A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
The selected study area for this study is Pachaimalai Hills, situated in Eastern ghats of Tamil Nadu. This study
was focussed on the antimicrobial activity of Mimosopselengi, one of the medicinal plant belongs to the family
sapotaceae. It is a tropically distributed the highly medicinal plant. Antimicrobial activities and extracts of
petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and methanol were also found to be better with respect to inhibitory function
against the two fungal species, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The study scientifically validates
the use of plant in traditional and ethno medicine. Three solvents such as Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and
Ethanol were used to take plant extract. These extracts were studied for antimicrobial activity against two gram
positive bacterial strains such as Bacillus substilis andBacillus thuriengensis and two gram negative bacterial
strains such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. This study also extended to find antifungal activity
against four fungal strains
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
The selected study area for this study is Pachaimalai Hills, situated in Eastern ghats of Tamil Nadu. This study
was focussed on the antimicrobial activity of Mimosopselengi, one of the medicinal plant belongs to the family
sapotaceae. It is a tropically distributed the highly medicinal plant. Antimicrobial activities and extracts of
petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and methanol were also found to be better with respect to inhibitory function
against the two fungal species, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The study scientifically validates
the use of plant in traditional and ethno medicine. Three solvents such as Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and
Ethanol were used to take plant extract. These extracts were studied for antimicrobial activity against two gram
positive bacterial strains such as Bacillus substilis andBacillus thuriengensis and two gram negative bacterial
strains such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. This study also extended to find antifungal activity
against four fungal strains
ABSTRACT- Medicinal Plants have been practiced for hundreds of centuries by tribes all over the world. From the earliest times until the end of nineteenth century plants are still the common source of medicinal treatment yet. Using natural, plant-derived medicines that are “healthier” then prescription drugs derived from synthesized products is something that appeals to consumers. The medicinal plants are of great importance because there are utilized as medicines. Aim of this research work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola plant against various patho-genic strains of bacteria. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia laureola were used against four bacterial strains Escherichia coli,Bacillus subti-lus, Staphylococcusaureus and Proteus mirabilis in order to check the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola. Antibacterial activity was conducted by agar well diffusion method. The Skimmia laureola showed different level of antibacterial activity. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia lau-reola showed antibacterial activity against the micro-organism but not too maximum. Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Skimmia Laureola, Antibacterial Activity.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Pharmacological and gross behavioral studies on Memecylon terminale Dalz, a ...Jing Zang
The Memecylon terminale Dalz is one of the important medicinal plants that are being used extensively by the Indian traditional healers to cure many diseases although there are no reports on the identity of the active ingredients. This plant belongs to the family of Melastomataceae, exclusively found in the Western Ghat region of Karnataka in India. In this study, we prepared the extracts of this plant by continuous Soxhlet’s extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol. The concentrated extracts were assayed for their phytochemical constituents, and determined their antibacterial, analgesic, antioxidant and RBC protective activity. The phytochemical analysis of M. terminale Dalz extracts revealed the presence of significant levels of alkaloids and flavonoids and moderate amounts of steroids, tannins and phenols. Among the extracts, the methanolic extract of the plant, containing a good percentage of phenolics, showed a dose dependent antibacterial activity against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and in addition, it was found to have a good antioxidant property and analgesic activity. M. terminale Dalz is an endemic medicinal plant found only in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, which has the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and possessing very good antioxidant and analgesic property. Further detailed studies are needed to identify the active principles and their relationship to biological activities.
Effect of environmental pollution on the quality of an edible plant Alternant...Premier Publishers
The present study is the comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb collected from unpolluted and polluted site. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts (unpolluted and polluted site) of A philoxeroides that showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, aminoacids, diterpenes, tannin, terpenoids, protein, steroid, oxalate, coumarin and quinones. The ethanol extract showed higher number of phytochemical constituents when compared to the other extract of unpolluted site. The microbial load is also enumerated in the unpolluted and polluted site. In conclusion, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of many phytoconstituents in ethanol extract and the microbial load is less in the unpolluted site when compared to the polluted site.
