The document provides a detailed overview of the history and civilizations of ancient Mexico, beginning with the first humans who migrated from Asia around 40,000 years ago. It discusses the major pre-Columbian civilizations that arose including the Olmec, Teotihuacan, Maya, Toltec, and Aztec empires. The Maya are described in particular depth, highlighting their advanced mathematics, calendars, and city-states, before environmental challenges including deforestation led to the decline and abandonment of the classic Maya cities between 800-950 AD. The document also outlines the rise and fall of the powerful Aztec empire that dominated central Mexico prior to the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century.
The first peoples arrived in North America between 26,000-19,000 years ago during the last Ice Age when lower sea levels exposed a land bridge between Asia and North America. As the climate warmed, sea levels rose and the land bridge was flooded, separating the populations. Various groups such as the Inuit and Mississippian cultures developed across North America, building settlements and growing crops. However, diseases brought by Europeans devastated Native American populations from the 1500s onward, contributing to the decline of groups like the Mississippian civilization. Meanwhile, the Iroquois developed a matrilineal society with a democratic confederacy that may have influenced the US system of government.
The document summarizes the spread of Buddhism and cultural influences from India to Southeast Asia between the 3rd century BCE and 15th century CE. It discusses how Ashoka promoted Buddhism in India, and how Buddhism then spread across Asia via trade routes. Merchant activity introduced Indian religions like Hinduism and Buddhism to Southeast Asia, influencing kingdoms' social structures, languages, and religions. Powerful kingdoms like Srivijaya and Majapahit controlled maritime trade routes. The Khmer Empire was the most powerful, building the city of Angkor, which supported over 1 million people at its height. The document provides details on the rise of the Khmer Empire under Jayavarman II and the construction of monuments like Angkor
The document discusses three major philosophies that emerged in China during the Warring States period: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. Confucianism taught that society should be based on traditional social hierarchies and that people could improve themselves through education. Daoism advocated living simply and in harmony with nature. Legalism viewed people as inherently selfish and taught that strict laws and punishments were needed to control society. The document provides overview of the key teachings of each philosophy.
The Inca Empire extended along the Andes mountains from modern Ecuador to central Chile, with its capital at Cuzco, Peru. The Incas developed an extensive road system and advanced practices in agriculture, engineering, and medicine. However, in 1532 the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro arrived with 160 men and took the Inca emperor Atahualpa hostage. Despite receiving a ransom of gold and treasures, Pizarro had Atahualpa killed the following year. The Spanish conquest and a plague led to the fall of the Inca Empire by 1535.
The Aztec Empire controlled an area with over 22 million people through conquest and tribute. Unlike European empires, the Aztecs did not have a formal bureaucracy and instead let regional kings remain in power as long as they continued paying tribute. Aztec kings held both political and religious power as representatives of the gods. Religion played a key role in controlling conquered peoples, especially through human sacrifice.
The document summarizes the establishment of two major empires in India - the Mauryan Empire from 321 BC to 232 BC, and the Gupta Empire from AD 320 to 550. The Mauryan Empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya and expanded by his grandson Asoka, who promoted Buddhism. The Gupta Empire was founded by Chandra Gupta I and expanded by his son Samudra Gupta and grandson Chandra Gupta II, during which time Indian culture flourished. Both empires declined after the deaths of their strongest rulers.
The document provides background information on three major civilizations in Central and South America from 2000 BC to the 16th century: the Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas. It discusses their empires, important cities, architecture, economies based on agriculture, and religious practices including human sacrifices. Key achievements included the Mayas' accurate calendar, the Aztecs' large empire and city of Tenochtitlan built on a lake, and the Incas' extensive road network and mountainside agriculture. All three civilizations introduced new crops to Europe and had social hierarchies and tax systems led by religious and wealthy elites.
The kingdoms of Kush and Axum (Aksum) were located in Northeast Africa. Kush was south of Egypt from 2000-1000 BC and served as a trade corridor between Egypt and interior Africa. Axum emerged to the south of Kush in the 1st century AD near the Red Sea. It developed as a major trading hub due to its location between sea and caravan routes. Axum adopted Christianity in the 4th century AD and developed advanced farming techniques but declined after 750 AD due to Muslim invasions and environmental degradation.
The first peoples arrived in North America between 26,000-19,000 years ago during the last Ice Age when lower sea levels exposed a land bridge between Asia and North America. As the climate warmed, sea levels rose and the land bridge was flooded, separating the populations. Various groups such as the Inuit and Mississippian cultures developed across North America, building settlements and growing crops. However, diseases brought by Europeans devastated Native American populations from the 1500s onward, contributing to the decline of groups like the Mississippian civilization. Meanwhile, the Iroquois developed a matrilineal society with a democratic confederacy that may have influenced the US system of government.
The document summarizes the spread of Buddhism and cultural influences from India to Southeast Asia between the 3rd century BCE and 15th century CE. It discusses how Ashoka promoted Buddhism in India, and how Buddhism then spread across Asia via trade routes. Merchant activity introduced Indian religions like Hinduism and Buddhism to Southeast Asia, influencing kingdoms' social structures, languages, and religions. Powerful kingdoms like Srivijaya and Majapahit controlled maritime trade routes. The Khmer Empire was the most powerful, building the city of Angkor, which supported over 1 million people at its height. The document provides details on the rise of the Khmer Empire under Jayavarman II and the construction of monuments like Angkor
The document discusses three major philosophies that emerged in China during the Warring States period: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. Confucianism taught that society should be based on traditional social hierarchies and that people could improve themselves through education. Daoism advocated living simply and in harmony with nature. Legalism viewed people as inherently selfish and taught that strict laws and punishments were needed to control society. The document provides overview of the key teachings of each philosophy.
The Inca Empire extended along the Andes mountains from modern Ecuador to central Chile, with its capital at Cuzco, Peru. The Incas developed an extensive road system and advanced practices in agriculture, engineering, and medicine. However, in 1532 the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro arrived with 160 men and took the Inca emperor Atahualpa hostage. Despite receiving a ransom of gold and treasures, Pizarro had Atahualpa killed the following year. The Spanish conquest and a plague led to the fall of the Inca Empire by 1535.
The Aztec Empire controlled an area with over 22 million people through conquest and tribute. Unlike European empires, the Aztecs did not have a formal bureaucracy and instead let regional kings remain in power as long as they continued paying tribute. Aztec kings held both political and religious power as representatives of the gods. Religion played a key role in controlling conquered peoples, especially through human sacrifice.
The document summarizes the establishment of two major empires in India - the Mauryan Empire from 321 BC to 232 BC, and the Gupta Empire from AD 320 to 550. The Mauryan Empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya and expanded by his grandson Asoka, who promoted Buddhism. The Gupta Empire was founded by Chandra Gupta I and expanded by his son Samudra Gupta and grandson Chandra Gupta II, during which time Indian culture flourished. Both empires declined after the deaths of their strongest rulers.
The document provides background information on three major civilizations in Central and South America from 2000 BC to the 16th century: the Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas. It discusses their empires, important cities, architecture, economies based on agriculture, and religious practices including human sacrifices. Key achievements included the Mayas' accurate calendar, the Aztecs' large empire and city of Tenochtitlan built on a lake, and the Incas' extensive road network and mountainside agriculture. All three civilizations introduced new crops to Europe and had social hierarchies and tax systems led by religious and wealthy elites.
