THIS FILE IS FOR BASIC KNOWLADGE FOR DRUMSTICKS

1. “Project on Drumstick”
A progress report submitted in partial fulfillment of eight semester of
BACHELOR OF PHARMACY
By
Alekh Chandra Sahu
Roll No.- 301504116100
Enrollment No.- BB7501
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Alok Singh Thakur
Asso. Professor
Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Pharmacy,
Kumhari, Durg, Chhattisgarh
2021

2. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work carried out by Alekh Chandra Sahu.
Student of eight semester of BACHELOR OF PAHARMACY
He has carried out this project under my guidance this is his original work
Sing of HOD Sign of Principal
Sign of Class Teacher

3. INTRODUCTION
Moringa is the sole genus of flowering tropical
and subtropical species in the small plant
family of Moringaceae, sometimes referred to
as the horseradish, drumstick or bottle tree
family. Owing to the vast diversity of uses and
benefits they offer to mankind we believe that
this group of plants should be called the
miracle tree family. Research and
development of new products from moringa,
establishing an International Moringa Seed
Bank and promotion of moringa is a major crop
in Hawaii have become the primary activities
of our company.

4. Reproduced from:https://agrinfobank.com.pk/importance-of-moringa-moringa-oleifera-l-
plant-due-to-its-several-uses-benefits-to-agriculture-and-industry/?hcb=1

5. Species of drumstick
There are 13 species of Moringa with forms ranging from small
herbaceous plants to massive trees. They are indigenous to
northern and northwestern India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Madagascar, Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Most of these
have limited distribution in nature and have received very little
research attention. The three species most widely cultivated
are Moringa oleifera, M. stenopetala and M. peregrina.
Moringa oleifera, referred to in English as the horseradish,
drumstick or miracle tree, or simply as “moringa” is native to
the southern foothills of the Himalayas in northwestern India.
It is by far, the most widely cultivated species. Plantings are
expanding rapidly in all tropical regions of the Americas, Asia
and Africa. It may have more uses than any other plant. To
avoid confusion with other species we will refer to this species
as “Indian moringa” on this website.

6. Moringa stenopetala, referred to in English
as the cabbage tree or mother’s helper,
and on this website as “African moringa”
is a large tree endemic to Ethiopia and
Kenya. It is in cultivation but to a much
more limited extent than Indian moringa.
Moringa peregrina, referred to in English
as the ben, ben oil or wispy-needle yasar
tree is endemic to very arid deserts in the
Horn of Africa and the Red Sea area. It is
in limited cultivation and wild populations
area reportedly in decline.

7. Scientific classification
KINGDOM:- Plantae
ORDER:- Brassicates
FAMILY:- Moringaceae
GENUS:- Moringa
SPECIES:- M.oleifera

8. Benefits of drumstick
The rich culinary tradition of our country has helped us
to relish and taste several types of vegetables and fruits
thereby derive out the umpteen health benefits. One
such amazing vegetable that is greatly valued and earns
our interest is drumstick or moringa oleifera. Moringa
obtains its name from the Tamil word, murungai,
denotes twisted pod. This humble vegetable is used
extensively in Indian culinary dishes for more than a
hundred years. Be it delectable sambhar or avail, or any
meat curry, soups, pickles etc., drumstick renders its
unique flavour to the dishes.
Moringa goes by several common names such as
drumstick tree (refers to the long, slender, seed-pods),
horseradish tree (refers to the root which is similar to
horseradish), and ben oil tree .Drumstick is a fast-
growing tree and widely cultivated for its tender seed
pod, leaves used as vegetable heaped with vital
nutrients and as a medicine in Siddha for its
indispensable medicinal properties.

