2.1 B Empires SouthernEuropepost.pptx

 Early civilizations, global trade, and world
events have shaped southern Europe.

 700’s BCE-476 Classical Era Greece, Alexander, Rome
 500-800 Dark Ages, Vikings
 800-1400 Middle Ages, Crusades
 1400-1600’s Renaissance, Age of Exploration
 1700-1900 Age of Empires, Industrial Revolution
 1900’s World Wars
 Cold War and NATO Alliance
 European Union

 The Ancient Greeks and Romans laid the foundations of
European civilization.

 The world of the Hellenes (Ancient Greeks) were not a
nation or country, but a cultural community.

 The geography encouraged small separate communities.

 They lived in city-states linked by language and culture.

 A city-state is an independent city — and
sometimes its surrounding land — which has
its own government, completely separate from
nearby countries.

 By the 700’s BCE, they had colonies around the
Mediterranean.

 The Romans modified the Greek alphabet, which
you are currently writing in your notebook.

Homer Wrote masterpieces giving the Greeks an
ideal past of heroes, used as basic
educational texts for generations of Greek
males

 The city states competed with each other in the
games of Zeus at Olympia.

 The ancient Olympics included running, long jump,
shot put, javelin, boxing, and wrestling.

 The most popular event was chariot racing.

 Women could not go to Zeus’ games. They
had their own games the Heraia in honor of
Hera.

 The Ancient Olympics ended in 393 CE, when
the Christian Roman emperor Theodosius I
outlawed the Games.


 The first modern Olympic Games opened in April
1896 in Athens.

 The city-state of Athens was a democracy.

 Democracy is a form of government in which
the citizens participate equally by voting for
the passing or rejecting of laws.

 Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid the foundations of
how people in Europe and the USA think
(philosophy and science).

 Aristotle laid the foundations of today’s science. His
books and ideas would be banned by priests and
religious leaders until the 1700’s in Europe.

 They invented Geometry
 Pythagoras thought everything could be explains
by Math and MusicA2 + B2= C2

• The "Father of History.
• First person to collect
stories and write history.
• He wrote the 7 Wonders of
the World
• He used Gods, magic, and
curses for causes and effect.
Herodotus
484-425 BC

 Democratic Athens invented classical
architecture, and theater.

 While the Greeks fought among themselves, Macedonia took
over all of Greece.

 Alexander the Great (356 BCE-323 BCE) using the army created by
Philip (his father) took revenge on Darius III and conquered
the Persian Empire.

Aristotle’s most famous student.
Brought up in Macedonian army
Never lost a battle
Conquered the known world from age 20-33
Alexander 356BCE-323 BCE LGBTQ+

 Alexander the Great went undefeated all the way to India.

 Alexander blended African Asian and European cultures
called Hellenistic and made Babylon the capital of his empire..

 empire was divided among 3 of his generals, after he died at
age 32, having never lost a battle.

The Romans conquered the Greek City States in 146 BCE, and
added Egypt in 32 BCE (Julius Cesare and Cleopatra VII)..

The US government system is based on the Roman
Republic, which ended with Julius Cesar.
The Romans brought law, and the idea that all
citizens no matter how high must follow the law.
By the 300’s the Romans converted to Christianity.
Vatican City Rome is still the center of the Roman
Catholic Church, where the Pope lives today.

 For nine hundred years, Roman legionaries had
engaged in almost continuous warfare.

 First the Roman Republic, then the Roman Empire forged an
Empire, using Roman warfare combined with Greek Culture.

 The Romans made many improvements to Italy.
 The legions kept peace, built roads, and
infrastructure. .

The Legions built roads
for business and the
army.

 They built aqueducts, baths, forums, and stadiums.

 Huge well planned city life flourished.

 International trade flourished and all benefited as
goods were traded from The Roman Empire to the
Chinese Han Empire and even Japan.

 The founders of the USA used the example of the
Roman Republic (509-to 27 BCE) create the balance
of power of the US Constitution.

 The Roman Republic ended with Julius
Cesare, it became an Empire in 24 BCE.

 Augustus (Octavian) hunted down the
armies of the senators that had assassinated
Julius Caesar.

 Augustus (Octavian) took out the allies that
had helped him, then combined many
traditional Roman Republican titles

 Augustus (Octavian) took on the title
Imperator, or Emperor ending the Roman
Republican and beginning the Roman Empire
in 24 BCE.

 The Roman Empire was a paratactical,
ethnically diverse, obsessed with war, and
a great slave society.

