The Byzantine Empire lasted from approximately 500 AD to 1453 AD, overlapping with and continuing the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Some key events included Constantine moving the capital to Constantinople in 330 AD, Justinian recapturing land in the 530s AD but the Empire weakening after his death due to plague and invasions. Religious disputes also weakened the Empire, and over time the aggressive Arab Muslims absorbed more territory until the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1453, marking the fall of the Byzantine Empire.
The Byzantine Empire lasted more than a thousand years and kept Roman politics, art, architecture, engineering, learning and military tactics alive. It acted as a buffer between the Muslim controlled Middle East and Christian Europe throughout the Dark Ages, and also allowed for the safe keeping of knowledge that helped incubate the Renaissance. Furthermore, it directly contributed to the emergence of the Crusades, which influenced Middle East/European politics and Christian/Muslim interactions through the present day.
In my last lecture, I told you that by the fifth century CE, the R.docxsleeperharwell
In my last lecture, I told you that by the fifth century CE, the Roman Empire as it had been
known for the past almost 1000 years fell apart. It had been in decline for a couple centuries
before, and one of the tell-tale signs of this was the growing divide in the Empire between the
East and the West. In this lecture, we’re going to talk about the civilizations that emerged from
the two sides of the former Roman Empire, and we’re also going to discuss another invading
group that came to form a pillar of medieval Europe. More specifically, we’re going to discuss
the Byzantine Empire, the Latin Civilization of Western Europe, and Islamic Civilization, all of
which became big players in the Western World between 500 and 900 CE. These three
civilizations are also important because they form they foundation of modern civilization. It was
during this time period between 500 and 900 that the Western World began to look a little bit
closer to how we see it today.
[SLIDE] We have a few questions to ask about this time period and the three civilizations that
go with it. We’re going ask: 1 What were the primary goals of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian
in the 6th century CE? 2. What was the Iconoclastic Controversy? 3. Why was the spread of
Islam so successful? And 4. How did Charlemagne influence the geography, politics, and culture
of the Franks in Gaul?
[SLIDE] By 450 CE, most of the western provinces of the Roman Empire had fallen to
Barbarian invaders. The Romans held on to Italy for a while longer, but in 476, the Italian
Peninsula also fell to Barbarians. Consequently, most historians designate the year 476 as the end
of the Roman Empire in the West. Only the eastern part remained of the Roman Empire. This
eastern part of the former Roman Empire is colored yellow on the map on your screen. This
reduced form of the Roman Empire was called the Byzantine Empire, or Byzantium.
Interestingly, the residence of the Byzantine Empire still thought of themselves as Roman, as the
heirs of the former glorious empire. They also retained the same imperial government with one
emperor. As we'll see in this lecture and in the coming lectures, the Byzantine Empire would
continue to change over the centuries, but it would remain in existence until the 1400s.
[SLIDE] One of the most important emperors of the Byzantine Empire was Justinian. Justinian
defied convention in a couple of different ways. First, he was the last emperor to speak Latin as
his native language. In addition, he married a former actress named Theodora. [SLIDE] Here's
an image of Justinian and Theodora as depicted in a mosaic from the time period. Today, we
tend to think of acting as a pretty respectable profession. But at this time, acting, and particularly
actresses, were connected with prostitution and had less than pristine reputations. Making
Justinian's choice for a wife even more controversial, Theodora had a very strong personality,
and she wasn't afraid t.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
3. Byzantine Empire or Roman Empire?
The Byzantine Empire overlaps in time
with the Roman Empire for 100+ years.
This is due to the fact that the Roman
Empire splits to East and West in the 284.
Therefore, the Byzantine Empire has
several emperors who were in charge of
both the Byzantine and Rome.
Such as
Constantine I
4. Compare and Contrast
Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
ROME BYZANTINE
Ruled by emperors
Similar Senate System
Great powers during
their time
Gladiators
Similar laws
Would fall to Islam
Caliphate, and lose great
amounts of wealth to the
crusades
Language: Greek
Main religion: Christianity
Defensive in battle
Peaks in 555
Similar laws as Roman, but
modified with the Justinian
code.
Language: Latin
Main religion: Pagan
Offensive in battle
Peaks in 177
Many civil wars
Falls to various nomadic groups.
5. CONSTANTINE I
Transfers capital from Rome to Byzantium
(renames it to Constantinople).
A significant figure for Christianity, because
of his conversion in religion.
A skilled and intelligent general.
Brutal ruler (For example, tried his eldest son
Crispus in court, and had him executed).
7. Constantine dreams the night before a battle
that he is at a bridge and sees a holy cross.
He was convinced that Christianity was the correct
way of believing, and helped him win the battle.
9. JUSTINIAN I
Ruled from 527 to 565.
Known as the “Emperor who
never sleeps”. He was an energetic
emperor who attempted to restore lost land
of the Western Empire.
During his rule he helps build the Hagia
Sophia.
13. REFORMING LAW
THE JUSTINIAN CODE
Translated old roman laws that were written in Latin
into Greek.
Set to secure Christianity as the primary religion.
Anyone who was not Christian was punished.
Legacy: Today, many countries use his laws as the
basis of their own. For example, in the USA, the
founding fathers looked at his documents when
coming up with the first set of laws.
14. Theodora
Most influential
and powerful
empress for the Byzantine
Empire
Helped keep down the Nika
Riots. Her story of starting
as an exotic dancer to
become a empress is a true
success story.
Wife of Justinian I
15. FENDING OFF ATILLA THE HUN
Atilla and the Huns were able to destroy various parts
of the Western Roman Empire, and began to attack
the Eastern Roman Empire.
However, the Huns struggled to get through the high
city walls of Constantinople.
Despite these issues, the Huns were able to destroy
nearby cities. As a result, the Byzantine Empire
decided to stop him by buying him out. The Eastern
Empire offered to pay him 600 pounds of gold.
17. DEATH AND CHAOS
Following Justinians death, rioting and
chaos ensued in Constantinople.
A plague hit the city and killed off a
major part of the population.
From the East, the Persians attacked,
and later the Turks began to attack
into the 12th century.
THE EMPIRE WEAKENS
18. ICONOCLASM DISPUTE
There was a period between the 700 and 800s,
where groups quarreled about iconoclasm,
the act of rejecting religious images.
A Byzantine emperor banned the use of icons
(religious images) because he believed people
should worship god - not worship statues or
images of god.
This conflict alienated the West and the East.
23. THE FALL OF AN EMPIRE
Each century, more and more territory was being
absorbed by the very aggressive Arab Muslims.
The Muslims would go on to dominate the
Mediterranean sea, a critical route for trading
(Physical Geography).
By the 11th century, much of what was once part of
the Byzantine empire (Northern Africa, Egypt, Syria),
was now completely in the hands of the Arab Muslims.
The Empire would eventually crumble in the 1400s.
24. In 1453, the last parts of the
Byzantine Empire would fall to the
powerful Ottoman Empire.