The kingdoms of Kush and Axum (Aksum) were located in Northeast Africa. Kush was south of Egypt from 2000-1000 BC and served as a trade corridor between Egypt and interior Africa. Axum emerged to the south of Kush in the 1st century AD near the Red Sea. It developed as a major trading hub due to its location between sea and caravan routes. Axum adopted Christianity in the 4th century AD and developed advanced farming techniques but declined after 750 AD due to Muslim invasions and environmental degradation.
The document provides information on ancient civilizations in America, including the Mayan and Inca civilizations. The Mayan civilization occupied eastern Mesoamerica and developed a complex society with advanced literature, art, mathematics, astronomy and calendars. They built great stone cities and pyramid temples. The Inca civilization was located in western South America, primarily along the Andes mountains. They had a strong central government and developed advanced agricultural practices. Both civilizations made significant architectural achievements and had unique religious and cultural practices.
Mesoamerica was home to several early civilizations including the Olmec, Teotihuacan, Toltec, Maya, and Aztec. The Olmec, the first Mesoamerican civilization, emerged around 1250 BCE in southern Mexico and influenced later cultures with their colossal stone heads, pyramids, and writing system. Around 100-700 CE, Teotihuacan rose as a major city with over 200,000 inhabitants and featured the massive Pyramid of the Sun and Pyramid of the Moon. These early civilizations built impressive cities, pyramids, and temples and developed complex societies, calendars, and writing.
The Phoenicians were a Semitic-speaking people who settled in city-states along the coast of present-day Lebanon. They lacked natural resources so relied on seafaring trade, coming to dominate Mediterranean trade by 900 BC. They established colonies throughout the region and invented the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks and forms the basis of modern alphabets. Their trade and colonies encouraged cultural diffusion in the ancient world.
The Aztecs built their capital city of Tenochtitlan on an island in Lake Texcoco after their god told them to settle where they saw an eagle on a cactus eating a snake. They formed an alliance with two other cities and came to rule over 400-500 other city-states and 5 million people through conquest and the collection of tribute. Tenochtitlan covered five square miles and had a population of 200,000, featuring architecture like temples, palaces, and chinampas or floating gardens connected by canals. The Aztec empire was organized into social classes ranging from kings and priests to slaves, and practiced human sacrifice on a large scale as part of their religion centered around the sun
The Persian Wars consisted of several key battles between 499-479 BCE when the Persians invaded Greece. The wars began with the Ionian Revolt when Greek cities rebelled against Persian rule. This led to the Battle of Marathon where the Athenians defeated the first Persian invasion force. The second invasion was larger, led by Xerxes, and included battles at Thermopylae, where Spartans heroically delayed the Persians, and Salamis, where the larger Persian navy was defeated by the Greeks. The final battle was Plataea, resulting in a Greek victory and ending the wars, leaving Athens as the dominant power in Greece.
Ancient Greece and Rome were both located by the Mediterranean Sea and had polytheistic religions with many gods. However, Greece grew through sea trading while Rome expanded through conquest. Their societies also differed in that Greek women could not own property or be citizens, while Roman women could own property, and they each had their own class systems and approaches to art that were either idealistic or realistic.
The document provides information about three ancient civilizations - the Maya, Aztec, and Inca. It describes the locations and key features of each, including their religious practices, advances in mathematics and architecture, and their eventual declines. The Maya built cities like Chichen Itza in Mexico and Central America and developed hieroglyphic writing and a calendar. The Aztecs established the city of Tenochtitlan in Mexico and had an empire centered around religious practices like human sacrifice. The Inca ruled from Cuzco in the Andes and built elaborate stone structures and roads while practicing rituals like cranial deformation.
The Mayans had a great empire in Central America over 1500 years ago. They built breathtaking pyramid temples and structures out of limestone. Their architecture and advanced calendars that could predict astronomical events were remarkable technological feats for their time. The Mayans had an intricate religious system that involved human sacrifice to gods representing nature and war. They also developed a complex numeric system and one of the earliest forms of writing in the Americas dating back to 250 BC.
The Renaissance began in 14th-century Italy, sparked by contact with Byzantine and Islamic empires that revived interest in classical Greco-Roman culture. Wealthy Italian families like the Medicis became patrons of the arts, funding artists and architects. Figures like Michelangelo, Da Vinci, and Botticelli produced masterworks reflecting Renaissance ideals like humanism, secularism, and individualism. The printing press helped spread new ideas and scholars questioned established teachings, heralding changes in science, philosophy, and religion.
1) Japan developed a feudal system in the mid-1000s CE as the imperial government weakened and regional clans gained power. Farmers traded land to powerful warlords called daimyo in exchange for protection. Daimyo were served by loyal samurai warriors who lived by a code of honor.
2) From 1560-1600 CE, three powerful daimyo unified Japan - Oda Nobunaga used force, Toyotomi Hideyoshi used alliances, and Tokugawa Ieyasu completed the unification in 1600 and established a military government called the Tokugawa Shogunate.
3) The Tokugawa Shogunate ruled Japan peacefully and isolated it
The document summarizes the major civilizations of classical Greece, including the Minoans, Mycenaeans, and Phoenicians. It then discusses the development of city-states like Athens and Sparta after the fall of the Mycenaeans. Athens transitioned to become the first democracy around 508 BCE under the reforms of Cleisthenes, who gave all free male citizens the right to vote. This marked the beginning of Classical Greece and an explosion of thought and philosophy that still influences the modern world.
Late 18th century France had economic advantages over Britain including the Napoleonic Code, communal laws, free contracts, and established technical schools. However, years of war led to heavy debts and unemployment in France. In contrast, Britain saw advantages from the Enclosure Movement and development of canals, metals, and woolens industries. The early Industrial Revolution was powered by coal, iron, and innovations in steel production. The factory system concentrated production and labor, but led to difficult working conditions. Attempts to reform working conditions and expand the voting franchise met with resistance from industrialists and the status quo. By 1850, industrialization had spread across parts of Western Europe.
The Mongols, a nomadic people from the Asian steppe, conquered vast territories across Asia under the leadership of Genghis Khan in the early 1200s. By 1225, Genghis Khan had united the Mongols and controlled Central Asia, using brutality to subdue his enemies. After his death in 1227, his successors expanded the Mongol Empire to include northern China, Korea, Russia, and territories reaching into Eastern Europe and the Middle East over the next 50 years. The Mongol Empire was eventually divided into four khanates that ruled different regions.
The Phoenicians were an ancient civilization located in what is now Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Gaza, Syria and southwest Turkey. They established city-states along the Mediterranean coast, the most prominent being Tyre, Sidon, Arvad, Berytus and Carthage. Through extensive maritime trade between 1500 BC and 300 BC, the Phoenicians spread their alphabet and culture throughout the Mediterranean, influencing the Greeks and Romans. They were skilled seafarers and traders rather than a single nationality. The Phoenician alphabet is considered a major ancestor of modern alphabets.
The First World War was a global war fought from 1914 to 1918 involving nearly all the world's great powers formed in two opposing alliances: the Allies and the Central Powers. The war had long term causes including militarism, imperialism, and nationalism, but was sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. The United States initially remained neutral but joined the war in 1917 after German submarine warfare threatened American merchant shipping and the Zimmerman Telegram proposed a German alliance with Mexico against the U.S. The entry of American forces on the side of the Allies helped ensure their victory and contributed to the defeat and surrender of the Central Powers.
