column chromatography separates components based on their differing rates of movement through a stationary phase packed in a column. Gas chromatography uses a mobile gas phase to carry vaporized sample components through a column coated with a liquid or solid stationary phase. Both techniques use instrumentation that includes columns, carrier gas systems, temperature control, sample injection ports, and detectors to separate and analyze sample components as they elute from the columns.
Gas chromatography is a separation technique that uses the differences in how compounds partition between a mobile gas phase and a stationary liquid phase. It works by injecting a sample mixture into a column, where each component interacts differently with the stationary phase and moves through the column at different rates, allowing separation. Key components are the carrier gas, injection port, column, oven, and detector. Factors like temperature, carrier gas flow rate, and column length affect separation by impacting how long each component is retained in the column.
H.p.l.c. High performance liquid chromatographyAvdheshKumar20
This document discusses high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It begins by defining HPLC and explaining that it uses high pressure to forcibly pump the mobile phase, allowing for high performance and speed separations of mixtures into individual components. The document then discusses the basic components of an HPLC system including the solvent reservoir, pump, injector, column, detectors, and recorder. It explains the functions of these components and provides examples. It also discusses different types of HPLC including normal phase, reverse phase, size exclusion, and ion exchange. The document provides several examples and applications of HPLC.
This document discusses gas chromatography and its various components. It describes four common detectors: flame ionization detector, thermal conductivity detector, electron capture detector, and nitrogen phosphorus detector. It also mentions advantages and disadvantages of gas chromatography.
Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analysing compounds that can be vaporised without decomposition.
This document provides an overview of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). It defines SFC as a form of normal phase chromatography that uses supercritical fluids like carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. The key advantages of SFC are that it can be used to analyze thermally labile compounds at lower temperatures than gas chromatography, and it has higher diffusion coefficients and lower viscosity than liquid chromatography. The document discusses the instrumentation, principles, advantages, disadvantages and applications of SFC.
This document provides information about gas chromatography (GC). It begins with an introduction to chromatography and defines GC. It then discusses the basic principles and components of GC, including the mobile and stationary phases, mechanisms of separation, and instrumentation such as the carrier gas supply, injector, column, temperature control, and various detectors. It provides details on different types of columns and stationary phases. It also discusses techniques like split and splitless injection. Finally, it covers applications and considerations for GC. In summary, the document is an overview of gas chromatography that defines it, explains its basic principles and components, and discusses various aspects of the technique.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze compounds that can be vaporized. It works by partitioning samples between a gas mobile phase and liquid stationary phase in a column. The separation depends on how the compounds partition between the phases. Key components of a GC system include the carrier gas, sample introduction system, column for separation, and detection system such as FID or TCD. Common applications include analysis of aromatics, hydrocarbons, flavors, and other volatile organic compounds.
This document discusses gas chromatography. It begins by defining chromatography and describing different chromatography techniques. It then focuses on gas chromatography, explaining that the mobile phase is a carrier gas and the stationary phase is a liquid or polymer coating inside a column. Key components of a gas chromatograph are described, including the carrier gas, injector, column, temperature control, stationary phases, and detectors. The document discusses how gas chromatography can be used for qualitative analysis of compounds and lists some advantages and disadvantages. It concludes by mentioning gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a modern approach.
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography. It describes the basic chromatographic process of partitioning between a mobile and stationary phase. Key aspects covered include common types of chromatography, how chromatography works using partition coefficients, criteria for analyzing compounds via gas chromatography, and separation techniques. Applications of gas chromatography such as qualitative and quantitative analysis are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography (GC). It describes the basic components and principles of how GC works, including the carrier gas, injection port, separation column in an oven, and detector. It explains that GC separates volatile organic compounds based on how they partition between the mobile gas phase and stationary liquid phase. The document also outlines different types of columns, sample preparation procedures, common detectors like the flame ionization detector, and applications of GC in fields like environmental analysis and refineries.