Abstract
In recent times, there is an extensive interest in these Alcoholic extracts due to the emergence and spread of new drugresistant human pathogens to existing antimicrobials. The emergence of medicine opposing pathogens is one of the mostcritical threats to booming treatment of bacterial diseases. Mode of action of Methanolic extracts likely involves fairly a lotof targets in the cell due to huge number of active components and also their hydroplillicity helps them to screen in the cellmembrane, rendering them permeable , leading to leakage of cell contents. This calls for a transformed effort to identifyagents efficient against disease causing bacteria to present antimicrobials. Seed extracts of two different plants viz. Phoenixdactylifera and Annona squamosa, were prepared by methanol extraction method at the ratio of 1:2 using 100ml volume of methanol and stock concentration of 50mg/ml in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) of each extract was made.The extracts and fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity against standard microbial strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (gramnegative), Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive), Escherichia.coli (gram-negative), Salmonella typhi (gram-negative) , Enterococcus faecalis (grampositive), Pseudomon aerugenosa (gram-negative),and Salmonella paratyphi (gram-negative)by means of Agar-Disc Diffusion Method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was noted .. The test culture of standard microbial cultures was 3 X 105 CFU/ml, and standard antibiotic used is Ampicillin with clavulanic acid. In this context, two extract from traditional plants, Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) and Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) were used alone or in combination to assess their antimicrobial efficacy against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial clinical isolates .Antimicrobial test was completed by agar disc diffusion method. Although, both extract were found to be effective in inhibiting pathogens to varying degrees to the tested organisms, the Annona squamosa extract is found to be more effective than Phoenix dactylifera.When both extracts were used in combination, they have shown strong synergistic effect against all the pathogens tested in the present studyexcept for the P.aerugenosa and S. Para typhi. Bactericidal abilities displayed by the seed extracts signified their remarkable potential for exploration for effective natural antimicrobial agents against standard pathogenic bacteria. The extracts have shown the synergistic effects even at their MIC against E.fecalis, indicating that with further researches these extracts can be used for treating enteric diseases.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
A Comparative study of the Antimicrobial activities of five varieties of esse...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ABSTRACT- Medicinal Plants have been practiced for hundreds of centuries by tribes all over the world. From the earliest times until the end of nineteenth century plants are still the common source of medicinal treatment yet. Using natural, plant-derived medicines that are “healthier” then prescription drugs derived from synthesized products is something that appeals to consumers. The medicinal plants are of great importance because there are utilized as medicines. Aim of this research work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola plant against various patho-genic strains of bacteria. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia laureola were used against four bacterial strains Escherichia coli,Bacillus subti-lus, Staphylococcusaureus and Proteus mirabilis in order to check the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola. Antibacterial activity was conducted by agar well diffusion method. The Skimmia laureola showed different level of antibacterial activity. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia lau-reola showed antibacterial activity against the micro-organism but not too maximum. Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Skimmia Laureola, Antibacterial Activity.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Pharmacological and gross behavioral studies on Memecylon terminale Dalz, a ...Jing Zang
The Memecylon terminale Dalz is one of the important medicinal plants that are being used extensively by the Indian traditional healers to cure many diseases although there are no reports on the identity of the active ingredients. This plant belongs to the family of Melastomataceae, exclusively found in the Western Ghat region of Karnataka in India. In this study, we prepared the extracts of this plant by continuous Soxhlet’s extraction using petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol. The concentrated extracts were assayed for their phytochemical constituents, and determined their antibacterial, analgesic, antioxidant and RBC protective activity. The phytochemical analysis of M. terminale Dalz extracts revealed the presence of significant levels of alkaloids and flavonoids and moderate amounts of steroids, tannins and phenols. Among the extracts, the methanolic extract of the plant, containing a good percentage of phenolics, showed a dose dependent antibacterial activity against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and in addition, it was found to have a good antioxidant property and analgesic activity. M. terminale Dalz is an endemic medicinal plant found only in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, which has the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and possessing very good antioxidant and analgesic property. Further detailed studies are needed to identify the active principles and their relationship to biological activities.
Effect of environmental pollution on the quality of an edible plant Alternant...Premier Publishers
The present study is the comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb collected from unpolluted and polluted site. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts (unpolluted and polluted site) of A philoxeroides that showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, aminoacids, diterpenes, tannin, terpenoids, protein, steroid, oxalate, coumarin and quinones. The ethanol extract showed higher number of phytochemical constituents when compared to the other extract of unpolluted site. The microbial load is also enumerated in the unpolluted and polluted site. In conclusion, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of many phytoconstituents in ethanol extract and the microbial load is less in the unpolluted site when compared to the polluted site.