Ancient China spanned from around 1600 BC to 221 BC, beginning with early dynasties like the Shang and Zhou which established bronze age cultures along the Yellow River. This was followed by the imperial era from 221 BC to 1912 AD, consisting of successive dynasties including the Qin which first unified China, the Han which established China's political and cultural influence, and the Tang and Song which were economic and technological golden ages. China then experienced foreign rule under the Yuan and Qing dynasties before the establishment of modern Communist China in 1949.
The document outlines the major civilizations and empires of Mesopotamia from 9000 BCE to 539 BCE, including the Natufians, Hassuna culture, Samarran culture, Halafian culture, Ubaid culture, Sumer, Empire of Akkad, Ur, Assyrian Empire, Babylonian Empire, Kingdom of Mitanni, Hittites, Second Assyrian Empire, Neo Assyrian Empire, and Neo Babylonian Empire. Key developments include the domestication of wolves, smelting of copper and lead, creation of irrigation systems, emergence of writing and law codes, use of horses and chariots in warfare, and Nebuchadnezzar
Several kingdoms prospered in Southeast Asia and Korea between the 11th and 15th centuries. The Khmer Empire dominated mainland Southeast Asia and built massive temple complexes like Angkor Wat. Island kingdoms like Srivijaya dominated trade routes. Vietnam gained independence as Dai Viet and was influenced by Chinese culture. In Korea, the Koryu Dynasty modeled its government after China but maintained Korean traditions like celadon pottery. Korea has been divided since WWII with tensions between North and South Korea hampering reunification efforts.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment periods in Europe. It explains that the Scientific Revolution led to using reason and experimentation to study the natural world. During the Enlightenment, this rational approach was applied to understanding human behavior and society. Philosophes like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Smith developed ideas about natural rights, separation of powers, freedom of expression, social contracts, and laissez-faire economics that influenced the development of democratic governments. However, their radical ideas threatened the existing social and political order and faced censorship.
The Olmec were the first great Mesoamerican civilization, thriving from 1200-400 BC along Mexico's Gulf coast. They built mighty cities like San Lorenzo and La Venta and had a rich culture, practicing agriculture, trade, and creating colossal stone sculptures. While the Olmec declined around 400 BC, their influence spread and helped establish later societies like the Maya and Aztec.
The document describes early North American societies and complex civilizations that emerged in pre-Columbian Americas. In the central valley of Mexico, the early civilization of Teotihuacan developed between the 1st-6th centuries AD, growing to a large city of 150,000-200,000 people with monumental architecture including pyramids dedicated to gods. Teotihuacan became a center of trade, exchanging goods over a wide network. Later, the Aztecs would come to dominate central Mexico.
The document provides information on ancient civilizations in America, including the Mayan and Inca civilizations. The Mayan civilization occupied eastern Mesoamerica and developed a complex society with advanced literature, art, mathematics, astronomy and calendars. They built great stone cities and pyramid temples. The Inca civilization was located in western South America, primarily along the Andes mountains. They had a strong central government and developed advanced agricultural practices. Both civilizations made significant architectural achievements and had unique religious and cultural practices.
Mesoamerica was home to several early civilizations including the Olmec, Teotihuacan, Toltec, Maya, and Aztec. The Olmec, the first Mesoamerican civilization, emerged around 1250 BCE in southern Mexico and influenced later cultures with their colossal stone heads, pyramids, and writing system. Around 100-700 CE, Teotihuacan rose as a major city with over 200,000 inhabitants and featured the massive Pyramid of the Sun and Pyramid of the Moon. These early civilizations built impressive cities, pyramids, and temples and developed complex societies, calendars, and writing.
The Phoenicians were a Semitic-speaking people who settled in city-states along the coast of present-day Lebanon. They lacked natural resources so relied on seafaring trade, coming to dominate Mediterranean trade by 900 BC. They established colonies throughout the region and invented the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks and forms the basis of modern alphabets. Their trade and colonies encouraged cultural diffusion in the ancient world.
The Aztecs built their capital city of Tenochtitlan on an island in Lake Texcoco after their god told them to settle where they saw an eagle on a cactus eating a snake. They formed an alliance with two other cities and came to rule over 400-500 other city-states and 5 million people through conquest and the collection of tribute. Tenochtitlan covered five square miles and had a population of 200,000, featuring architecture like temples, palaces, and chinampas or floating gardens connected by canals. The Aztec empire was organized into social classes ranging from kings and priests to slaves, and practiced human sacrifice on a large scale as part of their religion centered around the sun
The Persian Wars consisted of several key battles between 499-479 BCE when the Persians invaded Greece. The wars began with the Ionian Revolt when Greek cities rebelled against Persian rule. This led to the Battle of Marathon where the Athenians defeated the first Persian invasion force. The second invasion was larger, led by Xerxes, and included battles at Thermopylae, where Spartans heroically delayed the Persians, and Salamis, where the larger Persian navy was defeated by the Greeks. The final battle was Plataea, resulting in a Greek victory and ending the wars, leaving Athens as the dominant power in Greece.
Ancient Greece and Rome were both located by the Mediterranean Sea and had polytheistic religions with many gods. However, Greece grew through sea trading while Rome expanded through conquest. Their societies also differed in that Greek women could not own property or be citizens, while Roman women could own property, and they each had their own class systems and approaches to art that were either idealistic or realistic.
The document provides information about three ancient civilizations - the Maya, Aztec, and Inca. It describes the locations and key features of each, including their religious practices, advances in mathematics and architecture, and their eventual declines. The Maya built cities like Chichen Itza in Mexico and Central America and developed hieroglyphic writing and a calendar. The Aztecs established the city of Tenochtitlan in Mexico and had an empire centered around religious practices like human sacrifice. The Inca ruled from Cuzco in the Andes and built elaborate stone structures and roads while practicing rituals like cranial deformation.
The Mayans had a great empire in Central America over 1500 years ago. They built breathtaking pyramid temples and structures out of limestone. Their architecture and advanced calendars that could predict astronomical events were remarkable technological feats for their time. The Mayans had an intricate religious system that involved human sacrifice to gods representing nature and war. They also developed a complex numeric system and one of the earliest forms of writing in the Americas dating back to 250 BC.
The Renaissance began in 14th-century Italy, sparked by contact with Byzantine and Islamic empires that revived interest in classical Greco-Roman culture. Wealthy Italian families like the Medicis became patrons of the arts, funding artists and architects. Figures like Michelangelo, Da Vinci, and Botticelli produced masterworks reflecting Renaissance ideals like humanism, secularism, and individualism. The printing press helped spread new ideas and scholars questioned established teachings, heralding changes in science, philosophy, and religion.
1) Japan developed a feudal system in the mid-1000s CE as the imperial government weakened and regional clans gained power. Farmers traded land to powerful warlords called daimyo in exchange for protection. Daimyo were served by loyal samurai warriors who lived by a code of honor.
2) From 1560-1600 CE, three powerful daimyo unified Japan - Oda Nobunaga used force, Toyotomi Hideyoshi used alliances, and Tokugawa Ieyasu completed the unification in 1600 and established a military government called the Tokugawa Shogunate.
