This document discusses carbenes, which are neutral carbon molecules with two unshared valence electrons. It describes the different types of carbenes, including singlet and triplet carbenes, and their electronic structures and bonding properties. Methods of forming carbenes are presented, such as alpha elimination reactions and decomposition of diazo compounds. The major reactions of carbenes are also summarized, including insertion, addition, and rearrangement reactions. Carbene reactivity depends on whether they are in singlet or triplet states.
An organic species which has a carbon atom bearing only six electrons in its outermost shell and has a positive charge is called carbocation.
The positively charged carbon of carbocation is sp2 hybridized.
The unhybridized p-orbital remains vacant.
They are highly reactive and act as reaction intermediate.
They are also called carbonium ion.
An organic species which has a carbon atom bearing only six electrons in its outermost shell and has a positive charge is called carbocation.
The positively charged carbon of carbocation is sp2 hybridized.
The unhybridized p-orbital remains vacant.
They are highly reactive and act as reaction intermediate.
They are also called carbonium ion.
Rearrangement to Electron Deficient Carbon
Rearrangement to Electron Deficient Nitrogen
Rearrangement to Electron Deficient Oxygen
Rearrangement to Electron-Rich Carbon
Aromatic Rearrangements
THE PERICYCLIC REACTION THE MOST COMMON TOPIC INCLUDE THE SYLLABUS OF MANY SCIENCE STUDY INCLUDING BSC, MSC , PHARMA STUDY, AND MORE HENCE WE ARE COVERED ALL THE DATA OF IT HOPE THIS WILL MAKE READER EASY.
SMILES REARRANGEMENT [REACTION AND MECHANISM]Shikha Popali
THE SMILES REARRANGMENT IS THE PROCESS OF REARRANGING OF ELEMENTS OF THE STRUCTURE, WHERE IN THIS PRESENTATION HOW TO REARRANGE IS EXPLAIN WITH ITS MECHANISM
Crown ethers
NOMENCLATURE
GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF CROWN ETHER
AZA CROWN
CRYPTAND
APPLICATIONS
1. SYNTHETIC APPLICTION
Esterification
Saponification
Anhydride formation
Potassium permanganate oxidation
Aromatic substitution reactions
Elimination reactions
Displacement reaction
Generation of carbenes
Superoxide anion
Alkylations – 1. o-alkylations
2. c-alkylations
3. n-alkylations
2. ANALYTICAL APPLICATION
Determination of gold in geological samples
Super critical fluid extraction of trace metal from solid and liquid materials
Application of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry
Oxidation and determination of aldehydes
Crown ethers are used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalyst
OTHER APPLICATION
It is used in photocynation
Resolution of racemic mixture
Benzoin condensation
Hetrocyclisation
Synthesis of furanones
Acetylation of secondary amines in presence of primary amine
A carbanion is an ion with a negatively charged carbon atom. The most stable carbanions have six electrons in the valence shell of the carbon atom. Carbanions are important in organic chemistry because they can act as nucleophiles, which means they can donate electrons to other molecules. Carbanions are also important in biochemistry because they can be used to transfer electrons between molecules
Rearrangement to Electron Deficient Carbon
Rearrangement to Electron Deficient Nitrogen
Rearrangement to Electron Deficient Oxygen
Rearrangement to Electron-Rich Carbon
Aromatic Rearrangements
THE PERICYCLIC REACTION THE MOST COMMON TOPIC INCLUDE THE SYLLABUS OF MANY SCIENCE STUDY INCLUDING BSC, MSC , PHARMA STUDY, AND MORE HENCE WE ARE COVERED ALL THE DATA OF IT HOPE THIS WILL MAKE READER EASY.
SMILES REARRANGEMENT [REACTION AND MECHANISM]Shikha Popali
THE SMILES REARRANGMENT IS THE PROCESS OF REARRANGING OF ELEMENTS OF THE STRUCTURE, WHERE IN THIS PRESENTATION HOW TO REARRANGE IS EXPLAIN WITH ITS MECHANISM
Crown ethers
NOMENCLATURE
GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF CROWN ETHER
AZA CROWN
CRYPTAND
APPLICATIONS
1. SYNTHETIC APPLICTION
Esterification
Saponification
Anhydride formation
Potassium permanganate oxidation
Aromatic substitution reactions
Elimination reactions
Displacement reaction
Generation of carbenes
Superoxide anion
Alkylations – 1. o-alkylations
2. c-alkylations
3. n-alkylations
2. ANALYTICAL APPLICATION
Determination of gold in geological samples
Super critical fluid extraction of trace metal from solid and liquid materials
Application of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry
Oxidation and determination of aldehydes
Crown ethers are used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalyst
OTHER APPLICATION
It is used in photocynation
Resolution of racemic mixture
Benzoin condensation
Hetrocyclisation
Synthesis of furanones
Acetylation of secondary amines in presence of primary amine
A carbanion is an ion with a negatively charged carbon atom. The most stable carbanions have six electrons in the valence shell of the carbon atom. Carbanions are important in organic chemistry because they can act as nucleophiles, which means they can donate electrons to other molecules. Carbanions are also important in biochemistry because they can be used to transfer electrons between molecules
Carbenes- octet defying molecules, its fate, reactions, synthesis of carbenoids,spin multiplicity of carbenes triplet, singlet carbenes, Fischer and Schrock carbenes
Basic principles & questions and answers of organic chemistry Bryar Ali Rus
this is some basic principles and question & answers of previous years of organic chemistry with notes on dr.emad manhal's examination , school of pharmacy , university of sulaimani .
