The document provides background information on the rise of the Ottoman Empire. It describes how the Ottoman Turks expanded from nomadic warriors in Asia Minor to build a vast empire spanning Europe, Asia and Africa between the 13th and 17th centuries. Key events included the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, establishing Istanbul as the new capital, and their defeat at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, marking the end of Ottoman expansion into Europe. The document also discusses the structure of Ottoman society under absolute rule of the Sultan, and the origins and basic beliefs of Islam.

1. • Home Work
• Ottoman Turks
• Read Pages 460-463
• Pg 463 # 1&3

2. I. By 1700, Europe had eight
major powers.

3. Ottoman Empire, Spain, Great
Britain, Austria, Prussia, Papacy,
Russia and France.

4. Jack Garrity

5. Jack Garrity

6. • Since the 7th Century, Muslims had
built a large empire, including parts of
Asia, Africa and Europe.

7. • The Osman (Ottoman) Turks lived
as nomads in Asia Minor.

8. • They fought excellently as cavalry.

9. • As China built the Great Wall, the Mongols attacked
from the West.

10. • The Christian Byzantine Empire attacked
from the East.

11. • The Ottoman Turks helped defeat the
Byzantine army.

12. Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326
So, the rulers of the empire
gave land to the Osman Turks
as a reward for helping them
against the invaders.

13. Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326
As the Muslim Empire
declined, the Osman Turks
expanded, beginning the
Ottoman Empire.

14. Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326
Its’ success based on
technology, nicknamed a
“gunpowder Empire”.

15. • They took over most of the Muslim
They began mastering the arts of
cannon making and gunpowder.

16. • In the fourteenth century, the Ottoman
Turks expanded into the Balkans.

17. • They took over most of the Muslim
• By 1390, they took Serbia and
Bulgaria from the Byzantine
Empire.

18. Janissaries
• The Ottomans recruited local Christians that
converted to Islam, becoming elite guards and
administrators called janissaries.

19. • However, the Ottomans could not take the
important city of Constantinople.
. Constantinople

20. Constantinople (Capital of the Byzantine Empire)
remained the center of international trade.

21. Venice takes over most of the trade routes of the small Empire in 1265
* Constantinople

22. “Golden Horn” from space

23. Byzantine Empire
(330-1453)
• The Christian emperor Constantine (306-337)
founded the capital city Constantinople. He made
Christianity legal by the Edict of Milan in 313.

24. Geography
• After Rome fell, Emperor Theodosius built
It had impregnable walls, which protected
the city for over 1100 years from the
Muslim Empire.

25. Mehmet II: 1444--1481
(“The Conqueror”)
Under the leadership of
Mehmet II, the Ottomans
moved to end the
Byzantine Empire and take
Constantinople.

26. The Fall of Constantinople May
29, 1453
The beginning of modern warfare, gunpowder, guns
and artillery.

27. • “What a city we have given over to plunder
and destruction”

28. 1453 The Fall of
Constantinople
• This ended the East
Roman or Byzantine
Empire.
• Constantine 11th died
defending the city, but his
daughter Sophia escaped
the city.
• She married Ivan the
Great of Moscow.

29. Moscow becomes the 3rd
Rome
• The kings of Russia become Caesar or Czar.

30. The Ottoman Capital -- ConstantinopleThe Ottoman Capital -- Istanbul

31. Venice takes over most of the trade routes of the small Empire in 1265
* Istambul
The Ottomans now controlled and closed
international trade to Europe.

32. Selim I, ”the Grim”: 1512-1520

33. Selim I, ”the Grim”: 1512-1520
• From 1514 to 1517, he took control of Mesopotamia,
Egypt, the middle east and Arabia.

34. Suleiman the Magnificent:
(1520-1566)
Suleiman’s Signature

35. Suleiman the Magnificent:
(1520-1566)
• He led to new Ottoman attacks on Europe,
expanding along the Danube River.

36. • They conquered most of Hungary, and
moved into Austria.

37. • Suleiman advanced on Vienna, but met
defeat in 1529. Mostly due to an early
winter and bad supplies.

38. • They conquered many island of the
Mediterranean Sea including Crete and
Rhodes.

39. Suleiman the Magnificent:
(1520-1566)
He had his most talented
sons executed.

40. The Great Turkish War
1533-1683
Ottoman Empire 1533-
1683
Holy League
Pope
Holy Roman
Empire (Hapsburgs
of Austria)
Kingdom of Spain
Czar of Russia
Republic of Venice
Poland

41. The Great Turkish War
1533-1683
The Ottoman Empire’s use of cannons
and guns led to the first arms race in
modern history.