3) The Tokugawa Shogunate ruled Japan peacefully and isolated it
The document summarizes the major civilizations of classical Greece, including the Minoans, Mycenaeans, and Phoenicians. It then discusses the development of city-states like Athens and Sparta after the fall of the Mycenaeans. Athens transitioned to become the first democracy around 508 BCE under the reforms of Cleisthenes, who gave all free male citizens the right to vote. This marked the beginning of Classical Greece and an explosion of thought and philosophy that still influences the modern world.
Late 18th century France had economic advantages over Britain including the Napoleonic Code, communal laws, free contracts, and established technical schools. However, years of war led to heavy debts and unemployment in France. In contrast, Britain saw advantages from the Enclosure Movement and development of canals, metals, and woolens industries. The early Industrial Revolution was powered by coal, iron, and innovations in steel production. The factory system concentrated production and labor, but led to difficult working conditions. Attempts to reform working conditions and expand the voting franchise met with resistance from industrialists and the status quo. By 1850, industrialization had spread across parts of Western Europe.
The Mongols, a nomadic people from the Asian steppe, conquered vast territories across Asia under the leadership of Genghis Khan in the early 1200s. By 1225, Genghis Khan had united the Mongols and controlled Central Asia, using brutality to subdue his enemies. After his death in 1227, his successors expanded the Mongol Empire to include northern China, Korea, Russia, and territories reaching into Eastern Europe and the Middle East over the next 50 years. The Mongol Empire was eventually divided into four khanates that ruled different regions.
The Phoenicians were an ancient civilization located in what is now Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Gaza, Syria and southwest Turkey. They established city-states along the Mediterranean coast, the most prominent being Tyre, Sidon, Arvad, Berytus and Carthage. Through extensive maritime trade between 1500 BC and 300 BC, the Phoenicians spread their alphabet and culture throughout the Mediterranean, influencing the Greeks and Romans. They were skilled seafarers and traders rather than a single nationality. The Phoenician alphabet is considered a major ancestor of modern alphabets.
The First World War was a global war fought from 1914 to 1918 involving nearly all the world's great powers formed in two opposing alliances: the Allies and the Central Powers. The war had long term causes including militarism, imperialism, and nationalism, but was sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. The United States initially remained neutral but joined the war in 1917 after German submarine warfare threatened American merchant shipping and the Zimmerman Telegram proposed a German alliance with Mexico against the U.S. The entry of American forces on the side of the Allies helped ensure their victory and contributed to the defeat and surrender of the Central Powers.
Ancient China spanned from around 1600 BC to 221 BC, beginning with early dynasties like the Shang and Zhou which established bronze age cultures along the Yellow River. This was followed by the imperial era from 221 BC to 1912 AD, consisting of successive dynasties including the Qin which first unified China, the Han which established China's political and cultural influence, and the Tang and Song which were economic and technological golden ages. China then experienced foreign rule under the Yuan and Qing dynasties before the establishment of modern Communist China in 1949.
The document outlines the major civilizations and empires of Mesopotamia from 9000 BCE to 539 BCE, including the Natufians, Hassuna culture, Samarran culture, Halafian culture, Ubaid culture, Sumer, Empire of Akkad, Ur, Assyrian Empire, Babylonian Empire, Kingdom of Mitanni, Hittites, Second Assyrian Empire, Neo Assyrian Empire, and Neo Babylonian Empire. Key developments include the domestication of wolves, smelting of copper and lead, creation of irrigation systems, emergence of writing and law codes, use of horses and chariots in warfare, and Nebuchadnezzar
Several kingdoms prospered in Southeast Asia and Korea between the 11th and 15th centuries. The Khmer Empire dominated mainland Southeast Asia and built massive temple complexes like Angkor Wat. Island kingdoms like Srivijaya dominated trade routes. Vietnam gained independence as Dai Viet and was influenced by Chinese culture. In Korea, the Koryu Dynasty modeled its government after China but maintained Korean traditions like celadon pottery. Korea has been divided since WWII with tensions between North and South Korea hampering reunification efforts.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment periods in Europe. It explains that the Scientific Revolution led to using reason and experimentation to study the natural world. During the Enlightenment, this rational approach was applied to understanding human behavior and society. Philosophes like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Smith developed ideas about natural rights, separation of powers, freedom of expression, social contracts, and laissez-faire economics that influenced the development of democratic governments. However, their radical ideas threatened the existing social and political order and faced censorship.
The Olmec were the first great Mesoamerican civilization, thriving from 1200-400 BC along Mexico's Gulf coast. They built mighty cities like San Lorenzo and La Venta and had a rich culture, practicing agriculture, trade, and creating colossal stone sculptures. While the Olmec declined around 400 BC, their influence spread and helped establish later societies like the Maya and Aztec.
The document describes early North American societies and complex civilizations that emerged in pre-Columbian Americas. In the central valley of Mexico, the early civilization of Teotihuacan developed between the 1st-6th centuries AD, growing to a large city of 150,000-200,000 people with monumental architecture including pyramids dedicated to gods. Teotihuacan became a center of trade, exchanging goods over a wide network. Later, the Aztecs would come to dominate central Mexico.
Civilizations in Mesoamerica rose and fell repeatedly, leaving behind a distinctive worldview and some mysteries.
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The document summarizes three major pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations: the Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca. The Olmec were the first civilization in Mesoamerica, located along the Gulf of Mexico coast. They constructed large cities and carved colossal stone heads. The Maya flourished from 300-900 AD in present-day Mexico and Guatemala, with accomplishments including hieroglyphic writing, an accurate calendar, and the city of Tikal. The Aztecs ruled an empire from their capital of Tenochtitlan from 1400-1520 AD until conquered by the Spanish. The Inca Empire spanned South America with the capital at Cuzco until
The document summarizes the major early civilizations in Mesoamerica, including the Olmec, Maya, Teotihuacan, Toltec, and Aztec peoples. It provides details on when and where each civilization existed, their social structure, religious and cultural practices, and contributions. It notes that the Olmec were the first major civilization and erected large stone heads, while the Maya made advances in mathematics, astronomy, and hieroglyphic writing. Teotihuacan was the largest city in Mesoamerica until it declined around 700 AD. The Toltec and later Aztec expanded on earlier traditions before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century.
The document summarizes the peoples and civilizations of the Americas between 400 CE and 1500 CE. It describes the diverse landscapes of North and South America and discusses the first peoples who crossed the Bering Land Bridge from Asia over 10,000 years ago. It then outlines the major indigenous civilizations that developed across North and Mesoamerica, including the Olmec, Teotihuacan, Maya, Toltec, Aztec, and Inca. It provides details on their social structures, religious beliefs, and accomplishments.
The document summarizes the major civilizations of Mesoamerica, including the Olmecs, Zapotecs, Mayans, and Aztecs. The Olmecs were the earliest civilization in Central America and built large cities like San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan. The Zapotecs inhabited Oaxaca and built the city of Monte Alban as their cultural center. The Mayans originated from the Olmecs and built numerous cities across southern Mexico and Central America before their civilization declined around 900 CE. The Aztecs founded their capital of Tenochtitlan on an island in Lake Texcoco and had a social hierarchy as well as a religion that involved human sacrifice.
This document provides an introduction to desert and mountainous cultures including early societies in the Sahara Desert, Thar Desert in India, and North America. It discusses the Berbers and other groups that inhabited the Sahara when it was wetter, as well as civilizations that developed along rivers like the Nile and Indus. The document also summarizes the Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations, including their origins, societies, beliefs, and ways of life.