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. CONTENT :-
WHAT IS CARBENE?
TYPES OF CARBENES
STRUCTURE AND BONDING
FORMATION OF CARBENES
REACTION OF CARBENES
3. WHAT IS CARBENE?
A carbene is a molecule containing neutral carbon atom with a
valence of two and two unshared valence electrons.
Carbene are uncharged electron deficient molecular species
that contain a divalent carbon atom surrounded by a sextet of
electrons and two substituents.
The general formula is-
Most carbene are very short lived, although persistent carbenes
are known.
4. TYPES OF CARBENE :-
Carbene are called singlet or triplet depending on the electronic spins
they possess.
Triplet carbene are paramagnetic. The total spin of singlet carbene is
zero while that of triplet carbene is one.
Bond angle are 130-150°for triplet methylene and 100-110°for singlet
methylene.
Triplet carbene are generally stable in the gaseous state,while singlet
carbene occurs more often in aqueous media.
5. STRUCTURE AND BONDING :-
Singlet carbene are spin paired. This Molecule adopts an SP2 hybrid structure
eg. :CH2, :CHPh, :CHPh2, :CHR.
Triplet carbene have two unpaired electrons. Most carbene have a non linear
triplet ground state,nitrogen, oxygen, or sulphur atom and halide directly
bonded to the divalent carbon.
6. SINGLET STATE :- carbonation like a nature, trigonal planar geometry,
electrophilic character. Singlet carbene generally participate in chelotropic
reaction as either electrophiles or nucleophiles.
TRIPLET STATE :- diradical - like In nature, liner geometry and participate in
stepwise radical additions. Triplet carbene have to go through an
intermediate with two unpaired electrons whereas singlet carbene can react
in a single concrete step.
7. Metal carbene complexes have been classified into two broad classes.
“Fisher type “ And Schrock type carbene.
8. Fischer carbene :-
The Fischer type carbene complexes are low – Valent complexes stabalised by
strong – accepting ligands (often CO)
Accordingly, Fischer carbenes are relatively inert, but tend to react as
electrophiles. In general, Fischer carbenes are 18 electrons, coordinatively
saturated complexes. Therefore, nucleophilic attack at the metal is not
possible.
9. Schrock carbenes :-
The Schrock – type carbene complexes contain an early transition metal in a
foraml high oxidation state stabalised by strong – donor ligands.
Most of these complexes have an electron count below 18 and are, thus,
coordinatively unsaturated. Therefore nucleophilic attack at the metal is
possible because of the electron deficiency.
10. FORMATION OF CARBENES :-
ALPHA – ELIMINATION OF CHLOROFORM WITH BASE- alpha elimination means
the eliminations in which both the proton and the leaving group are located
on the same atom.
A strong base removes an acidic proton adjacent to an electron withdrawing
group to give a carbanion.
Loss of a leaving group from group from the carbanion creates a carbene.
One of the best known elimination reaction occurs when chloroform is
treated with base, forming a dichlorocarbene.
11. The more common dehydrogenations (to form alkenes) are called beta
elimination because the hydrogen and the halogen are lost from adjacent
carbon atom.
14. REACTION OF CARBENES :-
Carbenes are highly electrophilic species. Three major classes of carbene
reaction
1. Carbene insertion
2. Carbene addition
3. Carbene rearrangements.
15. 1. CARBENE INSERTION :-
Insertion are another common type of carbenes reactions. The carbene
basically interposes itself into an existing bond. The order of preference is
commonly : 1.X-H bonds where X is not carbon 2.C-H bond 3.C-C bond.
Insertion may or may not occurs in single step.
16. 2. CARBENE ADDITION :-
The stereochemistry of carbene addition to alkenes can be used as a test of
whether the carbenes is reacting via the singlet or the triplet spin state.
Addition of singlet and triplet carbenes of alkenes.
Singlet and triplet carbenes do not demonstrate the same reactivity. Triplet
carbenes should be considered to be diradicals, and participate in stepwise
radical additions.
Triplet carbenes have to go through an intermediate with two unpaired
electrons whereas singlet carbene can react in a single concreted step.
Alkenes react with singlet carbene in a concerted fashion – alkenes
stereochemistry is preserved in the cyclopropane product.
17.
18. 3. CARBENE REARRANGEMENT :-
Wolf rearrangements
The wolf rearrangements is a reaction in organic chemistry in which an alpha
– diazocarbonyl compounds is converted into a ketene by loss of dinitrogen
with accompanying 1,2 – rearrangements.
The wolf rearrangements yields a ketene as an intermediate product, which
can undergo nucleophilic attack with weakly acidic nucleophiles such as
water, alcohols and amines, to generate carboxylic acid derivative.
The wolf rearrangements can be induced via thermolysis, photolysis,
or transition metal catalysis.
Migratory aptitude : H>> aryl >> alkyl
19.
20. REFERENCE:-
Reaction mechanism in organic chemistry,S.M Mukherjee and S.P Singh,
Macmillan
Advanced organic chemistry –Reaction, mechanism and structure,jerry March,
John Wiley
