In this slide basics of Petroleum GEOLOGY is illustrated with the little review of Petroleum and geology terminology. Also, the responsibilities or role of petroleum Geology is elaborated.

1. Petroleum Geology &
Geophysical Exploration
Sohail N awab
Le c t ur e r
I ns t it ute of Pe t r oleum and N at ur al G as E ngine e r ing,
M e hr an U E T, Jam s hor o
So h a i l.Nawab@ facu lty.muet.ed u.p k

2. Course Details
Total marks : 100 (3 Credit hours)
20% marks of Mid Exam
60% marks of Final Exam
10% marks of Attendance
5% marks of test (BEST OF TWO TESTS)
5% marks of Assignment

3. Introduction to
Petroleum Geology
1st Lecture

4. Learning Outcome
At the end of this lecture you will be able to understand the philosophy & technology of
petroleum geology.

5. Petroleum
Petroleum is also known as ?
Properties of Petroleum?
How it is formed? Diagrams on board
How and where it is accumulated ?
Definedas: It is a substanceoccurring naturally in the earth in solid, liquid, or gaseous state
and composed mainly of mixtures of chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen, with or
without other non-metallic elements such as Sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
?

6. Petroleum(Contd.)
There are some places on earth where oil is not trapped underground, butactually seeps out at
the earth's surface—"bubbling crude!"
This is one of the largestnatural petroleum seeps, located in the upper Ojai Valley, California.

7. Geology
Geology is the science that deals with
 the dynamicsand physicalhistory of the earth,
 the rocks of which it is composed,
 and the physical,chemical, and biological changesthat the earth has undergone or is undergoing
?

8. PetroleumGeology
Petroleum Geology plays an important role in today's society. WHY ?
Petroleum Geologists are the men and women who know how to read the story told by the
very earth beneath our feetin order to find oil and natural gas, which are vital resources in our
lives.
Politics and prices often overshadow the story of what happens before the oil and gas ever
reaches the headlines.

9. Petroleum Geology(Contd.)
 Petroleum Geology is the application of geology to the exploration and production of oil and
gas
OR
Petroleum geology is the study of
 origin,
 occurrence,
 movement,
 accumulation,
 and explorationof hydrocarbonfuels.

10. Duties of a Petroleum Geologist:
 Petroleum Geologists are those who know how to read the story told by the earth beneath our
feet in order to find Hydrocarbon.
 Generally, the duty of a petroleum geologist is
 to discover the location
 and amount of hydrocarbon in reservoirs.
 The Hydrocarbon's maturity or concentration, the movement of Hydrocarbon and to identify
the obstacles that impede or expedite that movement.
 Geologists in this occupation may be required
 to conduct field studies,
 to interpret geophysicaldata,
 interpret and implement drilling strategies for extraction.

11. Importance of HC’s
Importance of Hydrocarbons in Today’s Life
 Automobiles/Planes/Shipsare running on HC
 Thousandsof things are made up of HC
 Most of the electrical energy is produced from HC
 Fertilizers and many other chemical industries use HC
Modern economy depends on HC
Modern geopolitics moves on HC
 9/11 is essentiallyoil politics
 The Indo-Pak dialogsfrom 2001 to date are mainlybased on Indo-Pak-IranianGas pipeline
 During 1967 Arab-Israel war Arabs used Oil as a weapon against west

12. Oil Resource Pyramid
ResidualOil in Transition Zones
Heavy Oil
“Stranded” Oilin Future Resources
“Stranded” LightOil
Conventional
Non-Conventional
Source: Advanced Resources International, Inc. 2009
USA Original Resourcein Place: 1,335 Billion Barrels
Undeveloped Oil In Place: 1,130 Billion Barrels
Already Produced or
Proved Reserves
(205 Billion Barrels)
Undiscovered and
Undeveloped Reserve
Growth Resources
(190 Billion Barrels)
Tar Sands

13. Description of Petroleum Geology
Petroleum geology refers to the specific set of geological disciplines that are applied to the
search for hydrocarbons (oil exploration).
Petroleum geology is principally concerned with the evaluation of seven key elements in
sedimentary basins: Source, reservoir, seal, trap, timing, maturation and migration.
In general, all these elements must be assessed via a limited 'window' into the subsurface
world, provided by one (or possibly more) exploration wells.
These wells present only a 1-dimensional segment through the Earth and the skill of inferring
3-dimensional characteristics from them is one of the mostfundamental in petroleum geology.
Recently, the availability of cheap and high quality 3D seismic data (from reflection seismology)
has greatly aided the accuracy of such interpretation.

14. (Contd.)
It refers to the specific set of geological disciplines that are applied to the search for
hydrocarbons (oil exploration).
 HistoricalGeology / Stratigraphy
 Petrology
 Structural Geology
 Sedimentology
 Hydrogeology
 Geochemistry
 Paleontology
 Geophysics
 Seismology
Enlist disciplinesare relevant to Petroleum whereas there are wide disciplinesof geology
DETAILED DISCUSSION ON GEOLOGICAL
DISCIPLINES IN NEXT LECTURE

15. (Contd.)
Petroleum geology is principally concerned with the evaluation of seven key elements in
sedimentary basins Or Seven fundamental Geological controls:
Source
Reservoir
Seal
Trap
Migration
Maturation
Time

16. (Contd.)
Geological fundamental control elements mustbe
assessedvia a limited 'window' into the subsurface
world, provided by one (or possibly more) exploration
wells.

17. (Contd.)
Seismic Survey
2-D view
3-D View