Contains a short description of source rock and it is classified whilst making due diligence to relate it to its importance to geologist (or economic importance in general)
This document provides a basic overview of the fundamental rock properties. It delivers a detailed analysis of the basic reservoir rock properties like porosity, permeability, Fluid saturation , wettability, etc.
The process of transportation of petroleum from its place of origin, the source rock, to its place of accumulation into the reservoir up to the trap is termed as Migration.
Contains a short description of source rock and it is classified whilst making due diligence to relate it to its importance to geologist (or economic importance in general)
This document provides a basic overview of the fundamental rock properties. It delivers a detailed analysis of the basic reservoir rock properties like porosity, permeability, Fluid saturation , wettability, etc.
The process of transportation of petroleum from its place of origin, the source rock, to its place of accumulation into the reservoir up to the trap is termed as Migration.
This presentation is all about Petroleum Engineering, Prospecting oil and gas, drilling and various drilling methods, logs and its types, different Drive Mechanisms, etc......
Sedimentary basins are the depressions in the earth's crust where loose particles accumulate and finally lithified to form sedimentary rocks. Basins are particularly attractive to geoscientists from time immemorial due to the wealth hidden here in the form of oil, gas, coal etc. In this document you will find the types of basins, basin-fill types, methods of basin analysis and so on.
This presentation is all about Petroleum Engineering, Prospecting oil and gas, drilling and various drilling methods, logs and its types, different Drive Mechanisms, etc......
Sedimentary basins are the depressions in the earth's crust where loose particles accumulate and finally lithified to form sedimentary rocks. Basins are particularly attractive to geoscientists from time immemorial due to the wealth hidden here in the form of oil, gas, coal etc. In this document you will find the types of basins, basin-fill types, methods of basin analysis and so on.
it,s a powerpoint presentation on the topic deforestation and details which include the cause, solution,effects etc.... which I had made by referring and downloading and joining many slides.I had just joint the slide of the others and I do this as a part of my education.so please comment on my work by accepting my mistake......
Research Data Infrastructure for Geochemistry (DFG Roundtable)Kerstin Lehnert
This presentation provides an overview of different aspects of data management for geochemistry and resources available at the EarthChem@IEDA data facility.
Introduction, hydrocarbon, source of oil pollution,fate of oil on the surface water of the ocean, impact of oil on marine ecosystem, removal technique of oil from the surface water of the ocean, conclusion.
Petroleum (or crude oil) is a naturally occurring liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, but containing some compounds of oxygen, nitrogen and Sulphur. It is an oily, thick,
flammable, usually dark-colored liquid ,commonly obtained by drilling, used in a natural or refined state as a fuel
and separated by fractional distillation into gasoline, naphtha ,benzene ,kerosene ,paraffin etc.
It is often referred to as the “black gold.This name itself is an indication of its importance to humans. Crude oil is considered to be the “mother of all commodities” as it is used to manufacture various products such as pharmaceuticals, plastics, gasoline, synthetic fabrics, etc. Petroleum or oil has also been the world’s leading source of energy since the 1950s.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the earth’s surface that can be refined into fuel. Petroleum is a fossil fuel, meaning that it has been created by the decomposition of organic matter over millions of years. Petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms–primarily zooplankton and algae–underneath sedimentary rock are subjected to intense heat and pressure.
The word petroleum means “rock oil.” It is derived from the Greek word “petra” (means rock) and the Latin word “oleum” (means oil). When it is drilled from the ground in the liquid form, it is called crude oil. Humans have known about its existence for 4000 years. However, the first time crude oil was pumped from the ground was 2500 years ago in China and the world’s first crude oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania, USA only in the year 1859.
Where is petroleum found?
Today petroleum is found in vast underground reservoirs where there were ancient seas. Petroleum reserves can be located beneath the land, or under the ocean. Their crude oil is extracted with giant drilling machines.
How do you know where to find oil?
Geologists are the masters of locating oil. Often called oil exploration, geologists will look for an area that ticks all the boxes of finding an oil trap aka striking (black) gold.
Oil is often found in the vast underground reservoirs where ancient seas were once located. This can either be beneath land or out in the ocean below the seabed.
During the earlier years of oil mining, the geologists would study the soil, surface rock, and other surface features to determine if oil may be lying below.
Later came satellite imagery, along with more technological advances such as gravity meters, means to test the Earth’s magnetic field, and ‘sniffers’ that detect the smell of hydrocarbons.
The most common way used today is to generate shock waves that pass through the rock layers and reflect back to the surface where they can be interpreted for signs of oil traps. This is done with seismic source devices such as a compressed-air gun, a thumper truck, or explosives .
Where does crude oil come from?
Composition of petroleum
Uses
Extraction of petroleum
Oil or Crude oil is the remains of antiquated plants and animals, compressed profound within the soil into fluid strings of hydrogen and carbon.
Ancient Greeks gave it the title petroleum, from the Greek "petra" meaning rock, and "oleum" meaning oil. crude oil and petroleum fossil fuels because they are mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of animals and plants (diatoms) that lived millions of years ago in a marine environment before the existence of dinosaurs
Over millions of years, the remains of these animals and plants were covered by layers of sand, silt, and rock. Heat and pressure from these layers turned the remains into.
Oil is an ancient fossil fuel that we use to heat our homes, generate electricity, and power large sectors of our economy. But
when oil accidentally spills into the ocean, it can cause big problems. Oil spills can harm sea creatures, ruin a day at the beach, and make seafood unsafe to eat. It takes sound science to clean up the oil, measure the impacts of pollution, and help the ocean recover.
Inhalation of vapor, touching oil slicks and consuming contaminated sea food
Exposure may cause neurological, acute toxic effects, ocular (eye) and also problems of respiratory system.