HPLC and GC are both chromatography techniques used to separate mixtures. HPLC uses high pressure liquid mobile phases to move compounds through a densely packed solid stationary phase column, allowing for separation of fluid mixtures. GC uses an inert gas mobile phase to move vaporized or gaseous compounds through a liquid or polymer stationary phase, making it well-suited for analyzing purity. The major differences between the two techniques are that HPLC uses liquid mobile and solid stationary phases, while GC uses gas mobile and liquid stationary phases, and GC includes a temperature-controlled oven during the separation process.
Introduction to Chromatography, History, Working Principle and Its types. Introduction to High Performance Liquid Chromatography,Its Working parts and Applications
Gas chromatography head points:
Invention of Chromatography
original chromatography Experiment
Common types of chromatography
Paper and Thin layer chromatography
How does chromatography work?
Theoretical Plate
gas chromatography
schematic of GC
carrier gas-supply
Injection port
sample Injection system
split/spitless Injection
sample valves
GC columns
open tubular columns
Temperature Control
Solid Support Materials
Particle size of Supports
The stationary Phase
Detection systems
Characteristics of the Ideal Detector
Flame Ionization Detectors
Thermal Conductivity Detector
Electron-capture Detectors
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
HPLC is a form of liquid chromatography used to separate compounds dissolved in solution based on how they partition between a stationary and mobile phase. The key components of an HPLC system are a pump, injector, column, and detector. Method development involves selecting parameters like the mobile phase, column type, detection method, and chromatography conditions to optimize separation of the sample components. HPLC offers advantages like high sensitivity, rapid analysis times, and use for both analytical qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Gas chromatography is a technique that separates volatile organic compounds using a carrier gas and a column with a stationary phase. The basic system includes an injection port, separation column in an oven, and detector. Samples are vaporized and carried by the gas through the column where compounds separate based on interactions with the stationary phase and exit the column at different rates, known as elution. The detector measures the compounds and generates a chromatogram to identify and quantify the separated components. Common detectors include the flame ionization detector. Gas chromatography has various applications like analysis of biological samples.
1. Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures by partitioning components between a stationary and mobile liquid or gas phase.
2. It works by forcing a gaseous or volatile sample mixture through a column containing a solid or liquid stationary phase, which interacts differently with each component. This causes the components to elute from the column at different times.
3. Gas chromatography is useful for separating volatile organic compounds and finds applications in fields like drug analysis and purity testing due to its high resolution, sensitivity, speed, and ability to perform both qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Gas Chromatography is an analytical techniques, used for the separation of volatile substances on the basis of their partition coefficient . In this slide you will find out different instrumentation of gas chromatography, its advantages, disadvantages and moreover its applications.
Chromatography is a laboratory technique used to separate mixtures by distributing components between two phases. In chromatography, the mobile phase carries the sample through a stationary phase, causing the components to separate. There are two main types of chromatography: gas chromatography, which uses a gas mobile phase, and liquid chromatography, which uses a liquid mobile phase. Chromatography techniques include adsorption, partition, ion exchange, size exclusion, and affinity chromatography.
This document discusses chromatography and gas chromatography. It defines chromatography as a laboratory technique that separates components of a sample based on how they distribute between two phases. Gas chromatography is described as a type of chromatography where the mobile phase is a gas. The key components of a gas chromatography system are described including the gas source, injection system, column, detector, and data system. Various factors that affect gas chromatography are also summarized such as mobile phase selection, temperature programming, column materials, and detector types.
Gas chromatography is an analytical technique used to separate and analyze chemical compounds. It involves vaporizing a sample and injecting it into a column with a gaseous mobile phase. Components are separated based on how they partition between the mobile and stationary phases. The separated components exit the column and are detected, producing a chromatogram. Key advantages are its speed, sensitivity, and ability to analyze volatile organic and inorganic compounds. Common detectors include the flame ionization detector and thermal conductivity detector. Gas chromatography has many applications in fields like drug analysis, food testing, and environmental analysis.
Gas chromatography separates and analyzes compounds by carrying them through a column with an inert gas as the mobile phase. Components separate based on differences in how they partition between the stationary and mobile phases. It is used to detect small volatile compounds and analyze substances like air pollutants, drugs, and industrial chemicals. Key parts include the carrier gas, injection port, separation column coated with a stationary phase, and detector.