9. Moringa oleifera Is Rich in Antioxidants
Antioxidants are compounds that act against free radicals in
your body.
High levels of free radicals may cause oxidative stress,
which is associated with chronic diseases like heart disease
and type 2 diabetes (5Trusted Source, 6Trusted Source).
Several antioxidant plant compounds have been found in the
leaves of Moringa oleifera (7Trusted Source, 8Trusted
Source, 9).In addition to vitamin C and beta-carotene, these
include
Quercetin: This powerful antioxidant may help lower blood
pressure (12Trusted Source, 13Trusted Source).Chlorogenic
acid: Also found in high amounts in coffee, chlorogenic acid
may help moderate blood sugar levels after meals
(14Trusted Source, 15Trusted Source).
Moringa leaf extract may also be used as a food
preservative. It increases the shelf life of meat by reducing
oxidation.

10. Merits of drumstick
 Rich source of vitamins and minerals. Drumstick leaves are an
excellent source of vitamins and minerals.
 Regulates blood sugar levels. The high blood sugar level is the
main characteristic of diabetes, which in turn leads to heart
diseases.
 Helps to purify the blood.
 Boosts immunity.
 Helps in developing stronger bones.

11. Demerits of drumstick
 Moringa when taken directly with water or raw may cause
heart burns. It is better to cook it.
 The taste of moringa is not too pleasant. If you are using it
for the first time, it may produce a gag reflex. It may also
cause nausea when consumed in large quantities.
 The chemicals found in the roots, flowers and the bark could
cause uterine contraction in pregnant women and may
increase the risk of a miscarriage.
 Avoid moringa if breast feeding, since the chemicals may not
be safe for the infants.
 Do not take moringa if you are on blood thinning medications
such as warfarin.

12. Medicinal properties
High on vitamin C and antioxidants, drumstick helps to
combat against common cold, flu and stave off several
common infections. The anti-inflammatory and anti-
bacterial properties of drumstick assists in lessening the
symptoms of asthma, cough, wheezing and other
respiratory problems.

13. Cultural practices
• SOIL: Moringa comes up well in wide range of soil. A deep sandy
loam soil with a pH of 6.5-8 is ideal for cultivating this crop.
• SEASON: Planting is done during july to october.
• CLIMATE : Grows best in tropical and sub-tropical area. Rainfall
should be < 800 mm. >
• SEED RATE: 500 g/ha of seeds are required. Sow two seeds per pit
at a depth of 2.5-3.0 cm. the seeds can also be sown in the polybags
containing pot mixture and transplanted after 35-40 days of sowing.

14. Varieties
 PKM-1
 PKM-2
 KKM-1
These are the popular
varieties which are
cultivating throughout in India.

15. Preparatory cultivation Dig pits of size 45 cm x 45 cm x
45 cm with a spacing of 2.0 - 2.5 m either way. Apply
15 kg of compost or FYM/pit after mixing with top soil.
High density planting and fertigation in moringa PKM 1
, High density planting at 1.5 X 1.0 m spacing with two
plants/hill and plant population 13,333 / ha along with
the application of fertilizer dose of 135: 23 :45 g of
NPK/pit (150%) through drip increases the yield of
moringa. In this phosphorus should be applied basally
as soil application. N and K can be applied in the form
of urea and muriate of potash through drip.
For PKM-2, the closest spacing of 1.2 x 1.2 m is ideal to
obtain the highest yield of 138 t/ha. The pinching of
main shoots on 80th day after sowing will also help
register the highest yield of fruits.

16. After cultivation:
Gap filling may be done within a month. Pinch off the
seedlings when they are about 75 cm in height to facilitate
more branching. Short duration vegetables like Cowpea,
Bhendi and Tomato can be grown as intercrop. For perennial
moringa, medium pruning of shoots at 70 cm from the tip has
to be followed to regulate flowering and obtain the highest
yield of 37 kg/ tree.
Manuring:
A fertilizer dose of 45:15:30 g of NPK/pit may be applied 3
months after sowing. Apply 45 g of N/pit after 6 months when
the crop is in bearing.
Irrigation:
Irrigate before sowing and on the 3rd day after sowing and
subsequently at 10 – 15 days interval according to soil type.

