The process of transportation of petroleum from its place of origin, the source rock, to its place of accumulation into the reservoir up to the trap is termed as Migration.
The process of transportation of petroleum from its place of origin, the source rock, to its place of accumulation into the reservoir up to the trap is termed as Migration.
It is a power point presentation on Gas Hydrates.
It consist of Energy Scenario, Basic Definition, methodology,
Methane Hydrate formation condition.
Future Scope
COAL BED METHANE (CBM); Coal Seam Gas (CSG), or Coal-mine Methane (CMM); What and why CBM?; How do we estimate the amount of methane gas which will come from a region underlain by coal? ; Benefits of CBM ; Coal seams as aquifers; CBM product water ; What is saline water and why is it considered saline?; What is sodic water and why is it considered sodic? ; Irrigation of crops with CBM water; Current management practices for disposal of CBM product water
This presentation was prepared by Jacob Jok and Joshua Malidzo. It gives the general conception of the origin of oil formations, extraction and its environmental impacts.
3rd Year students at the University of Nairobi, Kenya.
It is a power point presentation on Gas Hydrates.
It consist of Energy Scenario, Basic Definition, methodology,
Methane Hydrate formation condition.
Future Scope
COAL BED METHANE (CBM); Coal Seam Gas (CSG), or Coal-mine Methane (CMM); What and why CBM?; How do we estimate the amount of methane gas which will come from a region underlain by coal? ; Benefits of CBM ; Coal seams as aquifers; CBM product water ; What is saline water and why is it considered saline?; What is sodic water and why is it considered sodic? ; Irrigation of crops with CBM water; Current management practices for disposal of CBM product water
This presentation was prepared by Jacob Jok and Joshua Malidzo. It gives the general conception of the origin of oil formations, extraction and its environmental impacts.
3rd Year students at the University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Conclusion
While methane may be broken down into a less harmful form, when methane is oxidized the problem doesn't simply go away. Methane oxidizes into carbon dioxide both in seawater and in the atmosphere, adding to the carbon dioxide levels in both these realms. As we have seen, carbon dioxide in seawater contributes to ocean acidity, while atmospheric carbon dioxide traps heat and promotes warming – though not quite to the extent that methane would – and as atmospheric CO2 levels rise, so too will the CO2 that is absorbed into the ocean. It is a classic feedback loop that feeds into itself, having the potential to accelerate global warming and climate change to a tipping point – the point of no return.
Carbon is an essential element for all life forms on Earth. Whether these life forms
take in carbon to help manufacture food or release carbon as part of respiration, the
intake and output of carbon is a component of all plant and animal life.
The carbon cycle is vital to life on Earth. Nature tends to keep carbon levels balanced,
meaning that the amount of carbon naturally released from reservoirs is equal to the
amount that is naturally absorbed by reservoirs. Maintaining this carbon balance
allows the planet to remain hospitable for life. Scientists believe that humans have
upset this balance by burning fossil fuels, which has added more carbon to
the atmosphere than usual and led to climate change and global warming.
sedimentary basin may be defined as an area of depression in the earth’s crust in which sediments accumulate during a particular time span at a significantly greater rate, and so to a significantly greater thickness.
The fundamental part of the trap which is low-permeable to impermeable rock with a capillary entry pressure large enough to prevent the petroleum from migrating further is termed as Seal.
04. Historical development of petroleum geologySohail Nawab
In this Slide the History of Petroleum geology development is discussed that how oil is used from seepages and nowadays the techniques and advanced methods are being used to find out the reserves and to drill the reservoirs.
In this slide, the Framework of Petroleum Geology is discussed with the Pure Science such as Physics, Chemistry, and Biology.
Moreover, the composite relation is detailed with the initiative way to abandonment of the well.
Most Important factor, The Jobs crises is discussed !
In this slide, the favorable environments of Hydrocarbon accumulation, Major occurrences, and detailed lecture has been done on where to look for Hydrocarbons is discussed.
