(ester hydrolysis)
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The document discusses ester hydrolysis, including its classification, nomenclature, and mechanisms of acid and base catalyzed hydrolysis. Ester hydrolysis involves the splitting of an ester into its component acid and alcohol. These reactions are reversible and can be catalyzed by either acids or bases. The hydrolysis is classified as acid catalyzed or base catalyzed, and can proceed through either uni or bimolecular pathways depending on the specific mechanism. Examples of different hydrolysis mechanisms are provided.
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Clinical chemistry involves measuring analytes like ions, molecules, proteins, and other substances in body fluids to assess health status. Tests measure concentrations of important molecules like electrolytes, metabolites, drugs, and macromolecules. Individual tests are combined into diagnostic panels for more comprehensive evaluation, though included tests can vary between institutions. Common panels include electrolyte, liver function, metabolic, and lipid profiles to screen for conditions and monitor treatment.
Ищтвштп.ppt
This PowerPoint presentation introduces carboxylic acids and their derivatives. It begins with the structure of carboxylic acids, which contain a carboxyl functional group (COOH) with carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxyl (O-H) bonds. Carboxylic acids form homologous series and have higher boiling points than similar mass compounds due to hydrogen bonding. They are weakly acidic and can form salts. Esters are produced through esterification reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols. Acyl chlorides are derived from carboxylic acids through chlorination and are more reactive than carboxylic acids in addition-elimination reactions.
Similar to (ester hydrolysis) (10)
Quality parameters and analysis of rheology modifier
Quality parameters and analysis of rheology modifier
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MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF TRANSITION METALS ,GARNETS, PEROVSKITES
This document provides an overview of magnetic properties in transition metals, complex compounds, and interstitial compounds. Specifically, it discusses diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism in transition metals and their magnetic moments. It also examines magnetic properties in complex compounds like perovskites and garnets, referencing several textbooks on inorganic chemistry.
organoplatinum chemistry
This document discusses organoplatinum chemistry and summarizes different organoplatinum compounds. Organoplatinum chemistry involves organometallic compounds containing a carbon-platinum bond. Organoplatinum compounds exist in oxidation states from 0 to IV, with oxidation state II being the most abundant. Organoplatinum(0) compounds contain alkene and alkyne ligands as two electron donors. Organoplatinum(I) compounds are uncommon but are diamagnetic due to Pt-Pt bonds. A historically significant organoplatinum(II) compound is Zeise's salt, obtained from ethylene and potassium tetrachloroplatinate. Organoplatinum(IV) compounds include trimethyl
HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Safety is paramount when handling hazardous chemicals in laboratories. Proper protective equipment like gloves and goggles should always be worn. Procedures for the safe storage, use and disposal of dangerous substances must be strictly followed to prevent accidents and protect human health.
MOSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY
Mossbauer spectroscopy is a technique that uses gamma ray photons to study the chemical environment of atomic nuclei. It works by exposing a solid sample to a beam of gamma rays from a radioactive source, and measuring the absorption of gamma rays by atomic nuclei in the sample. Information about the chemical environment of absorbing nuclei can be obtained from the absorption peaks in the spectra, which show gamma ray intensity as a function of the source velocity. Common radioactive sources used include cobalt-57 and tin-119, and the sample and source must contain nuclei of the same isotope.
mossbauer spectroscopy
Mossbauer spectroscopy involves the resonant absorption of gamma rays by atomic nuclei. It was first observed by Mossbauer in 1958, for which he received the Nobel Prize. The basic principles are that nuclei emitting gamma rays lose a small amount of energy to recoil, while absorbing nuclei must have slightly higher energy for resonance to occur. Doppler shift is used to scan the gamma ray energy through a range and bring the source and sample nuclei into resonance by accelerating the source. The technique provides information about oxidation states, spin states, and local environments of atoms in samples.
SUPER ACID ,SUPER BASE
This document discusses acid-base chemistry and super acids and bases. It defines acids as molecules that can donate protons or accept electron pairs in reactions. Bases are defined as substances that release hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions. Super acids are defined as having a greater acidity than 100% sulfuric acid, while super bases have a high affinity for protons. Examples of super acids include fluorosulfuric acid and triflic acid, while examples of super bases include lithium nitride and potassium hydride. The document discusses applications of super acids and bases in organic synthesis and catalysis.