 The Roman Empire consider the people of
Eastern and Northern Europe to be the best
slaves…..called Slavic people to this day.

 built the Flavian Amphitheater nicknamed
the Coliseum

 Vespasian: excellent General
 built the Flavian amphitheater nicknamed
the Coliseum

 80,000 could watch gladiatorial shows

 The LGBTQ + Emperor Hadrian and his
partner Antonius conquered the most land
and expanded the empire to its greatest extent.

 The African Emperor September Servius made
the Empire more responsive to the needs of
the Army, and give us the month of
September.

 The tranz Emperor Elagabalus shocked Rome
by putting the Sun God above Jupiter in the
Roman Forum, and was assassinated.

Christianity had been an illegal religion as they
would not worship Roman Gods or the Emperor.

The Emperor Nero (37-68)famously persecuted
Christians.

The Emperor Nero famously persecuted Christians.

The Beginnings of Christianity in Bethlehem 4 or 6 AD or BCE

Jesus’
Mission
Agony in the
Garden
Crucifixion
Baptism

 All people poor and rich equal to
God
 Salvation threw faith in one God,
not by expensive sacrifices that
Roman Temples required.
 A day of judgment for the world.

 Love not only your friend but even
your enemies
 Hebrew Torah becomes OLD
TESTEMET
 JC teaching THE NEW TESTEMENT
 Christian Charity help everyone

St. Peter first bishop of Rome (Pope)
Spread the gospels to Rome.
The Romans crucified him upside down for spreading
the illegal religion.
In a time of economic crisis, Christian bishops were
often the only honest people with money helping
everyone.

 35 CE Saint Paul the great organizer of the early
church.
 Admitted non Jews.
 Most likely beheaded in Rome by Nero.

 But people flocked to the
religion.
 Many join monasteries places
to pray all day and concentrate
on salvation
 People give up possessions and
prayed.

Constantine the 13th Apostle
312 - 337

 Edict of Milan 313 Converts Roman Empire to
the universal or Catholic Church, with the
Emperor as head of the Church.

 Pope of Rome head of church in West, Patriarch of
Constantinople head of church in the East, the
Patriarch of Alexandria the head of church in
Africa.

 Roman Catholic Church, Russian and Greek
Orthodox Church, Ethiopian Orthodox Church
today. Africa.

 Constantine divides the Empire into halves,
and founds Constantinople as the capital of the
Eastern Roman or Byzantine half of the Empire.

 Closed classical schools through out the empire and
outlawed the Olympics and other games.

 The Roman Catholic Church passed cannon law that
taught that women were inferior to men. Women the
cause of initial sin (Eve) .

 Women were parts of their husband’s body, so they
could not even testify in court, and had no legal
rights until the 20th Century.

 The Roman Catholic Church passed cannon law that
outlawed homosexual acts, and eventually supported
hunting down LGBTQ+ humans. .

 Burning repeat offenders and those who did not
confess.

Christians tore down all the old
Roman Temples and closed the
Coliseum.

 They use parts of the coliseum to build St
Peters Basilica .

 By 476, the Western Roman Empire would fall
to the Germanic Tribes invasions.

 As China built its Great Wall , the Huns moved west,
pushing the Germanic Tribes into the Western Roman
Empire.

 The Visigoths sack Rome in 410 then settle in
Spain.

 Romans that could get out, retreated to the islands
of the Adriatic Sea, and founded Venice.

 Vandals sack Rome 455 then settle in North Africa

 People became super stupid as schools, trade, roads,
building tech all but disappeared in the west. City
and town life gone.

 The Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
would continue on until 1453.

 The Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
would lost most of its’ territory to the Islamic Empire
of the Umayyad Caliphate.

 Muawiyah 661 – 680moves the capital to
Damascus and makes the caliphate
hereditary.

 Arab warriors the ideal citizen.
 The Arabs adopt Roman and Persian
government systems and architecture.

 By 710 they take Spain and move into the
Frankish Kingdom (France)within 20
kilometers of Paris.

 In 732, Charles
Martel (the
Hammer) stops
the Muslim
advance outside
Paris at Tours.

 From 711 to 1492, the Umayyad caliphate of
Cordova ruled Spain.

 The Pope’s 2nd Crusade 1202-1204 against the
Muslims created the Christian Kingdom of
Portugal.

 The obsession of Prince Henry (1394,- 1460,) and geography of Portugal gave the
Portuguese an early lead in exploration.

