An organic species which has a carbon atom bearing only six electrons in its outermost shell and has a positive charge is called carbocation.
The positively charged carbon of carbocation is sp2 hybridized.
The unhybridized p-orbital remains vacant.
They are highly reactive and act as reaction intermediate.
They are also called carbonium ion.
The video lecture for this presentation is available at the following link on YouTube
https://youtu.be/3sxal579RNM
The presenation will be useful for Ug/PG (Chemistry) students
This is Power Point Presentation on Topic "Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions" as per syllabus of "University of Mumbai" for S.Y. B. Pharmacy (Sem.: IV) students.
This presentation describes the concept of Hyperconjugation in simple words, gives definition of hyperconjugation, explains why it is called as 'No bond Resonance' and gives the effects of hyperconjugation on the chemical properties of compounds: alkyl cations and their relative stability, alkyl radicals and their relative stability, alkenes and their relative stability, bond length, anomeric effect and Baker - Nathan effect.
Cyclohexane exists in different conformations viz chair, boat, twist boat and half chair. These conformations possess different energies. Therefore they differ in energy.
Rearrangement to Electron Deficient Carbon
Rearrangement to Electron Deficient Nitrogen
Rearrangement to Electron Deficient Oxygen
Rearrangement to Electron-Rich Carbon
Aromatic Rearrangements
The video lecture for this presentation is available at the following link on YouTube
https://youtu.be/3sxal579RNM
The presenation will be useful for Ug/PG (Chemistry) students
This is Power Point Presentation on Topic "Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions" as per syllabus of "University of Mumbai" for S.Y. B. Pharmacy (Sem.: IV) students.
This presentation describes the concept of Hyperconjugation in simple words, gives definition of hyperconjugation, explains why it is called as 'No bond Resonance' and gives the effects of hyperconjugation on the chemical properties of compounds: alkyl cations and their relative stability, alkyl radicals and their relative stability, alkenes and their relative stability, bond length, anomeric effect and Baker - Nathan effect.
Cyclohexane exists in different conformations viz chair, boat, twist boat and half chair. These conformations possess different energies. Therefore they differ in energy.
Rearrangement to Electron Deficient Carbon
Rearrangement to Electron Deficient Nitrogen
Rearrangement to Electron Deficient Oxygen
Rearrangement to Electron-Rich Carbon
Aromatic Rearrangements
1. Introduction
2. History of benzene
3. Nomenclature
4. Orbital structure
5. Kekule structure
6. Resonance structure
7. Resonance energy and stability 8. Structural evidence
9. Synthetic evidence
10. Analytical evidence
11. Aromaticity and huckle rule
12. Method of preparation of benzene
13. Electrophilic substitution of benzene
14. Classification of substituent 15. Directive effect : Ortho and para director, meta director
16. Reaction of monosubstituted benzene
17. Effect of Substituents on reactivity and orientation of monosubstituted benzene towards electrophilic substitution 18. Structure and uses of BHC,DDT, Saccharine and chloramine
Introduction to benzene, orbital picture, resonance in benzene, Huckel‟s rule
Reactions of benzene - nitration, sulphonation, halogenation- reactivity, Friedel- Craft‟s alkylation- reactivity, limitations, Friedel-Craft‟s acylation.
Substituents, effect of substituents on reactivity and orientation of mono substituted benzene compounds towards electrophilic substitution reaction.
Jiddu Krishnamurthy was a philosopher, speaker and writer. he always focus on child centered education.Krishnamurti was born in south India in what is now the modern day Madanapalle of Andhra Pradesh.In early adolescence, he met occultist and theosophist Charles Webster Leadbeater on the grounds of the Theosophical Society headquarters at Adyar in Madras. He was subsequently raised under the tutelage of Annie Besant and Leadbeater, leaders of the Society at the time, who believed him to be a 'vehicle' for an expected World Teacher. As a young man, he disavowed this idea and dissolved the Order of the Star in the East, an organisation that had been established to support it.According to Jiddu Krishnamurthy,
Freedom in learning means that the learner has got capacity to independently observe everything around him and examine all idea without any pressure or compulsion.We should not teach the student ‘what to think’ or ‘how to think’. allow him freedom to think himself.
Study the child thoroughly and employ such method that suits best.
Student should be treated as an equal partner.
Problem solving and explorative methods should be encourage.
Repetition encourage the mind of the child to be sluggish.
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria and is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections.
Antibiotic is a chemical that is produced by a micro-organism and that, in a relatively high dilution, inhibits the growth or reproduction of some other micro-organism.
Penicillins are bactericidal antibiotics as they kill the micro-organisms when used at therapeutic dose.
Greenhouse a building made mainly of glass, with heat & humidity regulated for growing plants. The atmosphere acts like a glass in a greenhouse.
Atmosphere, like glass absorbs some of the long wave radiation emitted by earth and radiates the energy back to earth. In this way temperature of earth is maintained.
The atmosphere surrounding the earth in this manner plays a vital role in maintaining an even temperature on the earth’s surface.
A greenhouse is that body which allows the short wavelength incoming solar radiation to come in, but does not allow the long wave outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation to escape.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
3. An organic species which has a carbon
atom bearing only six electrons in its
outermost shell and has a positive
charge is called carbocation.
The positively charged carbon of
carbocation is sp2 hybridized.
The unhybridized p-orbital remains
vacant.
They are highly reactive and act as
reaction intermediate.
They are also called carbonium ion.
4. A carbocation is an organic molecule, an
intermediate, that forms as a result of the
loss of two valence electrons, normally
shared electrons, from a carbon atom
that already has four bonds.
This leads to the formation of a carbon
atom bearing a positive charge and three
bonds instead of four. The whole
molecule holding the positively charged
carbon atom is referred to as
a carbocation intermediate.
6. i. Ionization of alkyl halide.
ii. Determination of amine by nitrous acid.
7. i. Protonation of alkenes.
ii. Protonation of alcohols followed
by dehydration.
8. • The positively charged carbon of the carbocation
is sp2 hybridized.
• This carbon used the three sp2 hybridized orbitals
for single bonding to 3 substituents.
• The unhybridized p-orbital remains vacant.
• Due to sp2 hybridization carbocation possesses
planar structure with the bond angle of 120°
between them.
10. i. Stability of alkyl carbocation.
Order of stability due to +I
Effect-
11. ii. Stability of allyl carbocation.
PRIMARY
ALLYL
CARBOCATION
TERTIARY
ALLYL
CARBOCATION
SECONDARY
ALLYL
CARBOCATION
12. iii. Stability of benzyl
carbocation.
PRIMARY
BENZYL
CARBOCATION
TERTIARY
BENZYL
CARBOCATION
SECONDARY
BENZYL
CARBOCATION
13.
14. The rule states that with the addition of a protic
acid HX to an asymmetric alkene, the acid
hydrogen (H) gets attached to the carbon with
more hydrogen substituents, and the halide (X)
group gets attached to the carbon with more alkyl
substituents. Alternatively, the rule can be stated
that the hydrogen atom is added to the carbon with
the greatest number of hydrogen atoms while the
X component is added to the carbon with the least
number of hydrogen atoms.