42. • arms race: building up armies and stores of
weapons to keep up with an enemy.

43. The Great Turkish War
1533-1683
Soon all the major powers of Europe developed
firearms, which ended the invincibility of knights and
castles.

44. The Ottomans built a navy and controlled
most of the Mediterranean Sea.

45. Spain built a navy with cannons and met the
Ottoman fleet at Lepanto in 1571

46. Lepanto
October 7, 1571
Strategic Context
In response to the Ottoman invasion of Venetian-held Cyprus, Pope Pius V proclaims the Holy
League, comprising the Papacy, Spain, Venice, Genoa, Tuscany, Savoy, Urbino, Parma and the
Knights of Malta. The Holy League’s purpose is to resist Ottoman Empire’s aspirations in the
Mediterranean Sea. Two weeks after the Ottomans crush the last resistance on Cyprus, this mutually
suspicious alliance finally assembles a fleet under Don Juan of Austria and seeks out the Ottoman
fleet. Ottoman scouts report the Holy League fleet’s arrival in the Gulf of Patras to Müezzinzade Ali
Pasha, commander of the Ottoman fleet, who orders an attack. This decision is against the advice of
his peers who argue for a defensive position.
Stakes
+ A Holy League victory would halt – at least
temporarily – Ottoman expansion in the
Mediterranean.
+ An Ottoman victory would splinter the Holy
League alliance and encourage Ottoman
dominance of the Mediterranean.
By Jonathan Webb, 2010 ©

47. Lepanto, 1571
Strength
Holy League
Well
Ottomans
Well
Don Juan
216 galleys202 galleys
Müezzinzade Ali Pasha
By Jonathan Webb, 2010 ©
6 galeasses 64 galiots

49. Müezzinzade Pasha deploys his fleet in five divisions, three being pre-committed to fight at his dense center. His left wing has the most room to maneuver and thus equipped
with many with smaller, more agile galiots. He plans to preserve his center while one or both of his wings defeat their opposition and envelop the Holy League line. Juan deploys
his fleet in four divisions, one being a reserve. Juan strengthens his center with both quantity and quality of galleys and allows his lethal galeasses to sail ahead of the main line
to thin out the Ottoman ranks. He plans to crush the Ottoman center while his wings prevent his own center from being outflanked. Overall, the Holy League galleys are larger
and boast more firepower but are slower than their Ottoman counterparts. Both Müezzinzade and Juan command from the center of their lines.
Ottomans
(Müezzinzade Pasha)
Holy League
(Juan)
NN
Mehmet Suluk
As both fleets sail towards each other, Barbarigo’s galeasses pulverize Mehmet Suluk’s galleys and disrupt their formation. Mehmet Suluk adapts
by sending the galleys on his extreme right to round the inshore flank of Barbarigo’s galleys, knowing the Holy League captains are less
accustomed to the area and more fearful of running ashore. The rest of the Ottoman right wing follows and is able to concentrate against only
half of the Holy League left wing.
Doria
Bazan
Barbarigo
Juan
Müezzinzade Pasha
Uluj Ali
Mehmet Suluk is punishing the Holy League left wing until its other half swings around to engage in battle and Bazan sends reinforcements from
the reserve. Barbarigo is mortally wounded and must cede command to Contarini who is then killed and succeeded by Nani. Juan’s center
galeasses decimate the Ottoman galleys with a murderous fire before close combat. Meanwhile, Uluj Ali is straining the Holy League right by
deploying his surplus of ships in line, forcing Doria to stretch his own line to match the length of the Ottoman line. This inevitably creates gaps.
In the north, Nani turns the tide by killing Mehmet Suluk and trapping the Ottoman galleys against the shore. In the center, the heftier Holy
League galleys are inflicting heavy losses while a duel between the two flagships develops; both commanders funnel all available men into this
battle. Bazan sends reinforcements from the reserve to ensure steady pressure against the Ottoman flagship. In the south, Uluj Ali continues to
deploy ships and force Doria to strain his line; the Holy League right wing is drifting dangerously further from the center.
Trapped against the shore and without a leader, the Ottoman right wing is in the process of annihilation. The Ottoman center continues to suffer grievous losses but remains
intact. Fifteen captains of Doria’s extreme left believe he is betraying the Holy League by ignoring the fierce engagement in the center so they break formation to join the fray,
creating a sizeable gap in the Holy League right wing. Uluj Ali seizes this opportunity to charge the gap, destroying most of the wandering galleys on the way. Juan’s right flank is
suddenly threatened but Bazan sends the last of the reserve to try and contain the gap. Doria meanwhile rushes to engage the rest of his division but cannot fully do so.
The remainder of the Ottoman right wing runs aground and the crews abandon their galleys for land. Meanwhile,
Müezzinzade Pasha is finally killed and his flagship overrun just as Doria engages the Ottoman left wing. Uluj Ali realizes
the situation is futile and escapes westward with thirty galleys. The remaining Ottoman galleys flee in small contingents.
Holy League
(Don Juan of Spain)
202 galleys
6 galeasses
Ottomans
(Müezzinzade Ali Pasha)
216 galleys
64 galiots
Contarini
Nani
Holy League Reserve
(Don Álvaro de Bazan)
38 galleys
Ottoman Right Wing
(Mehmet Suluk Pasha)
60 galleys 2
galiots
Holy League Center
(Don Juan of Austria)
62 galleys 2
galeasses
Holy League Left Wing
(Agostin Barbarigo)
53 galleys 2
galeasses
Holy League Right Wing
(Gian Andrea Doria)
54 galleys
2 galeasses
Ottoman Center
(Müezzinzade Ali Pasha)
95 galleys
30 galiots
Ottoman Left Wing
(Uluj Ali Pasha)
61 galleys
32 galiots
Holy League Left Wing
(Frederigo Nani)
53 galleys 2
galeasses
Galeasse
Galeasses are designed to carry guns whereas
typical galleys carry soldiers. The six Venetian
galeasses at Lepanto are relatively experimental
but pack ample firepower: they carry fourty heavy
guns whereas flagship galleys carry only five.
However, galeasses must be towed into battle by
two galleys and so this firepower comes at the
expense of speed.