People living in effected areas showed nausea, throat infections, nose and eye irritations etc along with migraines and headaches.
Ingestion of oil produces in sea food is
dangerous as oil products having
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH). These are human carcinogens.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
3. Origin: Plankton
cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=93510
Plant plankton Animal plankton
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Copepod.
10,000 of these bugs
would fit on a pinhead!
• Most oil and gas starts life as microscopic plants and animals
that live in the ocean.
4. Introduction
However, under certain conditions there may be very
little oxygen on the sea floor.
This may be because the ocean is deep and stagnant and
oxygen has not been mixed down from the surface
waters.
No animal life can survive where the sea bed is
completely lacking oxygen. Without animals to eat the
dead plankton, the organic mush builds up on the sea
bed.
5.
6.
7. On the sea bed
When plankton dies it slowly settles to the sea bed where it forms
an organic mush. Usually there are lots of animals living on the
sea floor that feed on this material. One important group is the
polychaete worms. These are detritivores, which means they eat
the dead and decay remains of other organisms
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/Plankton.jpg When the plankton dies it rains
down on sea bed to form an
organic mush
Sea bed
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nerr0328.jpg
If there are any animals on the
sea bed these will feed on the
organic particles
11. Interpretation of Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
(based on early oil window maturity)
Hydrocarbon
Generation
Potential
TOC in Shale
(wt. %)
TOC in Carbonates
(wt. %)
Poor
Fair
Good
Very Good
Excellent
0.0-0.5
0.5-1.0
1.0-2.0
2.0-5.0
>5.0
0.0-0.2
0.2-0.5
0.5-1.0
1.0-2.0
>2.0
12. Organic Matter in Sedimentary Rocks
Vitrinite
Reflected-Light Micrograph
of Coal
Kerogen
Disseminated Organic Matter in
Sedimentary Rocks That is Insoluble
in Oxidizing Acids, Bases, and
Organic Solvents.
Vitrinite
A nonfluorescent type of organic material
in petroleum source rocks derived
primarily from woody material.
The reflectivity of vitrinite is one of the
best indicators of coal rank and thermal
maturity of petroleum source rock.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. Origin: Cooking
www.oilandgasgeology.com/oil_gas_window.jpg
As source rock is buried, it is heated.
Kerogen
Gas
Oil
Organic matter is first changed by the
increase in temperature into kerogen,
which is a solid form of hydrocarbon
Around 90°C, it is changed into a liquid
state, which we call oil
Around 150°C, it is changed into a gas
A rock that has produced oil and gas in
this way is known as a Source Rock
18. Schematic Representation of the Mechanism
of Petroleum Generation and Destruction
(modified from Tissot and Welte, 1984)
Organic Debris
Kerogen
Carbon
Initial Bitumen
Oil and Gas
Methane
Oil Reservoir
Migration
Thermal Degradation
Cracking
Diagenesis
Catagenesis
Metagenesis
Progressive Burial and Heating
19. Type of hydrocarbon
Sweet
• The term "sweet" originates from the fact that a low level
of sulfur provides the oil with a mildly sweet taste and
pleasant smell.
• High-quality, low-sulfur crude oil is commonly used for
processing into gasoline and is in high demand, particularly
in the industrialized nations.
• "Light sweet crude oil" is the most sought-after version of
crude oil as it contains a disproportionately large fraction
that is directly processed (fractionation) into gasoline
(naphtha), kerosene, and high-quality diesel (gas oil).
20. Producers of sweet crude oil include:
The Far East/Oceania:
Australia
Asia/Pacific:
Brunei
China
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
New Zealand
Vietnam
The Middle East Kurdistan
North America: United States (Pennsylvania)
21. Sour
Petroleum containing higher levels of sulfur is called sour
crude oil.
Sour crude oil is crude oil containing a high amount of the
impurity sulfur (level in the oil is more than 0.5% ).
The impurities need to be removed before this lower quality
crude can be refined into petrol, thereby increasing the cost of
processing - higher-priced gasoline than that made from
sweet crude oil.
Usually processed into heavy crude oil such as diesel and fuel
oil rather than gasoline to reduce processing cost.
22. The majority of the sulfur in crude oil occurs bonded to carbon
atoms, with a small amount occurring as elemental sulfur in
solution and as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas.
Sour oil can be toxic and corrosive, especially when the oil
contains higher levels of hydrogen sulfide, a t low
concentrations has the smell of rotten eggs.
Sour crude oil needs to be stabilized by having hydrogen
sulfide gas (H2S) removed from it before being transported by
oil tankers for safety reasons
23. • Since sour crude is more common than sweet crude in the
U.S. part of the Gulf of Mexico, Platts has come out in March
2009 with a new sour crude benchmark (oil marker) called
"Americas Crude Marker (ACM)".
• Dubai Crude (and Oman Crude) both sour crude oils have
been used as a benchmark (crude oil) oil marker for Middle
East crude oils for some time.
• The major producers of sour crude oil include:
North America: Alberta (Canada), United States' portion of the
Gulf of Mexico, and Mexico.
South America: Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador.
Middle East: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Syria, and Egypt.
24.
25. Generation, Migration, and Trapping
Migration route
Reservoir
rock
Seal
Oil/water
contact (OWC)
Hydrocarbon
accumulation
in the
reservoir rock
Top of maturity
Source rock
Fault
(impermeable)
of Hydrocarbons
26.
27.
28.
29. • Secondary migration is any movement in carrier rocks or
reservoir rocks outside the source rock or movement
through fractures within the source rock.
30. •Tertiary migration includes leakage, seepage, dissipation and
alteration of petroleum as it reaches the Earth’s surface