In this presentation i have tried to explain in detail about the nux vomica and khurchi bark. This presentation is useful for the individuals who are looking for information on this topic especially for those students who are studying Pharmacognosy.
Synonyms;- Salai Gogil
Regional Name;- Hindi- Guggal , Guggulu, Marathi – Mahishaksh
Source ;- Gum resin obtained by the incision of the bark of ‘’COMMIPHORA MUKUL’’
Family ;- Burseraceae
G.S;- Distributed throughout India
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Synonyms;- Salai Gogil
Regional Name;- Hindi- Guggal , Guggulu, Marathi – Mahishaksh
Source ;- Gum resin obtained by the incision of the bark of ‘’COMMIPHORA MUKUL’’
Family ;- Burseraceae
G.S;- Distributed throughout India
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Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing the following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton,
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing the following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton,
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Medicinal plants are considered as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development. More than 30% of the entire plant species, at one time or other were used for medicinal purposes. It has been estimated that in developed countries like United States, plant drugs constitute as much as 25% of the total drugs, while in fast developing countries like India and China the contribution is as much as 80%. These countries provide two third of the plants used in modern system of medicine and the health care system of rural population depend on indigenous systems of medicine. Most of the drugs are considered very safe as there is no or minimal side effects.
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SYNONYM
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE
HISTORY
CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION
MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
USES
DOSE
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3. SYNONYMS: Bechlor’s Button, Nux Vomica Seed.
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:
Nux vomica consists of the dried ripe seeds of Strychonos
Nux vomica. It should contain not less than 1.2% of
Strychnine.
Family:Loganiaceae.
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE:
It is mainly found in South India, Malabar Coast,
Kerala, Bengal, Eastern Ghats, North Australia and
Ceylon.
4. CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION:
The ripe and mature fruits are collected in the
month of November to Febuary.The fruits are 3-5 cm
in diameter and are sub-spherical yellowish brown
orange like berries. The epicarp is leathery and the
pulp is bitter whitish and mucilaginous in which
two to five seeds are embedded. The epicarp is
seperated and the seeds are removed and washed to
remove pulp. They are dried on the mats in the sun
and graded according to size.
5. MORPHOLOGY:
Colour - Greenish grey seeds, fruits are orange.
Odour - Odourless.
Taste - Bitter.
Shape - Disc shaped seeds, fruits are globular.
Size - Seeds are 10-30 mm in diameter, 3-5 mm in
thickness ,fruits are 3-5 cm in diameter.
Margin - Rounded .
8. Chemical constituents:
It consists of Indole alkaloids such as Strychnine
(1.25% ), Brucine (1.5%), Fatty Matter 3%, Strychinine,
Caffeotannic acid & a trace of copper.
9. Uses:
Respiratory and cardiac stimulant.
Bitter tonic.
It is used along with cascara for constipation.
Seeds used in rheumatism, paralysis, asthma,
diabetes, piles.
Powdered seeds used for atonic dyspepsia.
Insomania.
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES:
Anti-microbial, Anti-venom, Anti-diabetic,
Immunomodulatory, Anti-Inflammatory,
Analgesic, Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Tumor.
10. TOXICOLOGY:
It is a deadly poison with a lethal dose of about 30 to
120 mg in humans.
Doses of 5 mg or more (as little as one seed) can
cause anxiety, restlessness, painful convulsions,
respiratory difficulty and even death from suffocation
or exhaustion.
In case of poisoning, a stomach pump should be
used immediately and potassium permanganate
given to inactivate strychnine. There is no specific
antidote. Treatment is supportive.
13. SYNONYMS: Holarrhena, Kurchi (Hindi).
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:
It consists of dried stem bark of Holarrhena antidysentrica.
FAMILY: Apocynaceae.
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE:
The plant is found throughout India, ascending upto 1,250 m
in the Himalayas, especially in wet forests.
CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION:
Kurchi is a small tree, 9-10 m high. The bark is collected
from the tree by making suitable transverse and
longitudinal incisions. The alkaloidal content is high
soon after the rains when new shoots are produced.
16. POWDER CHARACTERITICS:
Cork cells.
Stone cells.
Starch grains.
Prismatic Calcium oxalate crystals.
Medullary rays.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
It contains alkaloidal constituents upto 1.1% to 4.72%.
Main steroidal alkaloid is Conessine (20-30%). Other
Alkaloids isolated includes conessimine, conamine,
conimine, Holarrhimine, Isoconessimine also contains
Gum, Resin, Tannin, Digitenol glycoside.
17. USES:
Stomachic.
Astringent.
Tonic.
Anti-amoebic.
Used in Diarrhoea.
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES:
Anthelmintic, Anti-diarrhoeal, Anti-dysenteric,
Astringent, Carminative, Diuretic, Helps in
Establishing Fertilization, Galactogogue.
TOXICOLOGY:
Currently no Toxicity information is available for
kurchi Bark.