BIOMINERALISATION
Biomineralization is the process by which living organisms produce minerals. It occurs through two main types: biologically controlled mineralization, where the organism controls mineral growth and placement, and biologically induced mineralization, where the organism modifies the environment to induce mineral formation. Calcium carbonate is a common biomineral found in marine organisms through photosynthesis raising the pH and carbonate concentration to precipitate calcium carbonate. Magnetite is also an important biomineral formed by magnetotactic bacteria, which synthesize chains of magnetic crystals called magnetosomes that act as a biological compass. Examples of other biogenic minerals include apatite in bones/teeth and iron oxides formed by various organisms.
solid solutions
This document discusses different types of solid solutions, including substitutional, interstitial, and complex solid solutions. It describes the requirements for forming substitutional solid solutions, such as similar ion size and charge. Interstitial solid solutions occur when the solute atom is smaller than the solvent atoms. Complex solid solutions can form through substitution of higher or lower valence cations, creating cation or anion vacancies or interstitials. X-ray powder diffraction is discussed as an experimental method to study solid solutions by determining unit cell dimensions and composition across a series.
classification of lewis bases
This document discusses the classification of Lewis bases based on frontier molecular orbital topology. It defines Lewis acids and bases and describes four types of Lewis bases: s-HOMO Lewis bases which have spherical highest occupied molecular orbitals; complex anion Lewis bases which have a hypervalent central cation saturated with anionic ligands; lobe-HOMO Lewis bases which are electron lone pair donor species with the electron pair in an sp3, sp2 or sp hybrid orbital; and π-HOMO Lewis bases which have delocalized electrons in highest occupied molecular orbitals over two or more p-orbitals such as those in alkenes, dienes and trienes. Examples are provided for each classification.
solid solutions
This document discusses solid solutions, which occur when atoms of a solute are present in the lattice of a solid solvent. It describes two types of solid solutions: substitutional and interstitial. Substitutional solid solutions can be ordered or disordered, depending on whether solute atoms randomly or regularly substitute for solvent atoms in the lattice. Interstitial solid solutions involve solute atoms fitting into the spaces between solvent atom sites in the lattice. References on inorganic structural chemistry and crystal chemistry are also provided.
liquid crystals
Liquid crystals are a state of matter that has properties between those of a conventional liquid and solid crystal. They may flow like a liquid but their molecules can be oriented in a crystal-like way. Friedrich Reinitzer discovered important features of cholesteric liquid crystals in 1888, including thermotropic, lyotropic, and metallotropic phases. Common liquid crystal phases are nematic, smectic, and cholesteric/chiral. Blue phases have a regular three-dimensional cubic structure of defects with a lattice period of several hundred nanometers. Liquid crystals can flow like liquids due to loss of positional order, and transition between solid and liquid crystal states caused by temperature change gives rise to thermotropic liquid crystals
line defects
This document is a paper on inorganic chemistry that discusses line defects in solids, specifically edge and screw dislocations. It was written by Sakshi Mishra for their M.Sc. Part 2, Semester 3 course. The paper references common solid state chemistry textbooks and building construction resources.
mossbauer spectroscopy
This document is about Mossbauer spectroscopy and discusses isomer shift, quadrupole interaction, and magnetic interaction. It analyzes Mossbauer spectroscopy and explains these three phenomena, and concludes with references for further reading on physical methods for chemists, instrumental methods of chemical analysis, and modern aspects of inorganic chemistry.
NMR SPECTROSCOPY
This document discusses proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR spectroscopy), specifically focusing on spin-spin coupling, coupling constants, and the different types of coupling that can occur including geminal, vicinal, and long range coupling. It explains that the coupling constant value increases with increasing bond angle and electronegativity. It also discusses first order spectra and provides examples of geminal, vicinal, and long range coupling, as well as factors that affect coupling constant values.