The document summarizes the major Mesoamerican civilizations - Olmec, Teotihuacan, Maya, Aztec, and Inca. It describes their origins, locations, political and social structures, economies, religions, and achievements. It also discusses their eventual declines, including the conquest by the Spanish for the Aztec and Inca. The Olmec, Teotihuacan, and Maya flourished in Mesoamerica before the rise of the powerful Aztec Empire in central Mexico and the Inca Empire in the Andes Mountains of South America.
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A CONTINENT OF CULTURES
Recent breakthroughs in archaeology and genetics have demonstrated that the first inhabitants of the
Americas arrived from Siberia at least 15,500 years ago BP.* Gradually these nomads filtered southward,
some likely following the Pacific coastline in small boats, others making their way down a narrow,
glacier–free corridor along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains and onto the northern Great Plains.
There they found and hunted a stunning array of huge mammals, so–called megafauna. These animals
included mammoths that were twice as heavy as elephants, giant bison, sloths that were taller than
giraffes, several kinds of camels, and terrifying, 8–foot–long lions. Within a few thousand years the
descendants of these Siberians, people whom Columbus would wishfully dub “Indians,” had spread
throughout the length and breadth of the Americas.
nomad a member of a group of people who have no fixed home and who move about, usually seasonally,
in pursuit of food, water, and other resources.
Opinion
If your outstretched arm represented North America's human history, contact with Europe would happen
around the second knuckle of your index finger, with the fingertips being the present. Why do you think
students learn so little about the Americas before 1492?
This first colonization of the Americas coincided with, and perhaps accelerated, profound changes in the
natural world. The last Ice Age literally melted away as warmer global temperatures freed the great
reservoirs of water once locked in glaciers. A rise in sea levels inundated the Bering Strait, submerging
the land bridge and creating new lakes and river systems. The emergence of new ecosystems—climates,
waterways, and land environments in which humans interacted with other animals and plants—made for
ever–greater diversity. The first human inhabitants of the Americas had fed, clothed, warmed, and armed
themselves in part by hunting megafauna, and some combination of overhunting and climate change
resulted in the extinction of most of these giants by the end of the Ice Age. As glaciers receded and
human populations increased, the first Americans had to adapt to changing conditions. They adjusted by
hunting smaller animals with new, more specialized kinds of stone tools and by learning to exploit
particular places more efficiently.
8/30/2015 IEB Wireframe
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ecosystem a community and/or region studied as a system of functioning relationships between
organisms and their environments.
So it was that between 10,000 and 2,500 years ago distinctive regional cultures developed among the
peoples of the Americas. Those who remained in the Great Plains turned to hunting the much smaller
descendants of the now–extinct giant bison; those in the deserts of the Great Basin survived on small
game, seeds, and e.
The document provides an overview of the early civilizations that developed in the Americas. It discusses the origins and migrations of early peoples to North and South America over land bridges, as well as the development of complex societies and states in Mesoamerica like the Olmec, Maya, and Aztec. It also summarizes the Inca civilization in South America and some of the early cultures that emerged in North America, including among the Anasazi, Mound Builders, along the Mississippi River, and in the Northwest Coast region.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations that developed in different regions of the Americas prior to European contact. It describes how indigenous peoples in Mesoamerica (Mexico, Central America), the Andes region of South America, and parts of North America established complex societies with distinctive cultures, religions, and political systems. Key civilizations discussed include the Olmecs, Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas. The document also notes how isolation led to diversity among the peoples and languages that emerged across the Americas over thousands of years.
The Mayan civilization rose between 250-900 AD in Mesoamerica. They built large cities like Tikal with pyramids, temples and palaces. The Maya had a complex religion centered around pleasing the gods through rituals like human sacrifice. They developed advanced calendars and a written language of hieroglyphs. The Maya engaged in trade of goods and farming of crops. Their culture declined sometime after 900 AD likely due to factors such as warfare, drought, and ecological damage.
1) John Stevens explored and documented 44 Mayan sites in 1839, finding the cities desolate with no inhabitants. 2) He described intricate architecture, art, and evidence of a cultivated people who had risen and fallen. 3) The cause of the Maya decline around 800-900AD remains mysterious, with hypotheses including climate change, overpopulation, famine, or rebellion against the elite class.
The Maya Empire reached its peak around 600-800 CE, consisting of powerful city-states that were home to vast populations ruled by an elite class. Maya culture was highly advanced, with accurate calendars and astronomical knowledge. However, within 100 years the cities were abandoned ruins. The exact reasons for the collapse are unknown, but theories include catastrophic events, warfare between cities, and environmental factors like soil depletion from unsustainable farming practices that led to widespread famine.
The document provides information about early Mesoamerican civilizations including the Olmec, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec societies. It describes key aspects of these civilizations like their locations, time periods, social hierarchies, religious practices including human sacrifice, advanced achievements in mathematics, calendars and architecture, and theories for factors in their declines.
The Aztec civilization originated in Mexico and built the great city of Tenochtitlan in the Valley of Mexico. By the early 1500s, Tenochtitlan had grown to a large urban center and capital city of the powerful Aztec Empire, which controlled most of modern-day Mexico. However, the Aztec Empire began to decline due to factors such as disease, warfare and the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the early 16th century.
The document discusses how climate change, specifically drought, played a major role in the decline of the classic Mayan civilization in central America. Severe droughts between 3-18 years in length occurred during this period, reducing precipitation by 36-52% below normal levels. This caused food production to decline significantly in many Mayan cities, creating major stress on cultivation and ultimately contributing to the depopulation of the central lowlands.
This document summarizes the origins and cultures of various indigenous peoples of the Americas, including their locations, subsistence patterns, and some key cultural aspects. It discusses groups such as the Inuit in the Arctic, Pacific Northwestern peoples in coastal areas, Mound Builders in eastern North America, Iroquois and Plains peoples, Anasazi in the Southwest, Mayans and Aztecs in Mesoamerica, and Incas in the Andes Mountains of South America. For each group, it provides brief details about their environments, ways of life, and some notable cultural achievements.
This document summarizes the origins and cultures of various indigenous peoples of the Americas, including their locations, subsistence patterns, and some key cultural aspects. It discusses groups such as the Inuit in the Arctic, Pacific Northwestern peoples in coastal areas, Mound Builders in eastern North America, Iroquois and Plains peoples, Anasazi in the Southwest, Mayans and Aztecs in Mesoamerica, and Incas in the Andes Mountains of South America. For each group, it provides brief details about their environments, ways of life, and some notable cultural achievements.
Similar to 1.6 AP Olmecs Maya Aztecpost3.pptx (20)
The Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) reunified China under a strong centralized government based in Kaifeng and later Hangzhou. It established a meritocratic bureaucracy through civil service exams that brought educated commoners into government. Economic prosperity was driven by advances in agriculture, manufacturing, trade, and infrastructure like the Grand Canal. The population boomed to over 100 million. Neo-Confucianism synthesized Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist ideas and became the dominant ideology. The Song prevented a return to chaos through political stability, economic growth, and an emphasis on education, ethics, and social harmony.
- Europe is 10.18 million km2, with most of Western Europe's population concentrated in urban areas along major rivers. Internal and external migration has swelled these urban populations.
- Switzerland has four official languages and a population of 8.42 million located in the Alps. Bern is the capital and Geneva is famous for banking, holding $6.5 trillion USD.