In this slide basics of Petroleum GEOLOGY is illustrated with the little review of Petroleum and geology terminology.
Also, the responsibilities or role of petroleum Geology is elaborated.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Origin of Petroleum
The origin of petroleum still has uncertainties despite the tremendous researches and studies
devoted to it rather than any other natural substance.
There are two different theories for the origin of petroleum;
Inorganic
and Organic origin.
3. Inorganic and Organic Theory
Inorganic theory of the origin of the petroleum states that hydrogen and carbon came
together under great temperature and pressure, far below the earth’s surface and formed oil
and gas.
The oil and gas then seeped through porous rocks to deposit in various natural underground
traps.
Organic theory is the one most widely accepted.
According to organic theory, the oil and gas are formed from remains of prehistoric plants and
animals.
6. Though the current accepted theory of oil formation involves the slow transformation of
animal and plant matter into hydrocarbon (the biotic or biogenic theory), it is not the only
theory that has been put forth.
As early as the 16th century, one theory of the origin of oil claimed that it resulted from deep
carbon deposits that have been around far longer than life on this planet.
The theory, which came to be known as the abiotic oil formation (AOF) theory, was largely
forgotten until rather recently when a few people (some of them scientists) revived(recharged)
it.
7. The newest version of the AOF theory states that oil arises from inorganic processes that occur
deep within the core or lower mantle of the Earth.
Here, they say,
oil is formed
and then percolates up through cracks and porous rock to fill the reservoirs that humans tap to get oil.
If this claim is true, then oil may not be nearly as limited in quantity as
proponents(followers) of the biotic theory claim.
This would mean oil is more “renewable” than we have been led to believe.
8. The Deep Seated Terrestrial Theory:
Dmitri Mendele'ev (1877), a Russian Scientist and the father of the periodic table of elements,
reasoned that;
Metallic carbides deep within Earth reacted with water at high temperatures to form acetylene
(C2H2) which subsequently condensed to form heavier hydrocarbons.
This reaction is readily reproduced in the laboratory. Iron carbide which would react with
percolating water to form methane.
FeC2 + 2H2O = CH4 + FeO2
At some references the Dmitri Mendeleev's year is mentioned as 1902.
9. The Extraterrestrial Theory:
Another inorganic hypothesis was suggested by Sokoloff (1890) who proposed a cosmic origin.
He said;
Hydrocarbons precipitated as rain from original nebular matter from which the solar system
was formed and then ejected from earth's interior onto surface rocks.
10. Problems with Inorganic Theories
No field evidence that inorganic processes have occurred in nature.
Commercial accumulations are restricted to mainly sedimentary basins.
Accumulations are absent from igneous and metamorphic rocks.
12. Introduction
The crude oil that has been extracted over the past century was formed millions of years ago.
Some deposits were formed over 500 million years ago with the newest deposit being
approximately formed over 50 million years ago.
Crude oil was formed from the remains of tiny sea animals and plants and is therefore a fossil
fuel.
Small marine animals and plants that died millions of years ago sunk to the seabed or ocean
floor where they decomposed and mixed with the sand and silt.
13. The small and microscopic organisms drifting or floating in
the sea or fresh water.
14. The remains of the animals and plants were buried under layers of sand and silt on the seabed.
Due to the lack of oxygen on the seabed the bacteria feeding on the remains could not
decompose the remains of the animals and plants completely.
The partially decomposed remains overtime formed into a large mass.
This over the course of millions of years was covered by multiple layers of sand, silt and mud.
15.
16. As the depth of the sediment layers built up so did the weight of the sand and silt pressing
down on the layer of partially decomposed remains causing it to be compressed into a thinner
layer.
17.
18. Finally, the depth of the layers on top of the buried partially decomposed layer
reaches thousands of meters
and the immense pressure exerted by the weight of these layers
along with the natural heat from the earth results in the formation of crude oil/petroleum.
19.