Inorganic REACTION MECHANISM
This document discusses techniques for determining the rate of inorganic chemical reactions. It describes three main techniques: direct chemical analysis, spectrophotometric methods, and electrochemical and flow methods. Direct chemical analysis involves directly analyzing reactants or products during a chemical change. Spectrophotometric methods measure how much a substance absorbs light at different wavelengths. Electrochemical and flow methods are useful for following the progress of chemical reactions, especially in sensor applications where reaction progress can determine analyte concentration. The document provides examples and details of each technique.
TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM
The document discusses different types of compound formations including compounds with congruent and incongruent melting points. It defines key terms like phase, component, degree of freedom, and explains concepts like the phase rule and how it relates the number of components, phases, and degrees of freedom in a system. Examples of systems forming compounds with congruent melting points like zinc-magnesium and systems forming compounds with incongruent melting points like picric acid-benzene are provided along with diagrams showing their phase diagrams.
DIODE ARRAY AND FLUORESCENCE DETECTOR
This document discusses HPLC detectors, focusing on diode array and fluorescence detectors. It provides details on how HPLC works to separate mixtures and describes common HPLC detectors. It explains that diode array detectors can detect absorption across a range of wavelengths to identify components, while fluorescence detectors use excitation and emission wavelengths to selectively detect some components. Both provide advantages like sensitivity and specificity over other detectors.
FRENKEL DEFECT
This document discusses Frenkel defects in solid state chemistry. It begins by introducing the topic of types of defects, specifically Frenkel defects, and mentions deriving the Frenkel defect. References are provided from three solid state chemistry textbooks on pages discussing Frenkel defects and solid state chemistry.
MASS SPECTROMETRY
This document discusses the topic of mass spectrometry and its applications in organic chemistry. It covers the basic principles of mass spectrometry, including molecular ion peaks, base peaks, and the nitrogen rule. It also examines fragmentation patterns in different classes of organic compounds. The document provides references for further reading on spectroscopy techniques and the spectroscopic identification of organic molecules.
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
The document discusses atomic spectroscopy based on plasma sources. It introduces atomic spectroscopy and explains that it involves using plasma sources to produce excited atoms that emit electromagnetic radiation of characteristic wavelengths. The principle and instrumentation of atomic spectroscopy are described. Various applications of atomic spectroscopy are also mentioned, such as its use in chemical analysis. References are provided for further reading on the topic.
More from sharmeenkhan15 (20)
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF TRANSITION METALS ,GARNETS, PEROVSKITES
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF TRANSITION METALS ,GARNETS, PEROVSKITES
Recently uploaded
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Recently uploaded (20)
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
(ester hydrolysis)
- 1. GURU NANAK KHALSA COLLEGE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY BY SHARMEEN KHAN
- 2. TOPIC ESTER HYDROLYSIS (CLASSIFICATION,NOMENCLATURE AND STUDY OF MECHANISMS OF ACID AND BASE CATALYSED HYDROLYSIS WITH SUITABLE EXAMPLES )
- 3. CONTENT • INTRODUCTION • CLASSIFICATION • NOMENCLATURE • MECHANISMS OF ACID CATALYSED HYDROLYSIS • MECHANISMS OF BASE CATALYSED HYDROLYSIS • EXAMPLES
- 4. INTRODUCTION HYDROLYSIS HYDROLYSIS USUALLY MEANS CLEAVAGE OF CHEMICAL BONDS BY THE ADDITION OF WATER
- 5. ESTER HYDROLYSIS • THE SPLITTING OF AN ESTER INTO THE COMPONENT ACID AND ALCOHOL IS KNOWN AS ESTER HYDROLYSIS • THESE REACTIONS ARE REVERSIBLE AND BOTH REACTIONS CAN BE CATALYSED EITHER BY ACIDS OR BASES
- 9. REFERENCES • JERRY MARCH,”ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY,REACTIONS ,MECHANISMS AND STRUCTURE”, FOURTH EDITION,PAGE NO 374- 396. • MORRISON AND BOYD ,SIXTH EDITION,PAGE NO 753-754. • PETER SYKES ,SIXTH EDITION,PAGE NO 234- 237