- The Netherlands has a population of 17.53 million and Amsterdam is the northern trade city on the Rhine River. During the Golden Age from 1585-1672, the Dutch Republic built a global maritime empire.
This document summarizes the history of southern Europe from early civilizations to the modern era. It describes how the ancient Greeks and Romans established the foundations of European civilization through developments in philosophy, science, architecture, democracy, and more. Major events and time periods covered include the rise and fall of classical empires and kingdoms, the Middle Ages, Renaissance, world wars, and formation of the European Union.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in geography and social studies. It discusses two main branches of geography - physical geography which focuses on natural features, and human geography which focuses on human characteristics. It also explains important map tools like globes, maps, projections, grids, and cardinal directions. Latitude and longitude are described as the global grid system used to determine absolute location. Relative location is explained as location between places. Different types of maps and map elements like keys, scales and titles are outlined.
The document provides an overview of physical geography concepts and outlines the agenda for an upcoming class. The class will examine how physical geography can influence culture by studying tools geographers use to understand relationships between people, places, and environments. Students will locate major landforms and cities on a world map and complete individual research on how a physical landform has impacted culture.
Russia has a population of over 100 million people composed of over 100 ethnic groups. The largest ethnic group is Russians, making up about 80% of the population, while other groups like Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, and Chuvash make up the remaining 20%. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, several republics became independent countries while others joined organizations like NATO. Russia remains ethnically diverse with Slavs, Caucasians, and Turkic peoples forming the major heritages. Russian is the most widely spoken language though over 100 tongues are used across the country's varied regions.
Russia is the largest country in the world, spanning Europe and Asia. It has significant geographic diversity, containing mountains such as the Ural Mountains that divide European and Asian Russia, and the Caucasus Mountains along the border with Europe and Asia. Russia also contains vast plains, such as the Northern Russian Plain where most of the population lives, and the West Siberian Plain, one of the largest flatland areas in the world. Russia has an abundance of natural resources, including fossil fuels, minerals, forests, and freshwater, though some resources are difficult to access due to the country's size and climate.
The document discusses the devastating effects of diseases introduced from Europe to the Americas as a result of the Columbian Exchange, with up to 90% of some indigenous populations dying from diseases like smallpox and measles. It also describes how the exchange introduced new crops, animals and foods as well as cash crops grown by forced indigenous and African labor, and the establishment of slavery in the Americas.
1. West Africa's isolation from global trade routes ended in the 700s CE with the rise of trans-Saharan trade between West Africa and the Islamic world. Arab traders established routes across the Sahara Desert, exchanging salt and finished goods from North Africa for gold, ivory, and slaves from West African kingdoms.
2. The spread of Islam and cultural diffusion that accompanied trans-Saharan trade led to the rise of powerful empires in West Africa like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai along the Niger River. These kingdoms adopted many cultural and political aspects of Islamic civilization, including literacy, architecture, and forms of governance.
3. At its peak between 1250-1460,
The document summarizes the spread of Buddhism and cultural influences from India to Southeast Asia between 500 BCE to 1500 CE. It discusses how Indian merchants introduced Hinduism and Buddhism to the region through trade, and how various kingdoms like Funan and the Khmer Empire adopted Indian religions, social structures, and languages. It also describes the maritime empires of Srivijaya and Majapahit that controlled trade routes and influenced the spread of culture. The founding myth of Cambodia is presented, which tells of an Indian prince marrying a Naga princess and establishing the first Khmer dynasty.
The document provides an overview of a geography lesson plan that will examine how physical geography can shape culture. It outlines the objectives to locate major landforms and cities on a world map and have students complete group research on how a physical landform has impacted culture. It also assigns individual homework for students to present their findings as posters.
The Spanish founded colonies across the Caribbean and in Mexico and South America in the 1500s. They established St. Augustine, Florida in 1565, the oldest permanent European settlement in the continental United States. Meanwhile, the crew of Ferdinand Magellan completed the first circumnavigation of the globe, opening the Pacific Ocean to European trade and exploration. By 1600, Spain had established a vast colonial empire in the Americas and Asia, acquiring great wealth in silver and other exports. Other European powers like the Dutch, French, and English then started exploring and colonizing parts of North and South America in search of trade routes, natural resources, and territory.
This document discusses the exploration and colonization efforts of Portugal, Spain, and other European powers in the 15th-16th centuries. It mentions Portugal initially leading European exploration by sailing around Africa, while Spain explored westward across the Atlantic. It then focuses on Spanish conquests in the Americas led by figures like Christopher Columbus, Hernan Cortes, and Francisco Pizarro who established empires in Mexico and Peru at the expense of indigenous groups like the Aztecs and Incas. The document also references the Treaty of Tordesillas which divided colonial rights between Portugal and Spain.
The document discusses the expansion of European maritime exploration in the 15th-16th centuries, with a focus on Portugal's early leadership in the field. Portugal took the lead in exploring Africa's west coast and sending voyages to reach India and China in search of trade routes. Explorers like Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama made important discoveries for Portugal. Meanwhile, Spain began exploring westward across the Atlantic and established colonies in the Americas. Both countries built large overseas empires through exploration and colonization during this era of mercantilism and competition for trade routes.
The document discusses the 1571 Battle of Lepanto between the Holy League led by Spain and Venice and the Ottoman Empire led by Müezzinzade Ali Pasha. It provides details on the strengths and deployments of both sides' fleets in the Gulf of Patras. The battle resulted in a major victory for the Holy League, destroying over 200 Ottoman ships and halting their expansion in the Mediterranean, though the Holy League was unable to fully capitalize on the victory due to the late season. The Ottoman navy was able to rebuild but remained less experienced for decades after losing many crews and soldiers at Lepanto.
The document summarizes the various climate zones and environments across North America, influenced by factors like latitude, elevation, ocean currents, and proximity to mountain ranges or oceans. Much of Canada and northern US experience subarctic or arctic climates with long, cold winters due to their northern latitudes. Coastal regions in the west generally have mild, wet climates while inland areas have hot, dry climates or cold continental climates depending on location. Forests, grasslands, and deserts develop under different climate conditions.
The document summarizes the major geographic features and natural resources of North America. It describes the various mountain ranges, plains, basins and plateaus that were formed by tectonic activity and erosion. It notes the continent's wealth of natural resources like gold, silver and food and how resources have contributed to the economic strength of the United States and Canada. Major rivers like the Mississippi and St. Lawrence are also outlined for their importance to trade and transportation.
Earth's climate is influenced by its position relative to the sun, which affects factors like temperature, daylight hours, and seasons. Climate refers to long-term weather patterns typical of a region, while weather describes short-term atmospheric conditions. A variety of geographic factors, including latitude, elevation, ocean currents, prevailing winds, and landforms further impact regional climates. These combine to produce a wide diversity of climates around the world.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
15. As the Ice Age ended, sea level rose and the ice melted,
blocking the land route.
16.
17. Agriculture arose independently in at least three regions:
South America, Mesoamerica, and eastern North
America.
18. They domesticated successful food plants—most notably a
mutant corn(maize) with husks, dating to c. 5300 BCE—
permanent village farming life by about 1500 BCE.
19. They were agricultural geniuses, and created most of the
food that we enjoy today.
21. Over thousands of years, they developed beans,
tomatoes, potatoes, squash,
22. Over thousands of years, they developed beans,
tomatoes, potatoes, squash, chili pepper, sweet
potatoes, cotton and chocolate.