Abstract
In recent times, there is an extensive interest in these Alcoholic extracts due to the emergence and spread of new drugresistant human pathogens to existing antimicrobials. The emergence of medicine opposing pathogens is one of the mostcritical threats to booming treatment of bacterial diseases. Mode of action of Methanolic extracts likely involves fairly a lotof targets in the cell due to huge number of active components and also their hydroplillicity helps them to screen in the cellmembrane, rendering them permeable , leading to leakage of cell contents. This calls for a transformed effort to identifyagents efficient against disease causing bacteria to present antimicrobials. Seed extracts of two different plants viz. Phoenixdactylifera and Annona squamosa, were prepared by methanol extraction method at the ratio of 1:2 using 100ml volume of methanol and stock concentration of 50mg/ml in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) of each extract was made.The extracts and fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity against standard microbial strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (gramnegative), Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive), Escherichia.coli (gram-negative), Salmonella typhi (gram-negative) , Enterococcus faecalis (grampositive), Pseudomon aerugenosa (gram-negative),and Salmonella paratyphi (gram-negative)by means of Agar-Disc Diffusion Method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was noted .. The test culture of standard microbial cultures was 3 X 105 CFU/ml, and standard antibiotic used is Ampicillin with clavulanic acid. In this context, two extract from traditional plants, Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) and Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) were used alone or in combination to assess their antimicrobial efficacy against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial clinical isolates .Antimicrobial test was completed by agar disc diffusion method. Although, both extract were found to be effective in inhibiting pathogens to varying degrees to the tested organisms, the Annona squamosa extract is found to be more effective than Phoenix dactylifera.When both extracts were used in combination, they have shown strong synergistic effect against all the pathogens tested in the present studyexcept for the P.aerugenosa and S. Para typhi. Bactericidal abilities displayed by the seed extracts signified their remarkable potential for exploration for effective natural antimicrobial agents against standard pathogenic bacteria. The extracts have shown the synergistic effects even at their MIC against E.fecalis, indicating that with further researches these extracts can be used for treating enteric diseases.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
A Comparative study of the Antimicrobial activities of five varieties of esse...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A new hybrid steganographic method for histogram preservation IJEEE
This paper presents a histogram preserving data embedding method for grey-scale images which is based on pixel value differencing (PVD) and least-significant-bit (LSB) substitution methods. Various PVD based steganographic methods achieve high data embedding capacity with minimum distortions in stego image at the cost of change in histogram characteristics which is can be detected by histogram based steganalysers. This persistent problem can been taken care off by proposed method of data hiding. The improved performance of the proposed method is verified through extensive simulations.
If you’re like most small business owners, you have leads, but you’re having trouble making sure you’re spending your time and resources on the ones most ready to buy. Nothing is more frustrating than wasting energy on cold leads. Part of the problem is that your marketing efforts may not be bringing the best leads to you and your team. It’s a common problem. You need lead scoring to sort this out. If you’re actually doing lead scoring, you’re either doing it right or you’re doing it wrong. There isn’t much in between. Attend this class session to find out how to be lead scoring rock star.
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Effects of Leaf and Root Extracts o...inventionjournals
Crotalaria brevidens (slenderleaf) leaves and shoots are used as food and have medicinal properties when consumed by human beings. It also acts as an agent in promotion of suicidal germination of striga, a parasitic plant that is a major problem weed for maize and millet growers. In view of its medicinal importance, and there being increased tolerance of many microorganisms towards known antibiotics, there is a need to establish the anti microbial properties of extracts obtained from its roots, stem, leaf and other body parts against pathogenic microorganism. Even though this plant is reported to have immense medicinal value in treating stomach related ailments, malaria and many other tropical diseases, before this study little was known about the antimicrobial potentials of its roots, stem and leaves against three candidate microorganisms namely; Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. This study was thus initiated to investigate (1) the antimicrobial effects of slenderleaf on Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, and (2) establish the presence of phenols, steroids, glycosides, saponins, quinones, tannins, terpenoids and flavonoids in its crude leaf and root extracts. The plant roots and leaves used during these studies were collected, shade dried and blended to obtain a fine powder. Ethanol was used as the solvent to extract the pure components by dissolving 25g of leaves and 6g of roots separately in 150ml of ethanol in each case. After seven days, the extract was filtered and the filtrate put in a rotary evaporator to obtain a pure solid sample of the extract. A stock solution was made with 3g of the leaf extract that resulted by dissolving in 40ml distilled water making a concentration of 75mg/ml. the stock was diluted to 3.75mg/ml, 11.25mg/ml, 18.75mg/ml and 37.5mg/ml as 5%, 15%, 25% and 50% respectively. A control with distilled water (0%) was used. This was then replicated thrice to minimize variability and arranged in a completely randomized design. The screening of antimicrobial activity of crude extracts was done by measuring the zone of inhibition using agar diffusion method. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated and compared using least significance difference (LSD) at (p<0.05). There was a clear zone observed around the discs impregnated in the extract and transferred to the inoculated petri dishes. High inhibition was observed on Escherichia coli at a concentration of 37.5mg/ml. phytochemical screening showed presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, phenols, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides as secondary metabolites. The crude extracts obtained in these studies clearly indicated antimicrobial properties against the three tested microorganisms, and therefore there is need to determine the main active components for studies that may lead to the discovery of new natural drugs.
Hydroponic production of the medicinal plants Arnica (Arnica montana L) and T...AI Publications
For the treatment of chronic-degenerative diseases, the use of medicinal plants is an attractive alternative compared to traditional pharmaceutical drugs, the supply of this type of plants occurs in most cases by collection in the wild. Hence, the information available on hydroponic production for these plant inputs is scarce and little is known about their development under optimal and ideal conditions, different from their wild condition. The objective of the research was to evaluate the growth of Arnica (Arnica montana L) and Toronjil (Agastache mexicana) produced hydroponically under greenhouse conditions, for which two crops were managed, one with treatment and the other without it as a control, the first with hydroponics (inorganic substrate with nutrient solution) and the second, with organic substrate without adding nutrients. The experimental design was completely randomized with five repetition cycles per treatment. It was statistically proven that hydroponic production positively affected plant growth. In both cases, Arnica and Lemon Balm increased their growth and mass compared to the control by 36.5% and 38.4% respectively, the variables of dry and fresh weight followed a similar trend, being favored by the hydroponic culture with respect to the control; On the other hand, the yield of dry extract from a 20.0% tincture for both species were very similar in percentage terms, being slightly higher for plants produced hydroponically.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
Screening of antimicrobial activity of indian plants such as Andrographis echoids , Mirabilis jalapa & Canna indica.
