Obesity is defined as having a high amount of body fat, measured primarily through the Body Mass Index (BMI), which helps categorize individuals based on their weight and height. Factors contributing to obesity include inadequate physical activity, poor dietary habits, genetics, lack of sleep, and certain medical conditions or medications. The document also discusses the health complications associated with obesity, particularly emphasizing the need for comprehensive treatment plans that include dietary changes, exercise, and possibly medical interventions.

2. What is Obesity?
Obesity is that, you have a high
amount of fat in your body, and
from that definition you can
notice that, obesity is not about
more weight, it's about more fat .
 To understand this you may
weight more because you are tall.
And this is normal.

3. Body mass index (BMI)
 is far more commonly used to define obesity and has
been found to closely correlate with the degree of
body fat in most settings .
 all you want is to measure your weight in Kilograms
(kg) and your height in meters (m), and then use this
form
 Underweight = <18.5
Normal weight = 18.5–24.9

5.  World Health Organization (WHO) criteria based on
BMI. for adults:
 GRADE 1 : (overweight ) BMI of 25-29.9 kg/m2.
 GRADE 2 : overweight (obesity) BMI of 30-39.9 kg/m2.
 GRADE 3 : overweight (severe obesity) BMI greater than
or equal to 40 kg/m2.
 Some people like the muscular athletes find their (BMI) higher than
normal, when they most likely have a normal amounts of fat in their
bodies, and the answer is that, they weight more not because of fat,
but because of muscles.

7. Causes of obesity :
• Not just the activities need to burn
calories, also many metabolic reactions
in the body need the energy from food,
such as to warm up in cold weather and
to sweat in the hot days.
• But when our food calories amounts
exceed the body need, they will be
stored in the body as fat.

8. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY :
 If you are not active enough, you do not
use the energy provided by the food you
eat, and the extra energy you consume is
stored by the body as fat.
 Levels of physical activity have declined,
in parallel with increased use of
television and computer games
 GENETICS:
It may be true that certain genetic traits inherited from your parents –
such as having a large appetite – may make losing weight more
difficult, but it certainly doesn't make it impossible.

9. DIETS:
 eating large amounts of fast food
 drinking too much alcohol
 sugary drinks
 eating larger portions than you need
 comfort eating – if you feel depressed or have low self-esteem,
you may eat to make yourself feel better
Lack of sleep
Pregnancy
Age : obesity could occur at any age, but when we get age we
lose more amount of muscles built. more amount of muscles
give higher rate of metabolism and calories burning. When we
lose them we reduce the calories burning and tend to fill the
body with fat

10. MEDICAL REASONS :
 In some cases, underlying medical conditions may contribute
to weight gain. These include : an underactive thyroid gland
(hypothyroidism) Cushing's syndrome – a rare disorder that
causes the over-production of steroid hormones.
 DRUGS :
 some medications lead the body to gain
more weight, these drugs include, diabetes
medications, steroids and beta
blockers, and antidepressants drugs.
LEPTIN :
 is a hormone made by adipose cells that helps to regulateenergy
balance by inhibiting hunger. In obesity, a decreased sensitivity to
leptin occurs, resulting in an inability to detect satiety despite high
energy stores.

11. Waist–hip ratio
is the ratio of the circumference of the
waist to that of the hips.
This is calculated as waist measurement
divided by hip measurement (W ÷ H). For
example, a person with a (64 cm) waist
and (97 cm) hips has a waist–hip ratio of
about 0.66.
 The WHR has been used as an indicator or measure of health,
and the risk of developing serious health conditions. Research
shows that people with "apple-shaped" bodies (with more
weight around the waist) face more health risks than those
with "pear-shaped" bodies who carry more weight around the
hips.

12. WHR is used as a measurement of obesity, which in turn is a
possible indicator of other more serious health conditions.
Two types of obesity (fat ditribution ) are based on The WHR :
 ANDROID :Central Obesity
- Fat accumulates in the upper segme
- Apple shaped distribution
- WHR (waist hip ratio) > 0.8
male adipose tissue distibution .
 GYNECOID :- More subcutaneous fat
- Accumulates over thighs and lower segment
- Pear shaped
- Complications fewer
female adipose tissue distibution .
women with waist–hip ratios of more than 0.8, and men with
more than 1.0, are at increased health risk because of their fat
distribution

14. What are the complications of obesity?
Hypertension .
Type 2 diabetes:
Most people who have type 2
diabetes are overweight or obese.
You can cut your risk of developing
type 2 diabetes by losing weight,
eating a balanced diet, getting
adequate sleep, and exercising more.
Sexual problems.
Social isolation.
Stroke.
Physical disability.
Gallbladder disease.

15. Sleep apnea
(dangerous sleep disorder in
which breathing repeatedly stops and
starts).
Osteoarthritis.
High cholesterol and triglycerides.
Metabolic syndrome.
Cancer.

16. Heart disease.

17. Cancer:
Cancers of the colon, breast (after menopause), endometrium, kidney, and
esophagus

19. Childhood obesity
Childhood obesity is often the result
of an interplay between many
genetic and environmental factors.
The effects of eating habits on
childhood obesity are difficult to
determine.
Calorie-rich drinks and foods are
readily available to children.
Consumption of sugar-laden soft
drinks may contribute to childhood
obesity.

20. Physical activity :Many children
fail to exercise because they are
spending time doing immobile
activities such as computer usage,
playing video games or watching
television.
medications : There are no
medications currently approved for
the treatment of obesity in children.
- Sibutramine is approved for
adolescents older than 16

22. Treatment
the healthy weight is the main goal for obesity treatment. and you can
reach that by making a good treatment plan with your doctor and may
be a big team of nutritionist, dietitian, obesity specialist and nurse.
This plan include:
Dietary changes.
Exercise and activity.
Behavior change.
Prescription medication.
Weight-loss surgery.

23. More exercise:
 150 to 250 minutes of moderate intensity activity
every week is helpful to keep you away from
obesity, and these activities such as fast walking
and swimming.
 Due to the large size of leg muscles, walking,
running, and cycling are the most effective means
of exercise to reduce body fat.
 A 1.5 kilogram loss was observed with a greater
degree of exercise.
Diet :
 eat colorful vegetables and fruit.
 eat dark chocolate.
 drink at least 4 litres of water daily.
 Avoid saturated and trans fat.
 Drinking green.

25. Drugs:
 That supress appetite like amphetamine.
 That decrease food intake and increase energy expenditure like
sibutramine.
 Acupuncture
 Liposuction : a cosmetic surgery
operation that removes fat from
many different sites on the human
body. Areas affected can range from
the abdomen, thighs and buttocks,
to the neck, backs of the arms and
elsewhere.

27. :Gastrectomy
 There are three main types of gastrectomy:
A partial gastrectomy is the removal of a
part of the stomach. It’s usually the lower half
that’s removed.
A full gastrectomy is the removal of the
entire stomach.
A sleeve gastrectomy is the removal of
the left side of the stomach. This is usually
performed as part of a surgery for weight loss
 Removing your stomach doesn’t take away
your ability to digest liquids and foods.
However, you may need to make several
lifestyle changes after the procedure.
Gastrectomy is the removal of part or all of the stomach.