23. Complex societies such as theMaya and Aztecs built
elaborate irrigation systems
24. In Peru the Inca built terraced fields on the steep
Andean slopes. The Inca developed hundreds of
varies of potatoes to grown in different temperatures.
25. The Olmecs (1200 BCE) and Teotihuacan created
prehistoric civilizations .
26. Most Olmecs lived in small villages, planting some crops along river banks.
27.
28. They mostly farmed by slash-and-burn agriculture to clear the forests and shrubs,
and to provide new fields once the old fields were exhausted.
29. They mostly farmed by slash-and-burn agriculture. The cleared jungle with fire to
have new fields.
30. The Olmec had large religious centers, like La
Venta for their religious rituals.
31.
32. La Venta had a pyramid that towered above
the city, pointing true north.
33. Leaders sat on thrones during religious
rituals. DIG DEEPER
36. The Olmec may have been the first civilization in the region to develop a writing system.
Symbols found in 2002 and 2006 date from 650 BCE] and 900 BCE.
Cascajal Block
37. The Long Count calendar used by many subsequent Mesoamerican civilizations, as
well as the concept of zero, may have been devised by the Olmecs.
42. Most people were farmers, that lived in government
housing, painted in murals glorifying the rulers.
43.
44. The art and architecture of the city shows it was a polytheistic
society, with the primary deity being the Great Goddess of
Teotihuacan, which is depicted as a spider goddess.
45.
46. Like the Ancient Greeks that sent youths to Crete to be
sacrificed to the Minitour, Teotihuacán sacrificed
animals and even humans (rare) to the goddess.
58. Deforestation is the loss or destruction of forest or trees,
mainly for logging or farming.
59. Farmers could no longer grow enough food to eat, they
blamed the leaders of the city.
60. In 550, the city was destroyed by fire. Archeologists
theorize that people burned down the leaders homes
and moved out.
61. Around 600 A.D., major buildings were deliberately burned and artworks and religious
sculptures were destroyed, suggesting an uprising from the poor against the ruling elite
Another theory holds that invaders sacked and burned it—though Teotihuacan exerted
its military power over other cultures, the city lacked fortifications and military structures
By 750 A.D., the remaining inhabitants of the city had all abandoned their homes to join
neighboring cultures or return to their ancestral homes.
83. They remained primarily stone age people, although
Teotihuacán developed copper work, the Maya continued to
use mostly sharpened obsidian
Maya
84. The Maya were deeply religious, and worshiped various
gods related to nature, including the gods of the sun, the
moon, rain and corn.
85. The Maya were deeply religious, and worshiped various
gods related to nature, including the gods of the sun, the
moon, rain and corn.
86. At the top of Maya society were the kings, or “kuhul ajaw”
(holy lords), who claimed to be related to gods and followed
a hereditary succession.
87. They were thought to serve as mediators between the gods
and people on earth, and performed the elaborate religious
ceremonies and rituals so important to the Maya culture.
88.
89.
90. Like the Ancient Romans, the Maya offered sacrifices
to the gods and goddesses.
91. Like the Ancient Romans, the Maya offered sacrifices
to the gods and goddesses.
92. Like the. Greeks of the 10th Century BCE or the British
at Stone Henge, the Mayas occasionally sacrificed high
status prisoners of war to the gods.
93. Tikal
Allied or came under the influence of Teotihuacán
Built many pyramids and public buildings at Tikal.
Made Tikal a super city state South by defeating other city
states in the south.
94. Calakmul made economic alliances with the surrounding city
states to counter the rise of Tikal. The 100 year strategy
worked, as Teotihuacán fell, Tikal was surrounded by allies of
Calakmul.
95. King Yikin Chan Kawil of Tikal 734-
760
Built many pyramids and public
buildings at Tikal.
Reinvigorated Tikal and brought the
southern city states back under the
control of Tikal.
Tikal becomes one of the largest
cities on the planet.
96. As city state rivalry grew, so the demand for bigger armies
and larger populations.
97. However, the environment of the Mayas could not supply the
needed food to sustain these huge populations.
98. During the 900’s to 1400’s the Mayas abandoned the southern
cities due to deforestation, weak king system, and constant
fighting.
Maya
99. Mayan population moved near rivers and the northern coast.
Maya Postclassic period (c. 950–1539 AD
100. During the 900’s to 1400’s the Mayas abandoned their cities
due to farming challenges, deforestation, constant fighting
between the god kings of each city state.
Maya
101. There are no major river systems on the Yucatan Peninsular,
fresh water was a major challenge.
Maya
102. Limestone bedrock with sink holes filled with water were the
only supplies of fresh water .
Maya
103.
104.
105. They continued using slash and burn farming, leading to soil
And corn could not be stored for more than a year without
rotting due to the climate.
Maya
106. However, the growing populations of huge cities continued to
demand more and more food. So, farmers continued using
slash and burn farming, leading to soil exhaustion.
Maya
107. Soon, the city swelled to perhaps 90,000 inhabitances.
Maya
108. This led to a huge boom in building in the city states, people
even built homes on the mountain side and the cities swelled in
population.
Maya
109. Kings ordered farmers to keep growing crops on plots without
allowing the fields to rest (fallow). Soon the city states had cleared
all the land between the city states for farming.
Maya
110. Then long periods of drought combined with exhausted soil
led to crop failures, malnutrition, and eventually starvation.
Maya
111. By800, even the graves of nobles show signs of malnutrition.
Maya Post classic period (c. 950–1539 AD
112. Kings were supposed to be related to the gods, and if you
supported the king, the gods should protect you.
Maya Post classic period (c. 950–1539 AD
113. This led to social unrest, as people burned down the Kings
palaces in several Mayan city states.
Maya Post classic period (c. 950–1539 AD
114. Cities could not support large populations so those that could
left.
Maya Post classic period (c. 950–1539 AD
115. Refugees leaving cities traveled to other cities, putting them
under more food stress, causing them to collapse.
Maya Post classic period (c. 950–1539 AD
116. Soon people fought desperately with each other over food.
Maya Post classic period (c. 950–1539 AD
117. Cities became less desirable and people lived in villages.
Maya Post classic period (c. 950–1539 AD
118. By around 800, Tikal had been mostly abandoned and the
rainforest began retaking the city.
Maya
119. Some royal families moved north into smaller cities (built on
hills surrounded by ravines) and continued rivalries and
constantly fought each other.
Maya Postclassic period (c. 950–1539 AD
120.
121.
122. In 1448, the last great city Mayapan was abandoned after
decades of war and deforestation
Maya Postclassic period (c. 950–1539 AD
123. Contact with the Spanish brought diseases that wiped out at
least half the population.
Maya Postclassic period (c. 950–1539 AD
124. Yet, the Mayan fought against the Spanish conquistadors, and
retreated further into the Tropical rainforests.
Maya Postclassic period (c. 950–1539 AD
125. It took the Spanish Empire more than 200 years to conquer
the Mayan people.
Maya Postclassic period (c. 950–1539 AD
126. The Spanish conquest of most of the area would strip away
most of the defining features of Maya civilization.
127. However, many Maya villages remained remote from Spanish
colonial authority, and for the most part continued to
manage their own affairs.
128. Some Maya communities and the nuclear family
maintained their traditional day-to-day life to today.
157. Role of Women
Women played an important role in the Aztec tribute system
since they wove the valuable cloth that local rulers demanded
as part of the regular tribute.
