The document discusses the endocrine functions of the pancreas. It describes the pancreas' location in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach and below the liver. The pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete three hormones - glucagon from alpha cells, insulin from beta cells, and somatostatin from delta cells. These hormones work together to regulate blood sugar levels. Diabetes occurs when there is a deficiency or absence of insulin from the beta cells, leading to high blood sugar. The two main types of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, which is usually diagnosed in childhood and is due to destruction of the beta cells, and type 2 diabetes, which accounts for 90% of cases and is

1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(Pancreas)
Mr N.JEGAN
Associate Professor
K.M.COLLEGE OF PHARMACY.
MADURAI.

2. Pancreas- Location
Location:
In abdominal cavity behind stomach
and below Liver.

3. Pancreas- Structure
 Colour - Pale grey gland , Weight - 60
grams.
 It consists of a broad head, a body and a
narrow tail
 Head lies in the curve of the duodenum(Small
intestine).
 Body behind the stomach.
 Tail lies in front of the left kidney.

4. Pancreas-Structure
 It Consists of two major types of secretary
tissues which reflects its dual function
◦ Exocrine function of Pancreas
 Secretes digestive juice to small intestine
for Digestion.
◦ Endocrine gland function of Pancreas
 It releases hormones from islet cells
(islets of Langerhans) in pancreas.

5. Pancreas- Internal Structure(Endocrine gland)
 The cells which make up the pancreatic islets
(islets of Langerhans) are found in group of
cell irregularly distributed throughout the
pancreas.

6. Pancreas- Islets of Langerhans
Three types of cells
in the pancreatic
islets:
α (alpha) cell
β (beta) cell
δ (delta) cell

7. The islets of Langerhans-
Hormones
 It secrete three hormones from the cells of
islets of langerhans.
 α (alpha) cell - Glucagon
 β (beta) cell - Insulin
 δ (delta) cell - Somatostatin

8. Hormones-Functions
Glucagon
It increase the blood sugar by
-Stimulate Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
(Glycogen is the storage form of Glucose in
liver) called Glycogenolysis.
- Stimulate the formation of glucose from
Amino acids and Glycerol (Gluconeogensis)

9. Glucagon

10. Hormones-Functions
Insulin
It lower the Blood sugar level by
 Stimulating uptake and use of
glucose by muscle and connective
tissue cells.
 Increasing conversion of glucose to
glycogen in Liver.
 promoting synthesis of fatty acids

11. Insulin

12. Islets of Langerhans- Maintanence of blood
sugar

13. Hormones-Functions
Somatostatin
It control the secretion of
glucagon and insulin

14. DISORDERS OF THE PANCREATIC
ISLETS
Diabetes mellitus
This is due to deficiency or
absence of insulin.
 Two types of Diabetes mellitus
1. Type I, insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus (IDDM).
2. Type II, non-insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

15. Type I-Diabetes mellitus
 This occurs mainly in children and young
adults.
 The deficiency or absence of insulin is
due to the destruction of beta-islet cells.
 Increase the blood sugar level
 The causes are unknown but mostly
genetically.

16. Type II-Diabetes mellitus
 This is the most common form of diabetes,
occur 90% diabetic cases.
 Insulin secretion below the normal
 Increase the blood sugar level
Symptoms:
 Frequent urination, Unusual thirst
 Extreme hunger , Unusual weight loss
 Blurred vision
 Cuts that are slow to heal
 Tingling/numbness in the hands/feet

17. Diabetes mellitus

18. THANKING YOU