 The Arabs and Africans had dominated international
shipping since the 8th Century. Their Doha ships with
lateen sail could sail against the wind.

Mehmet II: 1444--1481
(“The Conqueror”)
In 1453, Mehmet II, the Ottomans, took the city of Constantinople, ending
the Roman Empire in the East (Byzantine Empire).

Venice takes over most of the trade routes of the small Empire in 1265
* Istambul
The Ottomans now controlled and closed international trade to Europe,
which the Italian City-States monopolized.

 Empire a group of states or countries under
a single supreme authority, formerly
especially an emperor or empress.

 Imperio : Organización política de un estado
que extiende su dominio a otros pueblos y
que en general tiene el poder centrado en
un emperador.

Motives for Portugal
“Gold, glory , and God!”
1. God  convert people to Christianity called
missionaries.
2. Glory fame, adventure, fun and danger.
3. Gold  trade, spices, tea; by-pass Ottomans to get to
China.
Portugal takes the lead.

A Map of the Known World 1480

 Portugal had won its independence from the Muslim
Empire during the 2nd Crusade (1145–1149).

 Portugal’s isolation influenced the development of
ships.

Prince Henry, the Navigator
1394-1460 Developed ships to trade, destroy pirates, and
search for African gold.

 Portuguese explorer’s first success was the
finding the small island of Porto Santo. Then the
Azores.

Portuguese Maritime Empire
1. Exploring the west coast of
Africa.
2. Bartolommeo Dias, 1487 Cape
of Good Hope.
3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut India.
4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque,
Macau 1511 to Spice Islands.

 Maritime empire an with smaller pieces of land
which are separated by large bodies of water.

 imperio marítimo:
 Organización política de un estado que extiende su dominio a otros pueblos y que en
general tiene el poder centrado en un emperador. Del mar o que tiene relación con las
actividades relacionadas con él.

 The Portuguese joined the traditional African
Trade Routes, they built forts on the coast as
trade posts.

Ottoman
Empire
Portugal
Bartolomeo Dias 1487
Vasco da Gama, 1498
Alfonso de
Albuquerque 1511

 The gold rich Kingdom of Songhai dominated the Saharan trade routes.

 Lands south of the Sahara had gold deposits.
Scholars estimate that by the 15th Century, they
exported 9 tons of gold annually to Europe.

 The Songhai Empire took over the West African
trade routes trading gold, manufactured goods,
and slaves.

 Songhai had exported conquered people as
slaves, filled the homes of Muslims everywhere.
 Now, they traded humans to the Portuguese.
West Africa
Portuguese in West Africa

However, Songhai was not in a state to resist
the Portuges. In 1531, Princes of Songhai were
in a 20 year fight over the thrown, a Civil War.

 Songhai was also at war with Morocco.

 The caravan trade declined as Portugese ships
took over the trade in West Africa.

Portuguese explorers, traders, and missionaries
made inroads into the Kongo and Benin kingdoms.

 Benin artists portray Portuguese as barbarian
slavers in their famous bronze statues.

Bartholomew Dias sailed to the tip of
Africa(Cape of Good Hope) in 1487.

In 1498, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama
invaded the Swahili city-states of East Africa.
Portugal takes the lead East Africa.

The Swahili city-states of East Africa had been thriving commercial
centers in the Indian Ocean trade.

In 1433, the Ming explorer Admiral Zheng He had strengthened trade
relationships with Ming China and Swahili city-states of East Africa.

The Portuguese took over trade in Kilwa, Mombasa, and other city-states by sending
heavily armed ships and building fortresses. This takeover threw the region into a
devastating decline.

 In 1498, Vasco da Gama arrived
in Calcutta.

He filled his ships with spices.

 He returned to Portugal and made a profit of several
thousand percent!

 The Portuguese conquered Goa (India) and used it
as a major port.

 In 1510, Afonso de Albuquerque captured Goa when
Indian merchants resisted Portuguese policies.

 Portuguese conquests and Indian allies c 1600.

 Admiral Alfonzo de Albuquerque claimed
Malacca, Indonesia.

 Admiral Alfonzo de Albuquerque sunk African and Muslim ships everywhere he
sailed.

 By 1514, they had reached China (Ming Dynasty).
Portugal in East Asia

 The Ming, described by some as "one of the
greatest eras of orderly government and social
stability in human history

 Ming porcelain became prized throughout
the world, and is very valuable today.

 The Europeans highly prized Ming
porcelain, silk, tea and spices.