17. Diseases
 Damping off: Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson)
Fitzp, P. debaryanum R. Hesse, and Rhizoctonia
solani J.G. Kuhn
 Twig canker: Fusarium pallidoroseum (Cooke)
Sacc

18. Weeds
Major Kharif weeds :
 Broadleaf Pigweed: Amaranthus viridis Hook.
F. (Amaranthaceae)
 Swine cress: Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.
(Brassicaceae)
 Black nightshade: Solanum nigrum L.
(Solanaceae)

19. Harvesting
The tree comes to flowering in
90 to 100 days and harvesting
by 160 to 170 days after
planting.
Yield
50 - 55 tones Of pods/ha
(220 pods/tree/year).

20. Modern Uses For Moringa
 Backed by Evidence
 Combats malnutrition for millions
 Bridges gap in regions of scarcity
 Nutrient deficiencies among children/pregnant and nursing
mothers
 Increases lactation
 Supplements intake of vitamins A, B, C, E, iron, calcium and
protein
 Increases intake of antioxidants
 Eaten as fresh leaves or as dried powder
 Clinics dispense in rural areas of Africa, Senegal, Somalia, Kenya

21. Miracle Tree
 Moringa tree has been referred to as the 'Miracle tree' for its
versatility and experts all over the world believe Moringa to
be an ideal plant to combat under-nutrition because of its
nutritional benefits and availability. It has been estimated
that fresh leaves of moringa plant contain –
 4 times the vitamin A of carrots
 7 times the vitamin C of oranges
 4 times the calcium of milk
 3 times the potassium of bananas
 2 times the protein of yogurt

22. Seed Cogulant
The seeds of the Moringa tree
contain a cation, which acts as a
coagulant in turbid water
Seed powder is as effective as
technical, non- organic water-
clarifying agents, such as alum
There are no toxic by-products
associated with the use of
Moringa seeds as a coagulant

23. Protein Powerhouse
 The flowers, leaves, seeds and pods can be eaten in curries,
stews, salads or made into tea or powder.
 The flowers and leaves contain all of the essential amino
acids.
 The plant also contains antioxidants, plant esters, beneficial
fatty acids and pterogospermin; a powerful antibacterial

24. Moringa Anti-fungal Properties
Leaves of moringa
oleifera possess anti-
fungal qualities. The
inhibitory effects of
moringa help in
preventing the growth
of diseases causing
contaminant fungi
such as Aspergillus
spp. and Penicillium
spp.

25. Moringa in Drinking water treatment
M. oleifera seed extract is used
worldwide, especially in rural
areas of developing countries, to
treat drinking water. Its seeds
contain certain compounds which
are carbohydrate-binding proteins
that are áble to reduce water
turbidity because of their
coagulant activity and reduce the
growth of harmful bacteria such as
E.coli.
Dirty Water + Moringa Seeds Powder = Clean Water

26. Antimicrobial & Antifugal Properties as Phytomedicine
 India, 2011
 Moringa oleifera seed and leaf
 Dosage 15 mg/ml and 50-100 ul/dish
 In vitro agar medium
 Inhibits bacterial strains: Staph a, Vibrio cholera, E coli,
Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus subtilis, Fusariam solani
 Inhibits fungal strains: Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger,
Penicillium sp, and Mucor sp.

27. The first known reference to poultry thighs as 'drumsticks' comes
in the Mayor of Garret (1764), a play by the now almost
forgotten dramatist Samuel Foote (1720–77), known to his
contemporaries as 'the English Aristophanes': 'She always helps
me herself to the tough drumsticks of turkeys.
 It was Che Guevara who first introduced drumsticks to the
region in the 1960s, but its cultivation remained limited.
 The original product was invented by I.C. Parker of the
Drumstick Company of Fort Worth, Texas, in 1928.
References