This document discusses the history and types of chromatography. It begins by explaining that chromatography derives from Greek words meaning "written in color" and was developed in the early 20th century by Russian botanist Michail Semenovich Tswett. The document then describes the basic principles of chromatography and lists the main types: adsorption, partition, ion exchange, exclusion, and affinity chromatography. It provides details on each type and concludes by discussing different stationary and mobile phases used in chromatography.
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography. It begins by defining chromatography and tracing the history of gas chromatography from its origins in 1903 to its development in the 1940s-1950s. It then describes the basic components and working principles of gas chromatography, including the mobile phase, stationary phase, factors that influence separation, and common instrumentation. It also discusses different types of chromatography techniques and gas chromatography columns. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive introduction to gas chromatography, its history, principles, instrumentation and applications.
ANALYSIS THROUGH chromatography techniques.pptxRashmiSanghi1
Chromatography is a technique used to separate chemical components in a complex mixture. It works by carrying components through a stationary phase at different rates using a mobile phase, usually liquid or gas. Liquid chromatography uses high pressure to push a liquid mobile phase through a column, while gas chromatography uses an inert gas and higher temperatures. Different detectors can be used to analyze the separated components as they exit the column. Common detectors measure properties like thermal conductivity, ionization, or light emission to identify the separated chemicals. Chromatography is a powerful analytical and preparative separation method.
This document compares gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). GC uses a gas mobile phase and separates compounds based on volatility, while HPLC uses a liquid mobile phase under high pressure and separates compounds based on interactions with the stationary phase. Some key differences discussed are that GC uses simpler, less expensive equipment than HPLC but can only analyze more volatile compounds, whereas HPLC can analyze a wider range of compounds including thermolabile ones. Both techniques have different instrumentation requirements and a variety of detectors can be used for analysis.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures by distributing components between a stationary and mobile phase. It works on the principle that different compounds interact differently with the phases and therefore move through the system at different rates. There are various types of chromatography classified by mobile phase (gas or liquid) or interaction forces (adsorption, partition, ion exchange). Key components are the mobile phase, stationary phase, and supporting medium. Chromatography is widely used in fields like analytical chemistry, biochemistry, environmental analysis and forensic science.
This document provides an overview of chromatography. It defines chromatography as a set of laboratory techniques used to separate mixtures based on how components partition between a mobile and stationary phase. The document then classifies chromatography based on mechanism, phases used, and shape of the chromatographic bed. It proceeds to describe various chromatography techniques in more detail, including adsorption chromatography, partition chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, solid-liquid chromatography, and column chromatography.
This document provides an introduction and overview of gas chromatography (GC). It discusses the basic principles of GC, which involves separating components of a mixture based on how they partition between a stationary and mobile phase. The key components of a GC system are described, including the injector where samples are introduced, the column where separation occurs, the oven that controls temperature, and various detectors. Different types of columns, stationary phases, temperature programs, and detectors are discussed to provide flexibility in GC analysis for a wide range of applications.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate components of a mixture in the gaseous state. It was developed in the early 20th century through the work of scientists experimenting with liquid chromatography. Key developments included the use of a gaseous mobile phase and the production of the first gas chromatography instrumentation in the 1950s. Gas chromatography works by separating vaporized analytes based on their partitioning between a stationary and mobile gas phase as they flow through a column. It finds wide application in analyzing organic compounds.
Chromatography is a laboratory technique used to separate components of a mixture through differential partitioning between a stationary and mobile phase. The key aspects are:
- Mixtures are separated based on how components partition between a mobile liquid or gas phase and a stationary solid or liquid phase.
- There are various types including adsorption chromatography which uses interactions between components and a solid stationary phase, partition chromatography which relies on differing solubilities in mobile and stationary liquid phases, and ion-exchange chromatography which separates based on charge.
- Factors like pH, salt concentration, temperature and column properties influence the separation in chromatography. It has many applications in analyzing compounds like drugs, proteins, sugars and more.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures by vaporizing the components and carrying them by an inert gas through a column coated with a stationary liquid or solid phase. The components interact differently with the stationary phase and exit the column at different retention times, allowing for separation and analysis. Key aspects of GC include the carrier gas, stationary phase, separation column, temperature control, sample injection, and detectors that measure the separated components. Common applications are in fields like pharmaceuticals, environmental analysis, petroleum, and clinical chemistry.