 Roman Catholic missionaries followed (Dominican and Franciscan) to convert the
people to Catholicism.
Portugal in East Asia.

 The Jesuits arrived in Macau, and attempted to win over elite Chinese society with
science.

 Today Macau is the gaming center of Europe,
many LV companies have set up resorts there.

 Matteo Ricci (1582 Italian) and Adam Schall von Bell (1619 Germany) impressed
some Chinese, yet they failed to gain many converts.

 Educated Chinese considered the Europeans barbarians, and tolerated their
presence at most.

 Catholicism did worst in Japan.

 In the 1549, Portuguese missionaries followed traders to Japan.

 In the 1549, Portuguese missionaries went to Japan.

 Portuguese missionaries made large Christian settlements during the 16th Century
on the Japanese islands.

 However, the Japanese Shogun outlawed Christianity, and expelled all foreigners
from Japan.

 The Tokugawa shogunate finally decided to ban Catholicism in 1614.

 The Portuguese continued to build forts along the maritime routes.
Trading Post Empire

 Homuz 1507, Goa 1510, Malacca 1511.
Trading Post Empire

 Forts ensured a monopoly on the local spice trade economy.
Trading Post Empire

 They issued licenses to trade for all ships from Malacca to Hormuz.
Trading Post Empire

 You needed a permit to trade in the Indian Ocean, or risk being sunk.
Trading Post Empire

 Following Spain’s explorations of the Americas,
Portugal colonized Brazil in 1500.

 The Portuguese shipped slaves from West Africa to
South America, dooming millions to harsh horrible lives.

 Compelling question
 How did backwards Europe come to dominate
World Trade?

 While Portugal sailed around Africa, the Spanish
sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean.

 While Portugal sailed around Africa, the
Spanish sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean.

 Muslim
Empire
Catholic Spain slowly won its independence from the Muslim Empire.

 She completed the Reconquista, and unified Spain by
marrying Ferdinand of Aragon.

 In 1491, she laid siege to Granada, which surrendered
at the end of the year.

 A staunch Catholic, she supported the Pope’s view that all non RCC religions
were heresy

 The ideas of the Renaissance were not welcomed in Spain, which remained a feudal
Roman Catholic society.

The Spanish converted the mosque of Cordoba into a Catholic Church, after
Muhammad XII surrendered (January 1492).

 Three months later, Queen Isabella agreed to sponsor Christopher Columbus (Genoa Italy) to reach
Asia by sailing west

In 1453 Constantinople, the center of the Eastern Orthodox
Church, had fallen, and Russia becomes the leader of the
Greek and Russian Orthodox Christian world.

 This ended the East
Roman or Byzantine
Empire.
 The Ottomans rename
the city Istanbul.
 Constantine 11th died
defending the city, but
his daughter Sophia
escaped the city.
 She married Ivan the
Great of Moscow.

The beginning of modern warfare, gunpowder, guns
and artillery.

 The kings of Russia become Caesar or
Czar.

Venice takes over most of the trade routes of the small Empire in 1265
* Istambul
The Ottomans now controlled and closed
international trade to Europe.

 Seeing what Henry the Navigator had done, Queen Isabella agreed to sponsor Christopher
Columbus (Genoa Italy) to reach Asia by sailing west

Christopher Columbus 1451-1506
Columbus argued the distance from Spain to Japan as 3,000 miles the
correct figure is 12,200 miles.

“Nothing that results from human progress is achieved through
unanimous consent, those that are enlightened before others are
condemned to purse that light in spite of others”

 71 days later…...

He thought he was in India.

 Isabella appointed Columbus governor of the “New World” in
India.

 However, he treated the native populations so badly that , Isabella recalled him to Spain.
 https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/12/us/christopher-columbus-slavery-disease-trnd/index.html

 Although the native Americans welcomed him, Columbus
enslaved the native populations or killed them.

 Columbus led expeditions against the defenseless
Indians that was incredibly savage in its slaughter of the
islanders and destruction of their villages.

 The heavily armed Europeans were accompanied by
ferocious greyhounds each of which, Las Casas wrote, “in
an hour … could tear 100 Indians to pieces because all the
people of this island had the custom of going … nude from
head to foot.”

 Many people were taken alive, and five hundred were sent as
slaves to be sold in Castile. They were carried in four ships that
Antonio de Torres had brought, and they left for Castile on February
24, 1495

 The survivors were consigned to Juanoto Berardi,
Columbus’ Italian business agent in Seville, for sale
in the slave market there.