158. Role of Women
As the demand for cloth tribute increased, an Aztec husband
might obtain more than one wife in order to be able to pay the
tribute.
159. Role of Women
Aztec women became priestesses, midwives, healers, or
merchants.
160. Role of Women
Some noblewomen worked as scribes to female members of
royal families.
161. The city expanded greatly, Its population would reach 200,000
making it larger than any European Capital of the time.
167. The city expanded greatly, the most imposing temple the double
red and blue pyramids, which every King expanded on
168. They worshipped an ever-evolving pantheon of
hundreds of deities, many of whom were
considered to have both male and female aspects.
169. The most imposing temple the double red and blue pyramids,
which every King expanded on, making it larger and grander.
170. It was dedicated simultaneously to Huitzilopochtli, god of
the Sun and War, and Tlaloc, god of rain and agriculture.
171. Huitzilopochtli,, the humming bird god of sun war sacrifice,
needed energy to chase the Moon and stars everyday
172. If Huitzilopochtli ran out of energy , the world would
end, so they sacrificed human hearts everyday.
173. They believed that every human being had part of the Sun in
their heart, which makes our skin warm.
174. Aztec solders were trained to capture prisoners, not kill on
the battle field..
175. Aztec solders recived a feathered cloak after capturing 2
prisoners. were trained to capture prisoners,
176. Aztec solders capturing 4 prisoners were promoted to
Jaguar warrior (enter nobility).
177. Jaguar warrior the captured more people could be
promoted to the top or Eagle Warriors.
178. Some historians argue that capturing people for sacrifice
simply moved the place of death of warfare.
179. Medieval European battles would leave 10,000 dead on
battlefield and devastate villages, while the Aztec battlefield
would have no dead, but bring back captives to capital.
180. Captured Tlaxcala tribes men sacrificed to the Sun
God.
High ranking priests sacrificed conquered people
to their gods, to help prevent the end of time.
181. One affect would be to terrify people into behaving. Yet, may
be comparable to the spectacular public punishments and
executions in Europe that would last until the 18th Century.
182. They became a power after 1400, as King Itzcoatl
defeats off Tepanecs
184. The Tepanec king Tezozomoc ruled by fear and cruelty.
185. King Tezozomoc used assassination and military brute
force to rule.
186. King Itzoatl allies with homeless prince Nexahualcoyotl,
homeless as King Tezozomoc had assassinated his father and
taken Nexahualcoyotl’s city of Texcoco.
187. Prince Tezozomoc spends exile in Tenochtitlan befriending
King Izakolto
188. When Tezozomoc dies (106 yr old), his many sons start a
civil war over his replacement in 1426
189. Itzcoatl and Nexahualcoyotl go from village to village
gaining support to overthrow the hated Tepanece,
everyone joins, a 2 year war ends as the new allies burn
the Tepanecs capital to the ground.
190. King Itzcoatl and King Nexahualcoyotl along with an
alliance with Tlacopan make Triple Alliance to rule the valley,
that becomes the Aztec Empire.
191. Itzcoatl and his chief advisor Tlacaelel ruthless building of
empire.
192. Tlacaelel (chief advisor to the next 3 Kings) standardizes
the tax and tribute system.
193. Tlacaelel (chief advisor to the next 3 Kings) and Izocotal
burns book on the history of the Mexicas that did not glorify
the warrior class.
194. Tlacaelel greatly increased human sacrifice, and the .
War God now became the ruler of all the gods.
195. Only warriors that died in battle would go to serve
Hummingbird war god in his daily trip across the sky.
199. King Itzcoatl quickly conquers neighboring cities around
Lake Texaco Most in valley give up without a fight just give
tribute and taxes
200. By 1440, the next King Montezuma 1st reformed the tribute
system and expanded the empire with the advice of Tlacaelel .
201. The Empire remained based on tribute, which went one way
into Tenochtitlan. They built roads with running messengers
every 2 miles.
202. Chief Advisor Tlacaelel and the 4 Kings developed a tribute
system that insured their dominance.
203. Conquered people were forced to pay tribute, surrender lands,
and perform military service.
204. Tribute included practical goods such as food, cloth, and
firewood, as well as luxury items such as feathers, beads, and
jewelry.
205. The Aztecs allowed local rulers to stay in their positions to serve
as tribute collectors, so they had political dominance without
direct administrative control.
206. In exchange, the conquered people were extended Aztec
protection.
207. The Aztecs grouped city-states into provinces.
They moved warriors and their families to each province's
capital to make sure the province remained under Aztec
control.
208. In addition, an Aztec official was stationed in each capital to
collect tribute from local officials.
209. The one people to avoid direct rule were the Tlaxcalans.
210. The Tlaxcalans lived over the mountains east of valley Mexico,
and were constantly at war with the Aztecs.
212. TheAztecs forced the Tlaxcalans to participate in the Flower
Wars, colorful parade of warriors that ended in the Aztec
capture and sacrifice up to 650Tlaxcalans at a time.
213. In 1487, Tlacaele dies the empire ruled perhaps 6 million
people, and seemed to be on the way of becoming the
greatest in the Americas.
214. But within 30 years will meet an enemy more ruthless and
warlike then themselves, the Spanish Conquistadors. The
Spanish would find a strong ally the Tlaxcalans with
generations of hate for Aztec Empire
215.
216. Aztec Built their capital Tenochtitlahe on an island,
Mexico City today.
217. Aztec The Aztec Empire was still expanding when Spanish
explorers landed on the Yucatan Peninsula in 1519.
218. However, the Aztec capital began to suffer from epidemics of
small pox since 1500.
219.
220. Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!
224. Cortés (300 Conquistadors) allied himself with the long-
time enemy of the Aztecs, the Confederacy of Tlaxcala and
arrived at the gates of Tenochtitlan on November 8, 1519.
225. The Spanish and their Tlaxcallan allies became increasingly
dangerous and unwelcome guests in the capital city
226. The Spanish and their Tlaxcallan allies became increasingly
dangerous and unwelcome guests in the capital city. In June
1520, hostilities broke out, culminating in the massacre in
the Great Temple
234. The Spanish installed puppet rulers such as Andres de Tapia
Motelchuh, eventually conquering all of Meso America and
making it a Spanish colony.
235. A puppet ruler is a person who has a title indicating
possession of political power, but who, in reality, is
controlled by outside individuals or forces. Such
outside power can be exercised by a foreign
government, in which case the puppet ruler's domain
is called a puppet state.
237. Colonial Rule
The Spanish brought the feudal system of government
to New Spain.
DIG DEEPER
Viceroy Royal Governor
Slaves South American and African
238.
239. The ruler of Spain appointed a royal viceroy, who
gave large amounts of land to elite men to rule.
240. This included the present-day Mexican states of
Oaxaca, Morelos, Veracruz and Mexico.
241. Cortez received the Oaxaca Valley for himself, which
his family owned until 1814. It came with 23,000
servants and slaves.
242. They also brought the Roman Catholic Church.
243. Priests went with the conquistadors
to convert people to the Roman
Catholic Church.
DIG DEEPER
244. Friar Deigo de Landa 1524 – 1579
Ruthlessly converted indigenous people to the RCC,
and burnt all the Mayan writings and libraries.
DIG DEEPER
245. The Influence of the
Colonial Catholic Church
Guadalajara
Cathedral
Our Lady of
Guadalupe
Spanish Mission