50. Lepanto, 1571
Casualties & Aftermath
Holy League: Ottomans:
16 ships
or
8%
214 ships
or
76%
By Jonathan Webb, 2010 ©

51. • By 1572, the Ottomans rebuild their fleet,
but could not replace the experienced
crews and naval soldiers lost at Lepanto
for decades.

52. • So, the Ottomans would not risk another
battle with the Spanish fleet.

53. • Internal problems occupied the Ottomans
for the next several decades.

54. Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha he
siege itself began on 14 July
1683,
• Led the next major Ottoman attack during
the 1680’s.

55. The Great Turkish War 1533-
1683
• Again, they marched through Hungary and
laid siege to Vienna.

56. The siege of Vienna 14 July 1683
Ottoman Empire 1533-
1683
Holy League
Holy Roman
Empire (Hapsburgs
of Austria)
Poland
Hungary

57. The siege of Vienna 14 July 1683
Ottoman Empire 1533-
1683
Holy League
Holy Roman
Empire (Hapsburgs
of Austria)
Poland
Hungary

58. The siege of Vienna 14 July
1683.

59. . siege itself began on 14 July
1683,
• The Hapsburg army pushed the Ottomans
out of Hungary. They would never again
be a threat to central Europe.

60. • Legend has it that the bakers of Vienna
invented the croissant to celebrate the
victory over the Turks. Croissants are
banned today in some Islamic countries.

61. • Over the next sixteen years, the
Habsburgs of Austria occupied and
dominated Hungary and Transylvania.

62. So by 1700, the Ottoman
Empire began to decline.

63. 2. Ottoman Society
• The Ottoman Sultan was an absolute
monarch.

64. Absolute monarchy
• absolutism a political system in which a
ruler holds total power.

65. • The Sultan owned all the land and possessions.
• His word was law.
• He controlled the army, economy, culture, and
religion.

66. • The position of the sultan was hereditary
one of his sons became the next Sultan.

67. • When the Sultan died, the sons all fought
over the throne.
• The losers executed.

68. • The Sultan’s power centered in the
Topkapi (“iron gate”) Palace in Istanbul.

72. • The private rooms called the harem
(“sacred place”).
• Here, the sultan, his 4 wives, sons, and
thousands of concubines lived.

73. • As the Empire grew, Sultans became
increasingly isolated in their palace.
• They sat behind a screen, letting advisors
run the empire.