20. Whilst the mud and silt layers become heavier the forces applied causes the bottom layers
above the crude oil to turn into shale.
21.
22. The oil is forced out from its original area of formation and travels upwards through the cracks
and gaps in the shale formation until it reaches a new impermeable rock formation called
reservoir rock. The oil lays trapped here until it is discovered and extracted.
25. The [organic] chemical composition of
bacteria, phytoplankton, higher order plants (trees etc.), and the things that eat them,
can generally be grouped into proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and lignin.
Proteins are amino acids;
they account for nitrogen compounds in organisms
and form materials such as muscle fibers, silk, and sponge
and can even behave as enzymes to catalyze biochemical reactions.
Phytoplankton are the autotrophic(self feeding) components of the plankton community and a key
part of oceans, seas and freshwater basin ecosystems.
26. Carbohydrates are sugar compounds such as cellulose and chitin.
They are sources of energy and form supporting tissues in plants and certain animals.
Lipids are substances that, due to their structure, are insoluble in water,
such as animal fats, vegetable oils, and waxes.
Fats form a portion of the energy budget in organisms, while waxes are primarily of value for
protection.
Lignin is an integral part of cell walls in plants and is one of the most slowly decomposing
components of dead plant matter.
It is highly prevalent in wood (25-30%) and is crucial in helping plants to transmit water in their stems.
It is used mainly in supportive skeletal structures (stems or trunks), which, of course, are not needed in
aquatic plankton.
27. Marine plankton are comprised mainly of
protein (50% or more),
with 5-25% lipids,
and not more than 40% carbohydrates.
Higher order plants, on the other hand, are
Largely cellulose (carbohydrate) (30-50%)
and lignin (15-25%),
and average less than 3% protein.
28. Therefore, we have a significant division between terrestrial and marine biomass.
The former is high in lignin and carbohydrate and is more aromatic and oxygen rich, exhibiting
a hydrogen- carbon ratio of 1.3 to 1.5.
The latter is rich in protein and lipids, reaching a hydrogen-carbon ratio of 1.7 to 1.9. These
differences incur different properties in the fuels that they will one day become, and alter the
way that they decompose.
29.
30. Humins are a
class of organic
compounds that
are insoluble in
water at all pH's
31. Step 1: Diagenesis forms Kerogen
Diagenesis is a process of compaction under mild conditions of temperature and pressure.
When organic aquatic sediments (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) are deposited,
they are very saturated with water and rich in minerals.
Through chemical reaction, compaction, and microbial action during burial, water is forced out
and proteins and carbohydrates break down to form new structures that comprise a waxy material
known as “kerogen” and a black tar like substance called “bitumen”.
All of this occurs within the first several hundred meters of burial.
The bitumen comprises the heaviest components of petroleum, but the kerogen will undergo
further change to make hydrocarbons and, yes, more bitumen…
32. Step 2: Catagenesis (or “cracking”) turns
kerogen into petroleum and natural gas
As temperatures and pressures increase (deeper burial) the process of catagenesis begins,
which is the thermal degradation of kerogen to form hydrocarbon chains.
Importantly, the process of catagenesis is catalyzed by the minerals that are deposited and
persist through marine diagenesis.
The conditions of catagenesis determine the product, such that higher temperature and
pressure lead to more complete “cracking” of the kerogen and progressively lighter and smaller
hydrocarbons.
Petroleum formation, then, requires a specific window of conditions;
too hot and the product will favor natural gas (small hydrocarbons),
but too cold and the plankton will remain trapped as kerogen.
33. Contd
This behavior is contrary to what is associated with coal formation.
In the case of terrestrial burial, the organic sediment is dominated by cellulose and lignin and
the fraction of minerals is much smaller.
Here, decomposition of the organic matter is restricted in a different way.
The organic matter is condensed to form peat and, if enough temperature (geothermal energy)
and pressure is supplied, it will condense and undergo catagenesis to form coal.
Higher temperatures and pressures, in general, lead to higher ranks of coal.