 “The ships brought back 500 souls of Indians, men and
women all of good age from 12 to 35,” wrote Columbus’
good friend, the historian Andrés Bernáldez. “They came
thus to this land as they had been born to their own and
with no more embarrassment than if they were wild
animals, of which all were sold and this proved to be very
bad as they all died, being unfitted for the land. Thus the
island was “pacified” by favor of the Lord, proclaimed the
Roman Catholic priests.”

 So, Isabella had Columbus arrested and put in jail.

 Years later, Isabella released him as he was an old sick
man. In 1502, he sailed to Central America with his
nephew and died, still believing he was in India.

Portugal and Spain
Pope Julius II divided “the New World” between Spain
and Portugal in the Treaty of Tordesillas 1494.

 Europeans called the Americas “the New World”. Of course the “New
World” was not really new, millions of people lived there. Natives that
converted sx

 Natives that converted should not be enslaved, yet the
Popes continued a policy of he right to subdue and
enslave Muslims, pagans and other unbelievers. Papal
Bulls declared that to reduce pagans and other enemies of
Christ they should be put into perpetual slavery.

 The Spanish founded towns in the Caribbean, Veracruz, Dominican Republic, and
Cuba. They colonized Mexico City and South America.

 In 1565, Spain founded St. Augustine (Florida) the oldest European city in the
USA.

Fernando Cortez Montezuma II
vs.
Cortez

 Before the arrival of Europeans in the late 15th century, the Aztec
Empire in Mexico and the Inca Empire in South America each
included 10 million to 15 million people.
Spain Conquistadors Cortez

 However, the spread of European diseases caused their
populations to plummet.

 In Mexico, helped by groups that the Aztecs had conquered,
Cortes 's forces overthrew the Aztec by 1521 and established the
colony of New Spain.

 The Spaniards melted down the Aztecs' treasures
and sent the gold back home. They destroyed
Tenochtitlan and built their own capital, Mexico
City, on its ruins.

Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa
vs.

 The Spaniards melted down the Aztecs' treasures
and sent the gold back home..

Spanish and Portuguese Empires in the Americas
1550

These empires had the gold and silver that made exploration, conquest, and settlement
profitable.

 Spain developed new ships to transport treasure across the Atlantic called
Spanish Galleons.

 Galleons had multiple masts and sails, could carry 900 tons of gold, armed with
36 cannon.

 The Spanish treasure fleet was a target for pirates and the other royal houses of
Europe.

The crew of Ferdinand Magellan (1519-21) sailed around the world
opening up new possibilities.

Soon, Spain colonized the Philippines (named after King Philip of Spain) and
established direct trade with China.

Spain’s success against the Aztecs and Incas rekindled European interest in the
Americas.

China loved silver from Spain’s empire in South America.

Silver made its way from what is now Mexico across the Pacific Ocean to East Asia in
heavily armed Spanish galleons, making stops in the Philippines.

The Chinese government soon began using silver as its main form of currency. By the
early 17th century, silver had become a dominant force in the global economic system.

Manila became a center for international trade, Europeans exchanged silver for luxury
goods such as silk and spices, gold from China. bullion.

By the early 17th century, silver had become a dominant force in the global economic
system.

The Ming Dynasty would fall when the emperor demanded that Chinese citizens
should pay taxes in silver rather than paper money.

The Ming armies united with farmers, bringing the dynasty down and allowing the
Manchu or Qing Dynasty to rise (1636-1912 ).

Europeans soon realized that, by using enslaved Native Americans and later enslaved
Africans, they could grow wealthy by raising sugar, tobacco, and other valuable crops.

By 1600, Spain had established a huge maritime and land empire, others followed.

Isabella’s daughter Catherine married Henry VII, then Henry VIII of England. Her
grand daughter ruled Bloody Mary (1516 – 1558) ) married King Philip II of Spain.

Isabella’s grandson Charles V (1500-1558) would be elected Holy Roman Emperor
(Germanies) and inherit Sweden and Norway, creating one of the largest empires in
history.

The Dutch, French, and English began to explore and claim regions in the Americas.

By the 1800’s, the British Empire English would replace the Portuguese Empire in India.

The Dutch trade empire would replace the Portuguese Empire in South East Asia
(Indonesia and Malaysia today).

By the 1800’s, the British and French Empires would dominate Africa.

2.1 B Empires SouthernEuropepost.pptx

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2.1 B Empires SouthernEuropepost.pptx