28.  Simanjuntak, T. P., Hatta, M., Tahir, A. M., Sirait, R. H., Karo, M. B.,
Tambaib, T., ...&Junita, A. R. (2019). Analysis of anti-toxoplasma
immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M antibody levels after
intervention with Curcuma Longa extract on early pregnant mice with
acute toxoplasmosis. Journal of global infectious diseases, 11(1), 25.
 Simanjuntak, T. P., Hatta, M., Rauf, S., Prabandari, S. A., Siagian, C.
M., &Dwiyanti, R. (2018). Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Levels and
Histopathology Finding after Intervention with Curcuma longa Extract.
Journal of Medical Sciences, 18(2), 56-62.
 Karo, M. B., Hatta, M., Patellongi, I., Natzir, R., &Tambaip, T. (2018).
IgM antibody and colony fungal load impacts of orally administered
ethanol extract of Plectranthusscutellarioides on mice with systemic
candidiasis. Journal of Pharmacy &Pharmacognosy Research, 6(1), 27-
34.
 Karo, M., Hatta, M., Salma, W., Patellongi, I., Natzir, R. (2018).
Effects of Miana (Coleus Scutellariodes [L] Benth) to Expression of
mRNA IL-37 in Balb/c Mice Infected Candida albicans. Pharmacog J,
10(1), 16-9.
 Tawali, S., As' ad, S., Hatta, M., Bukhari, A., Khairi, N., Rifai, Y.,
&Dwiyanti, R. (2019). Anthocyanin-rich Buni-berry (Antidesmabunius)
Extract Increases Paraoxonase 1 Gene Expression in BALB/c Mice Fed
with a High-fat Diet. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 11(1).

29.  Amsyah. U.K., Hatta, M., Tahir, H., Alam, G., Asmawati, A.
(2019). Expression of IL-10 in A.actinomycetemcomitans
Induced Rat Treated by Purple Miana Leaves. Biomed
Pharmacol J, 12(4): 2099-2021.
 Febriza, A., Natzir, R., Hatta, M., (...), Kasim, V.N., Idrus,
H.H (2020). The role of IL-6, TNF-α, and VDR in inhibiting the
growth of salmonella typhi: In vivo study. Open Microbiology
J. 14: 65-71. DOI: 10.2174/1874285802014010065
 Jafriati, J., Hatta, M., Yuniar, N., Junita, A.R., Dwiyanti, R.,
Sabir, M., Primaguna. M.R. (2019) Mini Review:
Thalassiahemprichii Seagrass Extract as Antimicrobial and
Antioxidant Potential on Human: A Mini Review of the
Benefits of Seagrass. Journal of Biological Sciences. 19: 363-
371.
 Rosyidi, R. M., Priyanto, B., Islam, A. A., Hatta, M., &
Bukhari, A. (2019). The Effect of Snakehead Fish
(Channastriata) Extract Capsule to the Albumin Serum Level
of Post-operative Neurosurgery Patients. Biomedical &
Pharmacology Journal, 12(2), 893.

30. Antidiarrheal Properties
 India, 2011
 Study involved mice
 Efficacy of Moringa was compared to Loperamide (Imodium)
 Dosage 500 mg/k had significant results
 Magnesium Sulfate induced diarrhea Moringa 90% vs 91%
protection Loperamide

31. In Conclusion
 Moringa Oleifera has enormous potential as a
nutriceutical and functional food
 It could help to alleviate the problems caused by
food insecurity and non- potable water
 More research is necessary

32. Bibliography
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221345
3016300362
 https://www.agrifarming.in/drumstick-farming-project-
report-cost-profit
 https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=ht
tps://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/benefits-of-drumsticks-
from-improving-digestion-to-boosting-immunity-and-more-
1778635%3Famp%3D1%26akamai-
rum%3Doff&ved=2ahUKEwivv-
GHlNbwAhWRF3IKHW5aDDcQFjAKegQIHRAC&usg=AOvVaw1_K
Uom3OGnMxWSO6GHwDD9&ampcf
 https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/6-benefits-of-
moringa-oleifera#TOC_TITLE_HDR_7