This document provides information about gas chromatography. It discusses the key components of a gas chromatography system including the mobile phase, stationary phase, columns, temperature control, sample injection systems, and various detectors. The mobile phase is usually an inert gas like helium, hydrogen, or nitrogen. Stationary phases can be solid adsorbents or liquid coatings. Columns include packed columns and capillary columns. Temperature control programs are used to separate compounds of varying boiling points. Common detectors mentioned are the thermal conductivity detector, flame ionization detector, and electron capture detector.
Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography that separates compounds by vaporizing them and passing them through a column with a carrier gas. It can be used to test purity, separate mixtures, and identify unknown compounds. Key components include an inlet to introduce the sample, a column to separate components, and a detector. The carrier gas moves the vaporized sample through the column where components interact differently with the stationary phase and elute at different retention times.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate volatile organic compounds based on differences in their partitioning behavior between a mobile gas phase and a stationary phase in a column. The sample is injected and carried by an inert mobile gas through the column containing a liquid or solid stationary phase. Components interact differently with the stationary phase and elute from the column at different retention times, allowing for separation. Gas chromatography can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of compounds.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate volatile organic compounds based on differences in their partitioning behavior between a mobile gas phase and a stationary phase in a column. The sample is injected and carried by an inert mobile gas through the column containing a coated stationary phase. Components interact differently with the stationary phase, leading to separation as they exit the column at different retention times, where they can be detected. Gas chromatography is used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis in applications such as food, drug, forensic, and environmental analysis.
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate volatile organic compounds based on differences in their partitioning behavior between a mobile gas phase and a stationary phase in a column. The sample is injected and carried by an inert mobile gas through the column containing a coated stationary phase. Components are separated as they interact differently with the stationary phase and emerge from the column at different retention times, allowing for qualitative and quantitative analysis. There are two main types: gas-solid chromatography uses a solid stationary phase while gas-liquid chromatography is most widely used with a liquid phase.
The Scout Oath outlines a pledge to do one's best to do their duty to God, country, and obey the Scout Law by helping others at all times while keeping oneself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight.
The Scout Law outlines 12 principles that Scouts are expected to follow: being trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, and reverent.
This document is related to the Boy Scouts of the Philippines Iloilo Confesor Council. Specifically, it involves Fort San Pedro National High School, which is located in District 1. The document also references Troop No. 236.
The document discusses key aspects of implementing and maintaining a quality management system in a medical laboratory setting. It describes establishing an organizational structure with defined roles and responsibilities. It also explains planning and implementing a quality system in a stepwise manner, with priorities focused on quick fixes and areas of greatest impact. Monitoring and improving the quality system on an ongoing basis are essential to ensure compliance and continual quality improvement.
The document outlines a student's class schedule over the course of a week. On Mondays the student has classes in clinical chemistry, bacteriology lab, and microscopy from 7-11am. From 1-3pm on Mondays the student has classes in bacteriology lecture and lab. Tuesdays include classes in clinical, bacteriology lecture, and clinical microscopy from 7:30-11am and 1-2pm. Histology lecture is scheduled for Wednesdays from 1-2pm, along with theology and medtech laws in the morning. Thursdays mirror Tuesdays' schedule. Fridays include classes in histology, bacteriology lab, cytogenetics, and physics lab.
The document shows a class schedule for a week that includes courses like bacteriology, clinical chemistry, histology, theology, medtech laws and bioethics, microscopy, and cytogenetics. Classes are held at different locations on campus from 7:00-6:00 Monday through Friday, with lectures, laboratories, and clinical sessions scheduled throughout the week.
This document discusses culture change and its various causes and processes. It defines culture change as occurring when a society accepts and regularly uses a new invention or discovery. Culture change can happen through discoveries, diffusion of ideas between societies, acculturation when dominant cultures influence weaker ones, or revolution. The main processes of culture change discussed are unconscious invention, intentional innovation in response to needs, and various patterns of diffusion like direct contact, intermediate contact, and stimulus diffusion. The document also examines how culture change allows societies to adapt to their environments. Finally, it outlines some major types of culture change occurring in the modern world like commercialization, religious change, and political/social change brought by expanding Western societies.
