Pancreas anatomy and functions
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The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas secretes enzymes that help digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It releases around 1500-3000 mL of alkaline fluid per day containing enzymes like proteases, nucleases, amylase and lipase. The endocrine pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin from beta cells and glucagon from alpha cells to regulate metabolism. Diseases of the pancreas include pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis.
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Pancreas anatomy and functions
- 1. Pancreas and its functions Dr Saurabh Singhal Associate Professor General Medicine KDMCH, Mathura
- 2. Location
- 3. ANTOMY pancreas (pan= all , kreas = flesh)
- 5. ANTOMY
- 6. Function 6
- 7. THE PANCREAS IS BOTH AN EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE GLAND.
- 8. Exocrine secretions • Almost all of the pancreas (95%) consists of exocrine tissue • The function of the exocrine pancreas is to produce pancreatic juice containing about 20 enzymes that digest carbohydrates , proteins and fats. • The pancreas secretes 1500–3000 mL of isosmotic alkaline (bicarbonate + water) fluid per day
- 9. Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion • Stimulated by the parasympathetic system and inhibited by the sympathetic system. • Stimulation occurs when we see, smell or taste food, or when the stomach wall is stretched. • Gastric acid is the stimulus for the release of secretin from the duodenum, which stimulates the secretion of water and electrolytes from pancreatic ductal cells. • Release of cholecystokinin (CCK) from the duodenum and proximal jejunum is triggered by LCFA, certain essential amino acids and gastric acid itself. • CCK evokes an enzyme-rich secretion from acinar cells in the pancreas.
- 10. REGULATION OF SECRETION 1. SECRETIN food in stomach release of stomach acid into duodenum release of secretin into blood by duodenal cells secretion of bicarbonate by duct cells alkaline pH (ideal for pancreatic enzymes) 2. PANCREOZYMIN (cholecystokinen) amino acids and fats in intestine release of pancreozymin by intestinal mucosa into blood relase of pancreatic enzymes into the intestine 3. GASTRIN food in stomach gastrin secretion by stomach mucosa release of pancreatic enzymes into the intestine 4. AUTONOMIC INNERVATION (vagus nerve)
- 11. PANCREATIC SECRETIONS 1. PROTEASES (70%) Endopeptidases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastases) Exopeptidases (carboxypeptidases) trypsinogen trypsin activates all other precursors enterokinase (duct walls) 2. NUCLEASES (DNAase, RNAase) 3. PANCREATIC AMYLASE (hydrolyse starch and glycogen) 4. PANCREATIC LIPASE (triglycerides fatty acids and glycerol)
- 12. Endocrine secretions • Distributed throughout the gland are groups of specialised cells called the pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans). • The islets have no ducts so the hormones diffuse directly into the blood.
- 13. 13 Pancreatic endocrine cells regulate carbohydrate, fat, protein metabolism: – Alpha cells – glucagon – Beta cells – insulin – Delta cells – gastrin and somatostatin – F cells – pancreatic polypeptide
- 14. Beta cells • Secret insulin • Main anabolic hormone of the body • Regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of carbohydrates • Glycogenesis , lipogenesis • Defeciency : diabetes mellitus
- 15. Alpha cell (endocrine) • Secrets glucagon • Action opposite to insulin • Catabolic hormone • Rises when there is hypoglycemia • Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
- 16. Delta cells • Secrets gastrin and somatostatin • Gastrin stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility • Somatostatin = GH inhibiting hormone Inhibits the release of numerous secondary hormones. Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion.
- 17. F (PP) cells • Pancreatic polypeptide • Self-regulate pancreatic secretion activities (endocrine and exocrine) • Has effects on hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions. • Increased after a protein meal, fasting, exercise, and acute hypoglycemia • Decreased by somatostatin and intravenous glucose
- 18. Pancreas and disease • Pancreatic carcinomas • Pancreatitis • Cystic fibrosis
- 19. Pancreatic carcinoma • MC : adeno ca • Mainly exocrine part • Symptoms • Very poor prognosis
- 20. Pancreatits • Inflammation • Central , acute pain , mainly at supine • Acute release of digestive enzymes • Digestive enzymes of the pancreas damage the tissue and structure of the pancreas. • Enzymes do not reach the duodenum Incomplete digestion of fatty acids steatorrhoea
- 21. Cystic fibrosis • CFTR protein is defective • CFTR helps in HCO3- secretion • Secretion of bicarbonate by duct cells is affected blockage in the pancreatic ducts damage to acinar and duct cells • Increased risk of pancreatitis • Rucurrent LRTI • Bronchiectasis
- 22. Thank you
Editor's Notes
- Head is further sub devided into head proper and uncinate process It is related anteriorly to the superior mesenteric vessels and posteriorly to the aorta.
- Accessory pancreatic duct of santorini Main duct of wirsung
- Almost all of the pancreas (95%) consists of exocrine tissue that produces pancreatic enzymes for digestion. The remaining tissue consists of endocrine cells called islets of Langerhans. These clusters of cells look like grapes and produce hormones that regulate blood sugar and regulate pancreatic secretions.
- tryptophan, phenylalanine, valine, methionine
- Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) A zymogen, also called a proenzyme, is an inactive precursor of an enzyme. A zymogen requires a biochemical change for it to become an active enzyme.