74. The Ottoman
Bureaucracy
SULTAN
Viziers
Social / Military
Heads of
Individual
Religious Millets
Local Administrators
& Military
Landowners /
Tax Collectors
Muslims Jews
Christians
Grand Vizier
pashas
pashas

75. • The Ottoman Empire divided people into
classes by occupation; the ruling class,
merchants, artisans, peasants, pastoral
peoples, and slaves.
Slaves

76. the
Ottoman Sultans held the title Caliph,
leading the Sunni Muslim’s religion.

77. Islam religion
Muslim a follower of Islam
Arab a person from the Arabian
Peninsula.

78. • Usually, the sultans
gave their religious
duties to a group of
religious advisers known
as the ulema.

80. Muhammad (570-633)
• A successful caravan merchant
who married the rich Khadija.

81. Muhammad (570-633)
• Began to meditate in the desert after
became troubled over the growing
gap between rich and poor.

82. The Origins of the Qur’an
 Muhammad (570-633)
Traditionally, received his revelations
from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira
in 610.

83. • Most early Arabs had been
polytheistic, tracing their ancestry
back to Abraham.

85. Abraham’s Genealogy
ABRAHAM SARAHHAGAR
Isaac
EsauJacob
12 Tribes of
Israel
Ishmael
12 Arabian Tribes

86. Islam An Abraham
Religion
Mohammed changed to Monotheism.
 Same God as Jews and Christians, yet
Muslims call him Allah.
 Muslims accept the Torah, Bible, and
Qur’an as the word of God.

87. Kaaba
• Traditionally, the place
where Adam came out
of Eden.
• Abraham and Ishmael
built the Kaaba at
Mecca.

88. A house of worship whose cornerstone has a sacred stone,
called the Black Stone.

89. The Origins of the Qur’an
 Muhammad (570-633)
His wife Khadja and friend Abu Baker
believed him, yet he had only 30
followers by 622.

90. The Origins of the Qur’an
The rich merchants did not like his
preaching and they drove him out of
Mecca.
622  Hijrah  Muhammed
flees Mecca for Medina.
* The beginning of the
Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)

91. The Origins of the Qur’an
The people of Medina
and desert tribes (bedoins)
joined him.
In 630 Muhammad
conquered Mecca with an
army of 10,000.

92. The Origins of the Qur’an
 He declared the Kaaba the most
sacred shrine to Islam.

93. The Origins of the Qur’an
Two years later he died in Mecca, then rose
to heaven from Jerusalem.
 The Caliph Othman compiled Muhammad’s
revelations into the Qur’an.

94. • Mohammed preached equality of
all believers, men and women.
• Muslims paid no taxes, and
divided the treasury (later
conquered lands) among the
followers of Islam.

96. The Prophet Tradition
Adam
Noah
Abraham
Moses
Jesus
Muhammad

97. The Qur’an
 Muslims believe it contains the
word of God.
 114 suras (chapters).
 Written
in Arabic.

98. The Qur’an
 Muslims memorize the whole book,
which spread literacy.

99. Sharia Law
 Sharia  body of Islamic law to
regulate daily living.
 Sharia is based on the Quran and
the Hadith, a collection of
Muhammad’s saying.

101. 1. The Shahada
1
 The testimony.
 The declaration of faith:
There is no god except Allah,
and Muhammad is His
Messenger [or Prophet].

102. 2. The Salat
2
 The mandatory prayers
performed 5 times a day:
* dawn
* noon
* late afternoon
* sunset
* before going to bed
 Wash before praying.
 Face Mecca and use a prayer rug

103. 2. The Salat
2
 The call to prayer by the
muezzin in the minaret.
 Pray in the mosque on Friday.

104. 3. The Zakat
3
 Almsgiving (charitable
donations).
About 2.5% of your income.
Christians 20%

105. 4. The Sawm
4
 Fasting during the holy month
of Ramadan.
 No eating or drinking from
sunrise to sunset during
Ramadan.
Yet, they eat huge meals at
night.

106. 5. The Hajj
5
 The pilgrimage to Mecca.
 Must be done at least once in a
Muslim’s lifetime.
 2-3 million Muslims make the
pilgrimage
every
year.

107. 5. The Hajj
5
 Those who complete the
pilgrimage can add the title
hajji to their name.

108. The Dar al-Islam
1 2 3 4 5
The World
of Islam

109. The Mosque
 The Muslim place of worship.

111. • One of Sinan’s masterpieces was the
• Suleimaniye Mosque in Istanbul.

119. The Dome of the Rock
Mosque in Jerusalem
Mount Moriah Rock
where Muhammad ascended into heaven.

122. Other Islamic Religious
Practices
 Up to four wives allowed at once,
Mohammed had 11-13 wives total, 5
at a time.


123. Other Islamic Religious
Practices
 He married his favorite wife Aisha
at age 6, and consummated it at age
9.
The daughter of Abu Bakr, she led
armies against his first convert.