This document provides an overview of defining religion and exploring the universality and variations in religious beliefs and practices. It discusses how religion is defined as pertaining to supernatural powers and how beliefs about what is supernatural can vary within societies. Four key theories are presented to explain the universality of religion: the need to understand, reversion to childhood feelings, anxiety and uncertainty, and the need for community. The document examines variations in the types of supernatural beings believed in across societies as well as differences in religious practices such as prayer, rituals, and sacrifices. It also analyzes how religious beliefs and hierarchies can parallel social and political structures.
The document discusses different aspects of marriage across societies, including definitions of marriage, reasons for its universality, and cultural variations. It defines marriage as a socially approved sexual and economic union between a man and a woman, presumed to be permanent. Though practiced universally, specific marriage customs vary. Rules govern how one marries, whom one marries, and how many spouses one has. Most societies prohibit incest within the nuclear family. Exceptions have included some royal families allowing marriage between close relatives.
The document discusses sex, gender, and culture. It defines sex as biological differences between males and females, such as physical characteristics. Gender is defined as socially constructed roles, behaviors, and attributes that are seen as masculine or feminine. The document examines differences in male and female physiology and possible evolutionary explanations. It also discusses gender roles versus sex roles, and how gender roles are learned behaviors that can vary across cultures, while sex roles are based on biological functions. The roles of males and females in subsistence activities and political leadership are also analyzed.
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The document provides a barangay profile and analysis of Barangay Bonifacio in Arevalo, Iloilo City. It summarizes information about the barangay's population, households, occupations, education, families, housing, environment, and community services. A group of students conducted a survey and concluded that most families are nuclear with blue-collar jobs. They own their wood or makeshift homes. The barangay needs improved health, sanitation, and environment. The group recommends livelihood programs, clean-up activities, and de-worming sessions to help address issues.
This document provides a profile of Barangay Bonifacio in Iloilo City, Philippines. Some key details include:
1. Barangay Bonifacio is located in the district of Arevalo in Iloilo City. It has a total land area of 44,334.98 square meters.
2. The terrain is mostly plain with some Sta. Rita clay and Umingan sandy loam soil types.
3. It is adjacent to Barangay Sta. Cruz to the west and Barangay Sto. Niño Sur to the south.
This document provides a profile of Barangay Bonifacio in Iloilo City, Philippines. Some key details include:
1. It is located in the district of Arevalo in Iloilo City.
2. It has a total land area of 44,334.98 square meters.
3. The terrain is mostly plain with some Sta. Rita clay and Umingan sandy loam soil types.
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Overview
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Key Topics Covered
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- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
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4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
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5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
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7. What is Prometheus?
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8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
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9. What is Camel K?
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10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
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12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
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2. CHROMATOGRAPHY
A laboratory technique in which the
components of a sample are separated
based on how they distribute between two
chemical or physical phases, one of which
is stationary and other of which is allowed
to travel through the separation system.
3. CHROMATOGRAPHY
Introduced first by the Russian botanist
Mikhail Semenovich Tswett.
Mixtures of solutes dissolved in a common
solvent are separated from one another by
a differential distribution of the solutes
between two phases.
4. PRINCIPLE
Fractionalism of mixtures of
substances
In the operation of the
chromatogram, a mobile gaseous or
liquid phase is use to wash the
substances to be separated through a
column of a porous material.
5. PRINCIPLE
The rate of migration of the solute
depends upon the rate of interaction
of the solute with the two phases, one
being the mobile phases and the
other stationary phase as the
compounds travel through the
supporting medium.
6. DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Capillary Action – the movement of
liquid within the spaces of a material
due to the forces of
adhesion, cohesion, and surface
tension.
Retention time
Peak
Viscosity
8. COMPONENTS OF A CHROMATOGRAPH
MOBILE PHASE – A phase that is flowing
through the column and causes sample
components to move toward the column’s end.