A polyherbal extract was made using 4 different solvents i.e. Pet Ether, Chloroform, Ethanol & Aqueous and the method of extraction was soxhlation.
Further Preliminary Phytochemical screening was done and found that presence of Flavonoids were more in Ethanolic extract which was responsible for our activity.
Acute oral toxicity studies were done.
Evaluation was done.
For Final conclusion you can check the ppt.
Evaluation of Protective Efficacy of Hydro Alcoholic Extract and Methanol Fra...paperpublications3
Abstract: The objective of the study was to investigate and compare the radioprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) and methanol fraction (MF) of Tamarindus indica pod in mice against electron beam radiation. Animals were treated with 100 mg/Kg body weight of HAE and MF of T. indica for 15 consecutive days before exposing to 6Gy (sublethal dose) whole body EBR. The irradiation of animals resulted in an elevation in lipid peroxidation and reduction in glutathione, total antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities. Irradiated group had shown micronucleus in the bone marrow cells. Treatment of mice with HAE and MF before irradiation, reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness when compared with the irradiated group. Pretreated mice showed a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation followed by elevation in reduced glutathione, total antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase. It also showed a reduction in the micronucleus formation in bone marrow cells. The findings of our study indicate the protective efficacy of HAE and MF on radiation induced biochemical and chromosomal changes in mice may be due to its free radical scavenging and increased antioxidant levels. It also reveals MF, a better protective agent than that of HAE of T. indica.
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against ...ijtsrd
The some plants have been good source of drugs for microbial resistance. The research for newer source of antibiotics is a global challenges in pharmaceutical companies. Present time plants are being extensively explored for harboring medicinal properties. Phytochemical are naturally occurring compounds present in the medicinal plants such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Psidium guajava is a phototherapeutic plant used in folk medicine and is believed to have active components that helps in treatment and management of various disease such as wounds, ulcers, etc. Guava extract has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. This study investigates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity at the plant extract were determined against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli. Psidium guajava leaf extracts provided scientific evidence for the rational use of P. juajava leaves in prevention of disorders due to Presence of some useful phytochemicals and in the treatment of disease caused by some bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, B. cereus, K. pneumonae, E. coli. The present work demonstrates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaves extracts by using various solvents. Pooja Soudawat | Anand Verma "Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against Some Clinical Pathogens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29134/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-psidium-guajava-against-some-clinical-pathogens/pooja-soudawat
A Study on Evaluation and Effectiveness of Herbal Hand Sanitizer and its Anti...ijtsrd
An ever increasing number of customers might want Good hygiene is a minister to health, comfort, and social interactions. Current society is well aware of hygiene. Washing hands is one of the simplest, most effective ways to get rid of germs and avoid infection. Transient microorganisms can be of any type, from any source may contact the body. As hands carry out the majority of functions of the humans body and are exposed to a variety of substances, hands hygiene plays a chief conscientiousness. Herbal plants are the unique resources of every country with potent medicinal properties pave ways towards sustainable health. In this present study, the combination of Trachyspermum copticum, Coleus aromaticus, Acorus calamus, Mentha piperita, Piper nigram, Elatteria cardamomum and Aloe barbadensis were used to formulate herbal hand sanitizer. The hand wash samples were subjected to microbial analysis. The isolated strains (Yersinia, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, and Pseudomonas) were characterized by their cultural characterization and confirmed using selective media. Herbal sanitizer possesses vitamin C (.4%), vitamin A (0.062) and considerable microbial load. The antioxidant activity was found to be 49% and the susceptibility test showed more activity found in Yersinia sp. > Proteus sp > Salmonella sp. > Klebseilla sp. > Pseudomonas sp. > E.coli. Dr. R. Kalaivani | Ms. S. V. Bakiyalakshmi | P. Arulmozhi"A Study on Evaluation and Effectiveness of Herbal Hand Sanitizer and its Anti Bacterial Activity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12922.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/biotechnology-/12922/a-study-on-evaluation-and-effectiveness-of-herbal-hand-sanitizer-and-its-anti-bacterial-activity/dr-r-kalaivani
14 jan antimicrobila effect of medicinal_bishnu_edited_original
Rwarinda U Angelo
1. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(10): 33-42
33
Original Research Article
Efficacy of Acacia nilotica Extracts Towards Microbicidal
Activity against Pathogens
Rwarinda U Angelo*
Department of Biotechnology, Prist University, Thanjaur, India
*Corresponding author
A B S T R A C T
Introduction
Since the starting of medicinal activities
human being want to search new drugs for
the present diseases and based on his daily
food mainly composed of vegetables, reads
to the discover of different medicinal plants.