124. Aisha
 After Mohammed’s death, she
delivered public speeches, became
directly involved in war and even
battles.
She memorized the quran, and
helped both men and women to
understand the practices of
Muhammad.
Veiling became the norm.

125. Other Islamic Religious
Practices
 Up to four wives allowed at once,
Mohammed had 11-13 wives total, 5
at a time.
 No alcohol, gambling, or pork.

126. Other Islamic Religious
Practices
Men should have face hair, women
should be covered (Arab tradition).
 Muslims should bury the dead
within 24 hours.

128. Sufism
• Like the Janis, individuals find salvation
through fasting and prayer. Developed in
Baghdad in the 8th Century and spread to
Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.

129. The Spread of Islam
 Easy to learn and practice.
 No priesthood.
 Teaches equality.
 No taxes, land grants, and treasury
money Muslims.
 Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans
and other non-believers (“infidels”).

130. The Spread of Islam
Early Islam tolerated other Non-
Muslims, “Peoples of the Book,”
Christians and Jews paid extra taxes
so allowed religious freedom.


131. Calligraphy

132. Blue Mosque

133. Blue Mosque - interior

134. Prayer Rug,
16c Ottoman Empire

135. Illuminated Qur’an Page

136. Time before writing.
So, we have to rely on archeology to understand what happened.
A first-hand, or eyewitness, account of an event.
A second-hand source of information.
Ex: Textbook, Encyclopedia, Wikie article.
History The study of the past by written artifacts.
Ex: Artifacts, skeleton, diary, newspaper
from the time

137. Illuminated Qur’an Page

138. Qur’an Page:
Abraham’s Sacrifice of Isaac

139. Qur’an Page: The Angel Gabriel
Visits Muhammad

140. Collection of Taxes in
Suleiman’s Court

141. Conversations Between Muslims &
Christians

142. Scholars at the Galata Observatory
(Suleiman’s Constantinople), 1557

143. Janissaries

144. Battle of Lepanto (1571)

145. Battle of Lepanto (1571)

146. The Ottoman Empire During the 16c

148. Byzantine Empire
(330-1453)
• The Christian emperor Constantine (306-337)
founded the capital city Constantinople. He made
Christianity legal by the Edict of Milan in 313.

149. Geography
• After Rome fell, Emperor Theodosius built
impregnable walls, which protected the city until
the Ottoman Turks took them down with cannons
in 1453.

150. Geography
• Constantinople’s location not as good as
Rome’s location for a Mediterranean
empire. It took 2 weeks to sail to
Alexandria, but 3 months to reach Spain.

151. The Golden Age of the Ottomans

152. Tamerlane (1336-1405)
or “Timur, the Lame”

153. Mehmet I: 1413-1421

154. • the Ottomans
• defeated the Serbs at the Battle of Kosovo
in 1389.
• During the 1390s, they advanced
northward and annexed Bulgaria

155. • Over the next three hundred years,
Ottoman rule
• expanded to include large areas of
Western Asia, as
• well as North Africa and additional lands in
Europe

156. The fall of Constantinople
• They fought desperately for almost two
• months to save their city. Finally, on May
29, the
• walls were breached, and Ottoman soldiers
poured

157. “Golden Horn” – 15c map

158. “Golden Horn” from space

159. “Golden Horn”

160. Sunset on the “Golden Horn”

161. The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

162. Europeans vs. Turks

163. The Ottomans built a navy and controlled
most of the Mediterranean Sea.

164. Siege of Constantinople, 1453

165. Faith Mosque

166. Qur’an Page:
Arabic Calligraphy

167. The study of past societies through
the examination of artifacts.
anything that people modify or use.
Tools and Weapons Art and Sculpture Pottery
Jewelry Human Remains Ancient Ruins

168. The remains of plants and animals.
Carbon dating can be used to date organic artifacts, or things that lived.
All living things get Carbon 14 from the sun.
Carbon 14 disintegrates by half in 5730 years (±40 years).
Scientists can measure how much Carbon 14 an artifact has
today.
So, they can tell how old it is + 40 years.

170. Time before writing.
So, we have to rely on archeology to understand what happened.
A first-hand, or eyewitness, account of an event.
.
History The study of the past by written artifacts.
Ex: Artifacts, skeleton, diary, newspaper
from the time