STATIONARY PHASE- A fixed phase that is
coated or bonded within the column; it always
remain in the system.
It is responsible for delaying the movement of
compounds as they travel through the column.
SUPPORT- onto which the SP is coated or
attached.
9. COMPONENTS OF A CHROMATOGRAPH
ORIGINAL SAMPLE
AND MOBILE PHASE
COLUMN
SUPPORT AND
STATIONARY
PHASE
Receiving
vessel
11. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
A type of Chromatography in which the
mobile phase is a GAS.
First GC system was developed by Erika
Cremer
The presence of a gas mobile phase makes
GC valuable for separating substances like
VOCs that occur naturally as gases that can
easily be placed into gaseous phase.
12. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
• It can separate nanograms or
pictograms of volatile substances.
• It is principally a method for the
separation and quantitative
determination of gases and volatile
liquids and substances.
13. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
HOW IS IT PERFORMED?
A System called Gas Chromatograph is used
to perform GC.
COMPONENTS:
GAS SOURCE
INJECTION SYSTEM
COLUMN
DETECTOR
14.
15. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
∞ GAS SOURCE- supplies the mobile phase. It is
typically a gas cylinder equipped with
pressure regulators to deliver the mobile
phase at a controlled state.
∞ INJECTION SYSTEM- consists of a heated
loop or port into which the sample is placed
and converted into a gaseous form.
16. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
∞ COLUMN- contains the stationary phase and
support material for the separation of
components in the sample. This column is
held in an enclosed area known as the column
oven.
∞ COLUMN OVEN- maintains the temperature
at a well-defined value.
∞ DETECTOR- monitors sample components as
they leave the column.
17. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
FACTORS THAT AFFECT GC:
Requirements for the Analyte
Volatility and Thermal Stability
Chemical Derivatization
19. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
GC SUPPORT MATERIALS
Packed Column
filled with small support particles that acts as an
adsorbent or that are coated with the desired stationary
phase.
Open- Tubular Columns
stationary phase coated on or attached to its interior
surface.
21. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
◊ Gas-Solid Chromatography
o Solid adsorbent is used as a stationary phase.
o Uses the same material as both the support and
stationary phase, with retention occurring through the
adsorption of analytes to the support’s surface.
o Example of support is a MOLECULAR SIEVE.
o Other supports include:
o ORGANIC POLYMERS - porous polystyrene
o INORGANIC SUBSTANCES – Silica or Alumina
22. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
o Increasing the surface area of the GSC support will
increase the phase ratio and result in higher retention for
analytes
o Pore size is important because only compounds smaller
than the pores are able to contact the surface are within
the space.
o Polarity of Support and its functional groups will also
affect how analytes will bind to them.
23. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
◊ Gas-Liquid Chromatography
o A chemical coating or layer is placed onto the support
and used as the stationary phase.
o Most Common types of GC.
o 100% dimethylpolysiloxane, 5%phenyl-95% methyl
polysiloxane – Examples of liquids that are used as
Stationary phase.
24. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
◊ Gas-Liquid Chromatography
o All of these liquids have High boiling points and low
volatilities, which allows them to stay within the
column at relatively high temperatures that are often
used in GC for sample injection and elution.
o Liquids are also wettable- easy to place onto a support
in a thin, uniform layer.
25. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
◊ Gas-Liquid Chromatography
o All of these liquids have High boiling points and low
volatilities, which allows them to stay within the
column at relatively high temperatures that are often
used in GC for sample injection and elution.
o Liquids are also wettable- easy to place onto a support
in a thin, uniform layer.
26. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
◊ Bonded Phases
o Column Bleed- most nonvolatile liquid will slowly
vaporize or break apart and leave the column over
time.
o Column bleed changes the retention characteristics of
the column.
o It can also cause some GC detectors to have a high
background and noisy signal as the stationary phase
leaves the column and enters the detector.
o Use of bonded phase minimize column bleed.
27. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
◊ Bonded Phases
o Produced by reacting groups on a polysiloxane
stationary phase with silanol groups that are
located on the surface of a silica support.
28. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Types of Gas Chromatography Detectors
General Detectors
x Thermal Conductivity Detector
-used for both organic and inorganic compounds
-measures the ability of the eluting carrier gas and
analyte mixture to conduct heat away from hot-wire
filament-”thermal conductivity”.
-example: Wheatstone bridge
29. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Flame Ionization Detector
- detects organic compounds by measuring
their ability to produce ions when they are burned
in flame.
30. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Selective Detectors
x Nitrogen-Phosphorous Detector
- selective for the determination of nitrogen- or
phosphorous containing compounds.
- Similar to FID, but does not use a flame for ion
production.
31. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Electron capture detector
- detects compounds that have electronegative
atoms or groups in their structure, such as halogen atoms
( I,Br,Cl and F) and Nitro Groups.
-can also be used to detect polynuclear aromatic
compounds, anhydrides and conjugated carbonyl
compounds.
32. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Applications:
Most effectively used for analyses of organic
compounds, space related, complex mixtures of
volatile substances at column temperature of
less than -40 °C to greater than 550° C.
Geochemical research projects such as
determination of various environmental
pollutants at extremely low concentrations.
33. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
o Ability to provide qualitative o LIMITED to volatile
information and quantitative samples
information o Not suitable for
o FAST ANALYSIS thermally labile samples
o Efficient, providing high o Fairly difficult for large
resolution preparative samples
o Sensitive o Requires spectroscopy
usually mass
o Nondestructive
spectroscopy for
o Requires small samples confirmation of peak
o Inexpensive identity
34. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
√ A Chromatographic technique in which the
mobile phase is a liquid.
√ Originally developed by Russian botanist Mikhail
Tswett in 1903.
√ Its popularity is due to the ability of this method
to work directly with liquid samples, which
makes it valuable in such areas as food testing,
environmental testing and biotechnology.
35. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
HOW IS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
PERFORMED?
A System known as a Liquid Chromatograph is
used to perform LC.
36. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
√ Components of the LC System:
Support – enclosed in a Column
Stationary phase- enclosed in a Column
Liquid mobile phase-delivered to Column by means of
Pump
Injection device- on analytical applications it is being
used,to apply samples to the column.
Collection Device (optional)- placed after the column
to capture analytes as they elute.
37.
38. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
FACTORS THAT AFFECT LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY:
*requires both a difference in retention and good efficiency
for it to separate two given chemicals
*Sample
*Analyte Requirements
*Formats
*Role played by the Mobile phase
39. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Requirements for the Analyte:
Must be possible to place this chemical
into a liquid that can be injected onto the
column.
There must be a difference in retention
between the analytes to be prepared.
41. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
1. ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHY
A chromatographic technique that separates solutes
based on their adsorption to the surface of a support.
Also known as Liquid-Solid Chromatography
Equivalent method in GC is Gas-Solid Chromatography
Uses the same material as both stationary phase and
support.
Retention process can be explained on the ff below:
A+ n M-Surface A-Surface + n M
42. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Elutropic strength- strength of a mobile
phase in adsorption chromatography
It is a measure of how strongly a particular
solvent or liquid mixture will absorb to the
surface of a given support.
Examples: silica and Alumina supports
A liquid with large elutropic strength will
strongly adsorb to the given support, which
will prevent the analyte from binding to the
support.
45. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
2. PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY
o It is a Liquid Chromatographic technique in
which solutes are separated based on their
partitioning between a liquid mobile phase and a
stationary phase coated on a solid support.
o Support used is usually Silica
o Originally, it involves coating of support with a
liquid stationary phase that was immiscible with
the mobile phase
46. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Two Main Categories of Partition Chromatography:
• Normal-phase- uses polar stationary phase
• Reversed phase-uses nonpolar stationary phase
47. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Applications:
Used in analytical laboratories
Use of NPLC for separating analytes in organic
solvents and chemicals that contain polar
functional groups.
48. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
3. ION- EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Solutes are separated by their adsorption
onto a support containing fixed charges on its
surface.
Routinely used in Industry for the removal or
replacement of Ions in products.
Used for the separation of charged compounds
( inorg. Ions, org. ions, AA, Proteins and Nucleic
Acids)