According to World Health Organization
(WHO), medicinal plants would be the best
source to obtain variety of drugs. About
80% of individuals from developed
countries used traditional medicines, which
have compounds derived from medicinal
plants. Those plants used should be
investigated to better understand their
properties, safety and efficiency.
(Arunkumar and Muthuselvam, 2009).
Medicinal plants are those plants which
show antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral or
insecticidal activities.
From the best known and used medicine
shows the high level of usage of those plants
and while traditional medicinal plants are
often cheaper, locally available and easily
consumable, raw or as simple medicinal
preparations (Cowan et al., 1999).
There are three ways in which plants have
been found useful in medicine. First, they
may be used directly as teas or in other
extracted forms for their natural chemical
constituents. Second, they may be used as
agents in the synthesis of drugs. Finally, the
organic molecules found in plants may be
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 10 (2015) pp. 33-42
http://www.ijcmas.com
Human knowledge is wide as long as he can get an adaptation in new environment;
the traditional medicine involves the use of different plants or the bioactive
constituents different plants and this was done long time ago based on the history of
human being. This study provides the health application of acacia nilotica, based on
its secondary metabolites which are responsible for medicinal activities.
Phytochemical analysis of acacia nilotica plant confirm the presence of various
phytochemicals saponins, terpenoids, steroids, anthocyanins, coumarins and tannins,
The results suggest that the phytochemical properties for curing various ailments and
possess potential antimicrobial, antioxidant and leads to the isolation of new and
novel compounds.
Keywords
Acacia
nilotica,
phytochemical
properties,
Bioactive
constituents,
Antimicrobial,
Antioxidant
2. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(10): 33-42
34
used as models for synthetic drugs. These
forms are achieved by two different ways
herbalism and phytotherapy.
Plants have the ability to synthesize a wide
variety of chemical compounds that are used
to perform important biological functions,
and to defend against attack from
predators such as insects, fungi and
herbivorous mammals. Many of these
phytochemicals have beneficial effects on
long-term health when consumed by
humans, and can be used to effectively treat
human diseases. At least 12,000 such
compounds have been isolated so far; a
number estimated to be less than 10% of the
total (Lai and Roy, 2004).
Medicinal plants
The use of herbs to treat disease is almost
universal among non-industrialized
societies, and is often more affordable than
purchasing expensive modern
pharmaceuticals. The World Health
Organization (WHO) estimates that 80
percent of the Asian and African countries
presently use herbal medicine for some
aspect of primary health care. Studies in the
United States and Europe have shown that
their use is less common in clinical settings,
but has become increasingly more in recent
years as scientific evidence about the
effectiveness of herbal medicine has become
more widely available. The annual global
export value of pharmaceutical plants in
2011 accounted for over US$2.2 billion.
Phytochemistry
All plants produce chemical compounds as
part of their normal metabolic activities.
These phytochemicals are divided into
primary metabolites such as sugars and
fats, which are found in all plants; and
secondary metabolites compounds which are
found in a smaller range of plants, serving a
more specific function. For example, some
secondary metabolites are toxins used
to deter predation and others are
pheromones used to attract insects
for pollination. It is these secondary
metabolites and pigments that can have
therapeutic actions in humans and which can
be refined to produce drugs examples
are inulin from the roots of dahlias, quinine
from the cinchona, morphine and codeine
from the poppy, and digoxin from the
foxglove. Toxic plants even have use in
pharmaceutical development.
Acacia plant
Acacia known commonly as Acacia, thorn
tree, whistling thorn, or wattle, is a genus of
shrubs and trees belonging to
the subfamily Mimosoideae of the family
Fabaceae, described by the Swedish
botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1773 based on the
African species Acacia nilotica. Many non-
Australian species tend to be thorny,
whereas the majority of Australian Acacias
are not. All species are pod-bearing, with
sap and leaves often bearing large amounts
of tannins and condensed tannins that
historically found use as pharmaceuticals
and preservatives.
The generic name derives from (akakia), the
name given by early Greek botanist-
physician Pedanius Dioscorides (middle to
late first century) to the medicinal
tree A. nilotica in his book Materia
Medica. This name derives from
the Greek word for its characteristic
thorns. The species name nilotica was given
by Linnaeus from this tree's best-known
range along the Nile River.
3. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(10): 33-42
35
Table.1 Taxonomical classification of Acacia nilotica species
KINGDOM Plantae
SUBKINGDOM Tracheobionta
SUPER
DIVISION
spermatophyta
DIVISION Magnoliophyta
CLASS magnoliopsida
SUBCLASS rosidae
ORDER Fabales
FAMILY Fabaceae
GENUS Acacia
SPECIES nilotica
Acacia nilotica is a shrub or tree belonging
to the family Leguminosae. It is widely
distributed in Kenya and is widely used for
medicinal purposes in both human and
veterinary medicine in resource-poor rural
and urban households. The decoction of its
stem barks is used against diarrhoea and eye
problems in livestock, stomachache,
malaria, coughs, and primary infection of
syphilis, sterility, and pneumonia in human
being (Kokwaro, 1976).
It is a low, branched tree with a more or less
spherical crown. Black bark on stem
becomes ash-grey to light brown on the
branches, bearing small, short, sharply
hooked spines in pairs. It has a shallow but
extensive root system radiating from the
crown, allowing the plant to exploit soil
moisture and nutrients from a large volume
of soil. The roots rarely penetrate more than
1 m. leaves characterized by 2 pairs of
pinnulae, each with a single pair of leaflets.
Leaflets elliptic 0.6-2 cm long and 0.6 1.2
cm wide, glabrous and highly coloured
beneath.
Today, traditional medicinal practices form
an integral part of complementary or
alternative medicine. Although their efficacy
and mechanism of action have not been
tested scientifically in most cases, these
simple medicinal preparations often mediate
beneficial responses due to their chemical
constituents. The aim of this study is to
assess the phytochemicals present in Acacia
nilotica and examine their anti microbial
effects.
Materials and Methods
Sample collection
Fresh leaves of Acacia nilotica were
collected in Tamil nadu, Tanjavur district, in
garden RAJA SARFOGI College.
The plant materials were dried until all the
water molecules evaporated and plants
became well dried for grinding. After
drying, the plant materials were ground well
using mechanical blender into fine powder
labeling for future use.
4. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(10): 33-42
36
Preparation of plant extracts
Crude plant extracts were prepared by
Soxhlet extraction method. About 20 g of
powdered plant leaves was uniformly
packed into a thimble and extracted with
180 ml of different solvents separately.
Solvents used were methanol, ethanol and
acetone. The process of extraction till the
solvent in siphon tube of an extractor
became colorless. After that the extracts
were taken in beakers and kept on a hot
plate and heated at 30 40o
C till all the
solvent got evaporated. Dried extracts were
kept in a refrigerator at 4o
C for their future
use in phytochemical analysis.
Antibacterial study
Micro organisms
In this study both gram positive
(Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative
(Escherichia coli) bacteria were used to
determine antibacterial activity of different
alcoholic extracts of plant Acacia nilotica.
Bacteria broth was prepared by dissolving
1.3 gr of nutrient broth in 100 ml of distilled
water. Then, took loop full of bacteria
culture from the slant and inoculate bacteria
into broth medium. Incubation took place
for 18-24 hrs at 37o
C.
Determination of antibacterial activity
During this study antibacterial activity of
Acacia nilotica extracts were carried out by
a modified well agar method. Mueller
Hinton agar plates were swabbed with 24
hrs old broth culture of selected bacteria.
Consequently, using sterile borer, well of
0.6 cm diameter was made into each Mueller
Hinton agar 4 wells were made and 40 micro
liter of each extract was filled into the well.
The control antibiotic (Tetracycline) was
used to compare each extract activity, and
then the plates were incubated for 24 hrs at
37o
C. Results were recorded by measuring
the diameter of inhibitory zone by using a
transparent meter rule at the end of 24 hrs.
Antifungal study
Micro organism
For this study, fungal strain, Aspergillus
niger was used to determine antifungal
activity of different extracts of plant Acacia
Nilotica.
Potato dextrose broth was prepared by
dissolving 3.9g of potato dextrose broth into
100 ml of distilled water. A loop full of
fungal culture from the slant was inoculated
in broth medium and then incubated for 48
hrs at 37o
C.
Determination of antifungal activity
In study, antifungal activity of Acacia
nilotica extracts was carried out by a
modified well agar method. Mueller Hinton
agar plates were swabbed with 24 hrs old
broth culture of selected fungal strain
(Asperigullus niger). Consequently, using
sterile borer, well of 0.6 cm diameter was
made into each Mueller Hinton agar. Four
wells were made and 40 micro liter of each
extract was filled into the well.
The control antibiotic (Clotrimazole) was
used to compare each extract activity, and
then the plates were incubated for 24 hrs at
37 o
C. Results were recorded by measuring
the diameter of inhibitory zone by using a
transparent meter rule at the end of 24 hrs.
Phytochemical analysis
All the extracts of powder of plant sample
5. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(10): 33-42
37
were subjected to qualitative test for the
identification of various plant constituents.
Test for alkaloid
a. Mayer s test: 0.5 ml of each plant extract
was treated with Mayer s reagent; an
appearance of yellow color indicates the
presence of alkaloid.
b. Dragendroff s test: 0.5 ml of each plant
extract was treated with Dragendroff s
reagent (potassium bismith iodide). An
orange or orange red precipitate is formed.
c. Wagner s test: 0.5 ml of each plant extract
was treated with Wager s reagent gives a
brown or reddish brown precipitate.
Test for flavonoids
5 ml of the ammonia solution was added to
the portion of the plant extract. The
appearance of the yellow fluorescence
examined under the UV light indicated the
presence of flavonoids.
Test for steroids (Libermann test)
0.5 ml of the plant extract was mixed with 2
ml of acetic anhydride, 2 ml of chloroform
followed by 2 ml of sulphuric acid. The
colour changed from violet to blue or green
in some samples indicated the presence of
steroids.
Test for saponins
5 ml of each plant extract was mixed in 80
% 1ml concentrated H2SO4. A layer of the
green coloration was formed at the interface
thus indicating a positive result for the
presence of saponins.
Test for tannins
0.5 ml of plant extract was dissolved in 10
ml distilled water and filtered. 1% aqueous
Iron chloride (FeCl3) solution was added to
the filtrate. The appearance of intense green,
purple, blue or black colour indicated the
presence of tannins in the test samples.
Test for glycoside
5ml of diluted sulphuric acid was added in
extracts in a test tube and boiled for fifteen
minutes in a water bath. It was then cooled
and neutralized with 20% potassium
hydroxides solution. A mixture of 10ml of
equal parts of Fehling s solution A and B
were added and boiled for five minutes. A
more dense red precipitate indicates the
presence of glycosides.
Test for terpenoid
5ml of aqueous extract of plant sample was
mixed with 2ml of CHCl3 in a test tube and
3ml of concentrated H2SO4 is carefully
added to the mixture to form a layer. An
interface with a reddish brown coloration is
formed if terpenoids constituent is present.
Antioxidant activity assay
To determine the reducing power assay of
plant sample Yildrim et al. (2001) method
was used.
Reagents required
Phosphate buffer, potassium ferric cyanide,
trichloro acetic acid and ferric chloride.
Method
Different concentration of plant extract was
mixed with phosphate buffer (2.5 ml 0.2 M,
pH 6.6) and potassium ferricyanide (2.5 ml).
The mixture was incubated at 50o
C for 20
minutes. A portion (2.5 ml) of
tricholoroacetic acid (10%) was added to the
mixture, which was then centrifuged at 3000
6. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(10): 33-42
38
rpm for 10 min. The upper layer of solution
(2.5ml) was mixed with distilled water
(2.5ml) and ferric chloride (0.5ml, 0.1%)
and the absorbance was measured at 700nm.
Increased absorbance of the reaction mixture
indicates stronger reducing power. The
activity was compared with ascorbic acid
standard.
Calculation
Percentage scavenging activity =
control test
control
A A
100
A
Where Acontrol is the absorbance of the
control Atest is the absorbance in the
presence of the sample.
Results and Discussion
The present study was carried out on
antimicrobial and phytochemical screening
of ethanolic extracts, methanolic extracts
and acetone extract of Acacia nilotica.
Phytochemical analysis
The phytochemical analysis of leaves extract
was carried out and was shown in the table
2.
Table.2 Preliminary phytochemical analysis
S. No
Phytochemical
Constituents
Name of the Test
Acetone Ethanol Methanol
1 Alkaloid
Mayer s test
Dragendroff s test
Wagner Test
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
2 Flavonoids Ammonia test - - -
3 Steroids Libermann s test + + +
4 Saponin H2SO4 + + +
5 Tannin Lead Acetate - - -
6 Glycoside Fehling Solution
A &B
- - -
7 Terpenoid CHCl3 & Conc.
H2SO4
+ + +
+ Present; - Absent
Antibacterial activity
The bacteria culture of E. coli and
staphylococcus aureus in petriplates were
incubated along with were checked for
growth inhibition zones of organism after 24
hrs, the antibacterial activity of ethanolic,
methanolic and acetone extracts of plant
Acacia nilotica was studied and presented in
table 4.
Antibacterial activity of dried leaves extract
and their efficiency were quantitatively
assessed using agar well diffusion methods
by measuring the diameter of growth of
inhibition zone.
The present study indicates that the
ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica
significantly suppress the growth of selected
bacteria. The ethanolic extract of Acacia
nilotica was most active against the
microorganisms Bacillus subtilis and
Escherichia coli. The maximum inhibition
7. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(10): 33-42
39
zone was obtained in E. coli 26 mm and the
minimum inhibition zone was methanolic
extract found in Staphylococcus aureus
which is 1 mm.
The comparison in strain shows that in gram
negative E. coli the minimum zone of
inhibition was observed on acetonic extracts
which is 23mm while the maximum was
25mm on methanolic extract, in gram
positive Staphylococcus aureus the
minimum zone of inhibition was observed
on methanolic extract and was 13mm and
the maximum one was 18mm on ethanolic
extract. When compared to the ethanolic,
methanolic and acetonic extracts, ethanolic
extract showed the highest zone of inhibition
among the organisms.
Table.3 Antimicrobial activity
Zone of Inhibition(mm)S.No Name of organism
S 30% 50% 80%
1 E. coli 38 28 32
2 Staphylococcus aureus 38 29 32 34
3 A. niger 30 20 25 28
Table.4 Minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts against pathogens
MIC(mg/ml)S.no Name of organism
Ethanolic extract Methanolic extract Acetone extract
1 E. coli 2.5 9 4
2 Staphylococcus aureus 5 10 7
3 A.niger 3 10 8
Table.5 In-vitro antioxidant activity of plant extract by reducing power scavenging activity
Inhibition values in %
Sample Extracts 0.5 ml 1.0 ml
30% Ethanolic extract 53.2 91.6
50% Ethanolic extract 54.3 69.3
80% Ethanolic extract 37.4 61.4
Fig.1 Antibacterial activity
8. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(10): 33-42
40
Fig.2 Ethanolic extract with different concentrations
Fig.3 In-vitro antioxidant activity by reducing power scavenging activity
In-Vitro Antioxidant activity of Plant extract by
Reducing Power Scavenging Activity
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
30% 50% 80%
Concentration of extract
Valuesin%
1.0 ml
0.5 ml
Table 4 shows minimum inhibitory
concentration of the extracts against various
pathogens used in this study. The MIC of
ethanol extract was low (2.5mg/ml) as
compared to other extracts (10 mg/ml). The
lower MIC is an indication of high
effectiveness of extract.
Antifungal activity
The fungal culture of Aspergillus niger in
petriplate was along with the test were
checked for growth inhibitions zone of
organisms after 48hrs, the fungal activity
ethanolic extract, methanolic extract,
acetone extract of plants Acacia nilotica was
studied.
The ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica
show the maximum zone of inhibition
against Aspergillus niger which is 13mm
while the acetonic extract show the
minimum one which is 10mm.
Antioxidant activity assay
Antioxidant is a substance that prevents or
slows the breakdown of others substance by
oxygen, they are chemical substances that
donate an electron to the free radicals and
convert it into harmless molecules.
Natural antioxidants that are present in
different plants and spices are responsible
for inhibiting or preventing the deleterious
consequences of oxidative stress. Spices and
plants contain free radical scavengers like
polyphenols, flavonoids and phenolic
compounds. In the present study, we have
evaluated the free radical scavenger activity
9. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(10): 33-42
41
of ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica with
different concentrations.
Reducing power assay method is based on
the principle that substances, which have
reduction potential, react with potassium
ferricyanide (Fe3+
) to form potassium
ferrocyanide (Fe2+
), which then reacts with
ferric chloride to form ferric ferrous
complex that has an absorption maximum at
700 nm.
In this study three extracts was evaluated
(ethanolic, methanolic and acetone) for
different phytochemicals, ethanolic extract
showed the presence of more
phytochemicals than others where showed
the presence of alkaloids, steroids,
sapponnins and terpenoids. Medical
important organisms were used in this study
such as E. coli and staphylococcus aureus.
Antibacterial activity of extracts and their
efficiency were assessed using agar well
diffusion methods by measuring the zone of
inhibition diameter. The results showed that
ethanolic extract is more powerful than other
extracts, where it was most active against E.
coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
The minimum inhibition zone was evaluated
using ethanolic extract with different
concentrations here 30%, 50% and 80%
were chosen to be used. The 80%
concentration showed maximum zone of
inhibition in both E. coli and Staphylococcus
aureus which is 34 mm.
When we compare all extracts ethanolic
extracts showed high zone of inhibition
against methanolic and acetone.
The culture Aspergillus niger was used for
the antifungal activity test where the zone of
inhibition was evaluated after 48 hrs, in all
extracts here ethanolic extract showed high
zone of inhibition which is 16 mm. Different
concentrations were used to evaluate the
minimum zone of inhibition where 80%
concentration of ethanolic extract showed
high zone of inhibition (28 mm) and 30%
showed the minimum one (20%).
In the present study the antioxidant activity
was evaluated in ethanolic extract with
different concentrations (30%, 50% and
80%) and different amount of extract (0.5 ml
and 1.0 ml). Here 1.0 ml showed high
antioxidant activity against 0.5 ml and 30%
concentration showed high antioxidant
activity 91.6%.
In this study where three assays were done
(phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and
antifungal activity and antioxidant activity
of Acacia nilotica) showed positive results
to the following phytochemicals alkaloids,
steroids, saponnins and terpenoids.
This study shows minimum inhibitory
concentration of the extracts against various
pathogens used in this study. The MIC of
ethanol extract was low (2.5mg/ml) as
compared to other extracts (10 mg/ml). The
lower MIC is an indication of high
effectiveness of extract.
It shows also antimicrobial effect on gram
positive and gram negative bacteria as well
as antifungal activity in addition it shows
antioxidant activity.
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